Principles of management 11-16

Leadership

Ability to influence people toward the attainment of goals.

Organizational Change

Adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization. There are two types.

Diversity

All the ways in which people differ in the workforce

Attitude

An evaluation, positive or negative, that predisposes a person to act in a certain way. Made up of thoughts feelings and behaviors

Locus of control

How people perceive the cause of life events

Attribution theory

How we come about to judge people and their behavior. It is made up of three factors. Distinctiveness, Consistency, and Consensus.

Horizontal linkage

In order to make new products, departments such as marketing, research and manufacturing must work closely as a team.

Equity Theory

Individuals perceptions of how fairly they are treated compared with others. Results in change of work effort, perception, changing outcomes or leaving the job

Changing

Intervention stage of OD when change agents teach new behaviors and skills to people, and guide them in using them in the workplace

Attribution

Judgements about what caused a persons behavior, something about the person or something about that situation

reinforcement theory

Looks at the relationship between behavior and its consequences

Culture Change

Major shift in the norms, values and mindset of the entire organization

Unfreezing

People are made aware of problems and the need for change, part of Organizational Development (OD)

Idea Champion

Someone who sees the need for and champions productive change within the organization. They believe in the idea, see benefits, confronts reality, obtain support and overcome any other obstacles

Prejudice

Tendency to view people who are different as being deficient

Human Resource Management

The design and application of formal systems in an organization to ensure the effective and efficient use of human talent to accomplish goals

Need for Change

The disparity between existing and desired performance levels

Creativity

The generation of novel ideas that may meet needs or respond to opportunities. Characteristics are: Conceptual fluency, originality, curiosity and playfulness, self confidence, and persistent commitment.

Product Change

Type of Organizational change that is a change in the organizations product or service outputs

cognitive dissonance

a psychological discomfort that occurs when individuals recognize inconsistencies in their own attitudes and behaviors

motivation

getting someone's ass in gear

Discrimination

mistreating people because they have a different ethnicity or gender, etc.

Refreezing

people have incorporated new values attitudes and behaviors into their everyday work and the changes become institutionalized in the culture

Stereotypes

rigid, exaggerated, irrational beliefs associated with a particular group of people

Acquired Needs theory

Certain types of needs are acquired during the individuals lifetime. They are not born with it, but through their life journey they come to need it. These are the need for Achievement, Affiliation, and Power

Managing Diversity

Creating a climate where the potential advantages of diversity for group performance are maximized while the potential disadvantages are minimized

Big Five personality Factors

Dimensions that describe a persons extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience.

Critical Innovation Strategies

Exploration, Cooperation, Entrepreneurship

contingency approach

explores how the organizational situation influences leader effectiveness