Principles of Nutrition Chapter 5

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting added sugar to no more than _________ of total daily energy intake.

10%

Above what level is blood pressure considered to be a risk factor for metabolic syndrome

130/85 mmHg

At what level are blood triglycerides considered to be a diagnostic criteria for Metabolic Syndrome

150 mg/dL

Concentrated Monk fruit (Luo han guo) juice is _________ times sweeter than sugar

150-300

How many cans of diet soft drinks can an adult consume and not exceed the acceptable daily intake of aspartame?

18

The ADI of Aspartame is 50 mg/kg body weight/day. This is equivalent to

18 diet soft drinks 80 packets of Equal

What percentage of Americans shows signs of lactose maldigestion?

25%

How much energy does glucose provide per gram?

4 kcal

Which best describes the Food and Nutrition Board's recommendation for the daily intake of carbohydrates?

45-65% of total calories

Most carbohydrates are composed of

oxygen carbon hydrogen

Hemicellulose is a form of ________________.

fiber

Most dietary ______ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest.

fibers

Which of the following is a good sources of soluble fiber?

flesh of an apple

Which of the following are monosaccharides?

fructose, glucose, galactose

Glycogen is stored in the liver and can be released by the hormone ___________.

glucagon

Maintaining good blood ____________ control is critical to prevent the long-term, diabetes-related complications.

glucose

Most digestible forms of carbohydrates are broken down to

glucose

What is the major monosaccharide in the body?

glucose

Which fibers form the structure part of the plant cell wall in vegetables and whole grains?

hemicellulose cellulose lignins

When a person does not consume enough dietary carbohydrates, the metabolism of fats is

inefficient

Individuals with type 1 diabetes have to be treated with which approach?

insulin

Dietary fiber includes indigestible __________ materials.

plant

The "K" in acesulfame-K represents

potassium

Most of the sugar Americans consume comes from

processed foods and beverages

It is important to eat adequate carb so that the body does not use ________ for energy.

protein

A diet that is very high in __________ is linked to health problems such as obesity, weight gain, and type 2 diabetes

sugar

What would be the benefit of having sugar alcohols instead of sugars in food product?

they have fewer calories

The main function of glucose is

to provide energy

What food is often used as the standard for comparison to determine the glycemic index?

white bread

Which of the following foods are useful for managing blood glucose level?

whole grain bread kidney beans

What is the approximate carb content of eggs, chicken, butter, and margarine?

zero

Is it necessary for sugar alcohols to be listed on the food ingredients label?

Yes

To improve blood glucose control for patients with type 2 diabetes,

a Mediterranean-style eating plan is recommended

Stevia is an alternative sweetener derived from

a South American shrub

Which of the following carbohydrates is indigestible by humans?

Cellulose

Which of the following are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet the Adequate Intakes (AIs)?

Choose fiber rich fruits Choose vegetables Choose whole grains

Which of the following foods would produce a high level of insulin to be released?

Coca-Cola Pasta Honey

What occurs when two molecules bond to form a larger molecule by releasing water?

Condensation reaction

Which hormone is released when blood glucose levels are high?

Insulin

Which of the following are health conditions associated with a very high fiber intake (>60 grams per day), especially combined with inadequate fluid intake?

Intestinal blockage constipation

A diet that contains excess fiber and insufficient fluid may contribute to

Intestinal blockage hemorrhoids rectal bleeding

Which of the following are symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Irritability Shakiness

Why is aspartame an effective alternative sweetener?

It is 200 times sweeter than sugar

Which of the following is true about aspartame?

It loses its sweetness when heated

Which three of the following contain the highest percentage of calories from carbs?

Jam, fruit, and table sugar

Which of the following foods contains the greatest percentage of simply carbohydrates?

Jelly

________________, or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together.

Maltose

Elevated blood glucose, elevated blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high blood triglycerides, and elevated LDL-cholesterol with low HDL-cholesterol indicate

Metabolic syndrome

Which of the following describes a condensation reaction?

One molecule of water is formed and released A disaccharide is formed as a product A hydroxyl group from one sugar and a hydrogen from another sugar is involved

A proposed way to reduce intake of sugar-sweetened beverages is to

enforce a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages

When dietary consumption of carbohydrates __________ the amount needed for energy and glycogen storage, the excess carbohydrates will be stored as fat.

exceeds

Sucrose is made up of which two monosaccharides?

glucose and fructose

The storage form of carbohydrates in humans and animals is called

glycogen

Treating cornstarch with acid and enzymes results in the production of

high-fructose corn syrup

Anna's blood test showed that her fasting blood sugar was 150 mg/dl. According to these results, she is

hyperglycemic

Low blood glucose that may follow a meal high in simple sugars is called reactive

hypoglycemia

Non-nutritive (or alternate) sweeteners

include saccharin, aspartame, and sucralose sweeten foods while providing few or no calories

Aspartame ____________ heat stable so it _________ appropriate for use in cooking.

is not; is not

Although type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, it often begins in

late childhood

Alternative sweeteners provide _____________ calories compared to sucrose/

less

Through the Food and Nutrition Board recommends a person consume 45 to 65% of their calories from carbs, the actual RDA for carbs is much

less

Pectins, fums, mucilages, and some hemicelluloses are classified as _________ fibers.

soluble

The carbohydrates that is considered the benchmark against which all other sweeteners are measured is ___________

sucrose

In addition to traditional symptoms of diabetes, which of the following are often also symptoms of diabetes?

sudden vision change sudden weight loss drowsiness, lethargy

The problem with an excess amount of ___________ in the diet is that it provides empty calories and promotes dental caries.

sugar

Which of the following groups of polysaccharides is digestible by humans?

Amylose and amylopectin

How many grams of carbohydrates is needed daily to prevent ketosis?

50 to 100 g/day

how much sweeter is sucralose than sucrose?

600x sweeter than sucrose

Approximately _____________________ of the world's population are lactose intolerant.

75%

What percent of diabetes cases are type 2 diabetes?

90%

Which statement best describes the carb intake of adults in North America?

Americans need to increase their fiber intake and decrease their intake of sugars

To treat an episode of diverticulitis, individuals should _________ their fiber intake.

decrease

Which artificial sweetener is known by its trade names "Nutrasweet" and "Equal"?

Aspartame

When a person consumes fiber with inadequate fluid intake, which of the following can happen?

Blockage in the intestine

Which of the following foods contain little or no carbs?

Butter and beef

Which US agency regulates the approval and usage of artificial sweeteners?

FDA

A diet excessive in __________ may decrease the absorption of essential minerals such as iron and zinc.

Fiber

What is the primary difference between fiber and starch?

Fiber cannot be digested by humans but starch can

___________ different from starches since the chemical links that join the individual sugar units cannot be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract.

Fiber is

Which of the following are traditional symptoms of diabetes?

Frequent urination Extreme thirst Blurred vision

Which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit?

Fructose

The advantage of the branched structure of ________ is that it allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure and break it apart quickly.

Glycogen

Which of the following may occur as a result of excessive straining during defecation?

Hemorrhoids diverticula

In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?

High fasting glucose Blood pressure Triglycerides

Which of the following conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome?

High fasting glucose Hypertension High Blood triglycerides large waist circumference Low HDL cholesterol

Which condition is more common and associated with diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome?

Hyperglycemia

Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an ___ system disorder, which causes destruction of the ____ -producing cells in the _____

Immune; insulin; pancreas

__________________ is a condition in which blood glucose levels are above normal but not yet diagnostic of diabetes.

Pre-diabetes

Which of the following sweeteners is a sugar alcohol?

Sorbitol

Rank the sandwiches from highest amount of fiber to lowest

Soy-burger Tuna Salad Hot Dog

Which type of carbohydrate do we eat the most?

Starch

Glycemic index is influenced by which of the following?

Starch structure food processing fiber content

Which sugar is made from sucrose?

Sucralose

Which of the following are true of polysaccharides?

They are sometimes called complex carbs They are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits They are made of single-sugar units that bonded together to forma a chain They are sometimes called starches

Which of the following is true about people with primary lactose intolerance?

They usually tolerate 1/2 to 1 cup of milk with meals

Soluble fiber ____ the absorption of cholesterol & cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood.

decreases

How do fibrous foods result in a sense of fullness and contribute to satiety?

They absorb water and expand in the GI tract

__________________ diabetes is strongly associated with physical inactivity, poor diet, and obesity.

Type 2

The treatment for Metabolic syndrome is essentially the same as the treatment of what other disease?

Type 2 diabetes

Patients with hypoglycemia may need to regulate

carbohydrates

The monosaccharides glucose and galactose are absorbed by a (an) ____________ process.

active

Epinephrine is released from

adrenal glands

Which of the following are common food sources of amylose?

beans vegetables breads

Why is it not a good idea to consume excessive amounts of sugar alcohols?

because it can cause diarrhea

In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?

blood pressure fasting glucose Triglycerides

Carbohydrates _____________ be converted to and stored as fat in the body.

can

The chemical bonds between individual sugar units in fiber _____________ digested by human enzymes in the GI tract.

cannot be

(Glycemic Index x Grams of ___________) / = nGlycemic Load

carbohydrates

Which of the following are major storage sites for glycogen?

Liver and muscle

Is a disaccaride important in the formation of alcoholic beverages.

Maltose

What are other names for complex carbs?

starch and polysaccharides

The cooking process is often viewed as the starting point of carbohydrates digestion because cooking helps

starch granules swell with water soften fibrous tissues

Enzymes in the small intestine that break down disaccharides into monosaccharides include

sucrase lactase maltase

Place in order the following four steps in digestion and absorption process of carbohydrates.

1. Salivary amylase is inactivated by strong acids in the stomach 2. Enzymes breakdown starch in maltose in the small intestine 3. Soluble fiber ferments to acids and bacteria in the large intestine. 4. Nonfermentable fiber escapes digestion and is excreted in feces

Which of the following influence glycemic index?

A food's starch structure Macronutrients in a meal

Which of the following are true about cellulose?

Linked by beta bonds Insoluble fiber Made of glucose molecules

Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?

Amylose Amylopectin Fiber

Milk and other dairy products are major food sources of _____ (a disaccharide).

Lactose

How is salivary amylase inactivated?

By stomach acids

Which population are likely to have decreased lactose digestion?

Latino/Hispanic Americans African Americans Asian Americans

Which of the following are possible fates of carbohydrates once it has been absorbed?

Is released directly into the bloodstream for use by organs produces glycogen produces fat

Which of the following are true concerning tagatose?

It can be used in cooking and baking it yields only 1.5 kcal/g

During low carbohydrate intake fat is not completely metabolized, leading to the formation of ________________.

Ketone bodies

What is the process called when fat does not break down completely yielding ketone bodies?

Ketosis

Which of the following areas of the body can be permanently damaged by poorly controlled diabetes?

Kidneys eyes heart

This alternative sweetener is heat stable and can be used as a tabletop sweetener or in cooking applications. It is 7000 to 13,000 times sweeter than table sugar.

Neotame

Which of the following non-nutritive sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the United States/

Neotame Acesulfame-K Aspartame

Which class of substance provides sweetness to foods and provides calories for the body?

Nutritive sweetners

Raffinose and stachyose are examples of what type of complex carbs?

Oligosaccharides

What are some natural food sources of sucrose?

Sugar beets maple tree sap

An individual who is experiencing an episode of diverticulitis should

avoid fiber

The polysaccharide, ____________, is used in many frozen foods because it remains stable over a wide temperature range.

amylopectin

because of its branched polysaccharide structure _______ is digested more rapidly than _________

amylopectin; amylose

Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch found in plants.

amylose

Vegetables, beans, breads, pasta, and rice are common food sources of

amylose

What is a digestible straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose united called?

amylose

Neotame has a chemical structure similar to

aspartame

Which of the following actions help in the digestion of carbohydrates?

chewing and cooking

Adequate fiber and water helps prevent

constipation

When a person's fasting blood glucose levels are equal to or rise above 126 mg/dl, they are classified as having

diabetes

The alternative sweetener saccharin is only found in

diet soft drinks

Hemicelluloses, pectins, cellulose, and gums are examples of

dietary fiber

Hyperactivity _____________ result from consuming a diet high in refined carbohydrates.

does not

Hypoglycemia occurs when an individual's blood sugar level

falls

Sucalose is approved for use as an additive to the following foods

jams baked goods soft drinks chewing gum

The advantage to having an adequate intake of carbohydrates in the diet is that it will spare protein as an energy source and prevent

ketosis

The _________________ works in concert with the pancreas to regulate blood glucose levels.

liver

Hypoglycemia is a _____________ blood glucose level.

low

Type 2 diabetic patients __________ require insulin.

may

The treatment for type 2 diabetes is aimed at maintaining normal ranges of blood glucose through

medications lifestyle modifications

Which of the following is a type of simple sugar?

monosaccharide

Although aspartame is safe for most individuals, adverse reactions have been observed such as

nausea headaches dizzeness

The digestion of starch begins in the mouth via the action of the enzyme _____________.

salivary amylase

Monosaccharides are composed of

single sugars

Digestion of carbohydrates by human enzymes takes place in which sections of the gastrointestinal tract?

small intestine mouth

In what form is glucose stored in plants?

starch

Salivary amylase acts to break down ____________.

starch