Principles of Nutrition Chapter 5
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting added sugar to no more than _________ of total daily energy intake.
10%
Above what level is blood pressure considered to be a risk factor for metabolic syndrome
130/85 mmHg
At what level are blood triglycerides considered to be a diagnostic criteria for Metabolic Syndrome
150 mg/dL
Concentrated Monk fruit (Luo han guo) juice is _________ times sweeter than sugar
150-300
How many cans of diet soft drinks can an adult consume and not exceed the acceptable daily intake of aspartame?
18
The ADI of Aspartame is 50 mg/kg body weight/day. This is equivalent to
18 diet soft drinks 80 packets of Equal
What percentage of Americans shows signs of lactose maldigestion?
25%
How much energy does glucose provide per gram?
4 kcal
Which best describes the Food and Nutrition Board's recommendation for the daily intake of carbohydrates?
45-65% of total calories
Most carbohydrates are composed of
oxygen carbon hydrogen
Hemicellulose is a form of ________________.
fiber
Most dietary ______ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest.
fibers
Which of the following is a good sources of soluble fiber?
flesh of an apple
Which of the following are monosaccharides?
fructose, glucose, galactose
Glycogen is stored in the liver and can be released by the hormone ___________.
glucagon
Maintaining good blood ____________ control is critical to prevent the long-term, diabetes-related complications.
glucose
Most digestible forms of carbohydrates are broken down to
glucose
What is the major monosaccharide in the body?
glucose
Which fibers form the structure part of the plant cell wall in vegetables and whole grains?
hemicellulose cellulose lignins
When a person does not consume enough dietary carbohydrates, the metabolism of fats is
inefficient
Individuals with type 1 diabetes have to be treated with which approach?
insulin
Dietary fiber includes indigestible __________ materials.
plant
The "K" in acesulfame-K represents
potassium
Most of the sugar Americans consume comes from
processed foods and beverages
It is important to eat adequate carb so that the body does not use ________ for energy.
protein
A diet that is very high in __________ is linked to health problems such as obesity, weight gain, and type 2 diabetes
sugar
What would be the benefit of having sugar alcohols instead of sugars in food product?
they have fewer calories
The main function of glucose is
to provide energy
What food is often used as the standard for comparison to determine the glycemic index?
white bread
Which of the following foods are useful for managing blood glucose level?
whole grain bread kidney beans
What is the approximate carb content of eggs, chicken, butter, and margarine?
zero
Is it necessary for sugar alcohols to be listed on the food ingredients label?
Yes
To improve blood glucose control for patients with type 2 diabetes,
a Mediterranean-style eating plan is recommended
Stevia is an alternative sweetener derived from
a South American shrub
Which of the following carbohydrates is indigestible by humans?
Cellulose
Which of the following are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet the Adequate Intakes (AIs)?
Choose fiber rich fruits Choose vegetables Choose whole grains
Which of the following foods would produce a high level of insulin to be released?
Coca-Cola Pasta Honey
What occurs when two molecules bond to form a larger molecule by releasing water?
Condensation reaction
Which hormone is released when blood glucose levels are high?
Insulin
Which of the following are health conditions associated with a very high fiber intake (>60 grams per day), especially combined with inadequate fluid intake?
Intestinal blockage constipation
A diet that contains excess fiber and insufficient fluid may contribute to
Intestinal blockage hemorrhoids rectal bleeding
Which of the following are symptoms of hypoglycemia?
Irritability Shakiness
Why is aspartame an effective alternative sweetener?
It is 200 times sweeter than sugar
Which of the following is true about aspartame?
It loses its sweetness when heated
Which three of the following contain the highest percentage of calories from carbs?
Jam, fruit, and table sugar
Which of the following foods contains the greatest percentage of simply carbohydrates?
Jelly
________________, or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together.
Maltose
Elevated blood glucose, elevated blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high blood triglycerides, and elevated LDL-cholesterol with low HDL-cholesterol indicate
Metabolic syndrome
Which of the following describes a condensation reaction?
One molecule of water is formed and released A disaccharide is formed as a product A hydroxyl group from one sugar and a hydrogen from another sugar is involved
A proposed way to reduce intake of sugar-sweetened beverages is to
enforce a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages
When dietary consumption of carbohydrates __________ the amount needed for energy and glycogen storage, the excess carbohydrates will be stored as fat.
exceeds
Sucrose is made up of which two monosaccharides?
glucose and fructose
The storage form of carbohydrates in humans and animals is called
glycogen
Treating cornstarch with acid and enzymes results in the production of
high-fructose corn syrup
Anna's blood test showed that her fasting blood sugar was 150 mg/dl. According to these results, she is
hyperglycemic
Low blood glucose that may follow a meal high in simple sugars is called reactive
hypoglycemia
Non-nutritive (or alternate) sweeteners
include saccharin, aspartame, and sucralose sweeten foods while providing few or no calories
Aspartame ____________ heat stable so it _________ appropriate for use in cooking.
is not; is not
Although type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, it often begins in
late childhood
Alternative sweeteners provide _____________ calories compared to sucrose/
less
Through the Food and Nutrition Board recommends a person consume 45 to 65% of their calories from carbs, the actual RDA for carbs is much
less
Pectins, fums, mucilages, and some hemicelluloses are classified as _________ fibers.
soluble
The carbohydrates that is considered the benchmark against which all other sweeteners are measured is ___________
sucrose
In addition to traditional symptoms of diabetes, which of the following are often also symptoms of diabetes?
sudden vision change sudden weight loss drowsiness, lethargy
The problem with an excess amount of ___________ in the diet is that it provides empty calories and promotes dental caries.
sugar
Which of the following groups of polysaccharides is digestible by humans?
Amylose and amylopectin
How many grams of carbohydrates is needed daily to prevent ketosis?
50 to 100 g/day
how much sweeter is sucralose than sucrose?
600x sweeter than sucrose
Approximately _____________________ of the world's population are lactose intolerant.
75%
What percent of diabetes cases are type 2 diabetes?
90%
Which statement best describes the carb intake of adults in North America?
Americans need to increase their fiber intake and decrease their intake of sugars
To treat an episode of diverticulitis, individuals should _________ their fiber intake.
decrease
Which artificial sweetener is known by its trade names "Nutrasweet" and "Equal"?
Aspartame
When a person consumes fiber with inadequate fluid intake, which of the following can happen?
Blockage in the intestine
Which of the following foods contain little or no carbs?
Butter and beef
Which US agency regulates the approval and usage of artificial sweeteners?
FDA
A diet excessive in __________ may decrease the absorption of essential minerals such as iron and zinc.
Fiber
What is the primary difference between fiber and starch?
Fiber cannot be digested by humans but starch can
___________ different from starches since the chemical links that join the individual sugar units cannot be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract.
Fiber is
Which of the following are traditional symptoms of diabetes?
Frequent urination Extreme thirst Blurred vision
Which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit?
Fructose
The advantage of the branched structure of ________ is that it allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure and break it apart quickly.
Glycogen
Which of the following may occur as a result of excessive straining during defecation?
Hemorrhoids diverticula
In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?
High fasting glucose Blood pressure Triglycerides
Which of the following conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome?
High fasting glucose Hypertension High Blood triglycerides large waist circumference Low HDL cholesterol
Which condition is more common and associated with diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome?
Hyperglycemia
Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an ___ system disorder, which causes destruction of the ____ -producing cells in the _____
Immune; insulin; pancreas
__________________ is a condition in which blood glucose levels are above normal but not yet diagnostic of diabetes.
Pre-diabetes
Which of the following sweeteners is a sugar alcohol?
Sorbitol
Rank the sandwiches from highest amount of fiber to lowest
Soy-burger Tuna Salad Hot Dog
Which type of carbohydrate do we eat the most?
Starch
Glycemic index is influenced by which of the following?
Starch structure food processing fiber content
Which sugar is made from sucrose?
Sucralose
Which of the following are true of polysaccharides?
They are sometimes called complex carbs They are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits They are made of single-sugar units that bonded together to forma a chain They are sometimes called starches
Which of the following is true about people with primary lactose intolerance?
They usually tolerate 1/2 to 1 cup of milk with meals
Soluble fiber ____ the absorption of cholesterol & cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood.
decreases
How do fibrous foods result in a sense of fullness and contribute to satiety?
They absorb water and expand in the GI tract
__________________ diabetes is strongly associated with physical inactivity, poor diet, and obesity.
Type 2
The treatment for Metabolic syndrome is essentially the same as the treatment of what other disease?
Type 2 diabetes
Patients with hypoglycemia may need to regulate
carbohydrates
The monosaccharides glucose and galactose are absorbed by a (an) ____________ process.
active
Epinephrine is released from
adrenal glands
Which of the following are common food sources of amylose?
beans vegetables breads
Why is it not a good idea to consume excessive amounts of sugar alcohols?
because it can cause diarrhea
In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?
blood pressure fasting glucose Triglycerides
Carbohydrates _____________ be converted to and stored as fat in the body.
can
The chemical bonds between individual sugar units in fiber _____________ digested by human enzymes in the GI tract.
cannot be
(Glycemic Index x Grams of ___________) / = nGlycemic Load
carbohydrates
Which of the following are major storage sites for glycogen?
Liver and muscle
Is a disaccaride important in the formation of alcoholic beverages.
Maltose
What are other names for complex carbs?
starch and polysaccharides
The cooking process is often viewed as the starting point of carbohydrates digestion because cooking helps
starch granules swell with water soften fibrous tissues
Enzymes in the small intestine that break down disaccharides into monosaccharides include
sucrase lactase maltase
Place in order the following four steps in digestion and absorption process of carbohydrates.
1. Salivary amylase is inactivated by strong acids in the stomach 2. Enzymes breakdown starch in maltose in the small intestine 3. Soluble fiber ferments to acids and bacteria in the large intestine. 4. Nonfermentable fiber escapes digestion and is excreted in feces
Which of the following influence glycemic index?
A food's starch structure Macronutrients in a meal
Which of the following are true about cellulose?
Linked by beta bonds Insoluble fiber Made of glucose molecules
Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?
Amylose Amylopectin Fiber
Milk and other dairy products are major food sources of _____ (a disaccharide).
Lactose
How is salivary amylase inactivated?
By stomach acids
Which population are likely to have decreased lactose digestion?
Latino/Hispanic Americans African Americans Asian Americans
Which of the following are possible fates of carbohydrates once it has been absorbed?
Is released directly into the bloodstream for use by organs produces glycogen produces fat
Which of the following are true concerning tagatose?
It can be used in cooking and baking it yields only 1.5 kcal/g
During low carbohydrate intake fat is not completely metabolized, leading to the formation of ________________.
Ketone bodies
What is the process called when fat does not break down completely yielding ketone bodies?
Ketosis
Which of the following areas of the body can be permanently damaged by poorly controlled diabetes?
Kidneys eyes heart
This alternative sweetener is heat stable and can be used as a tabletop sweetener or in cooking applications. It is 7000 to 13,000 times sweeter than table sugar.
Neotame
Which of the following non-nutritive sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the United States/
Neotame Acesulfame-K Aspartame
Which class of substance provides sweetness to foods and provides calories for the body?
Nutritive sweetners
Raffinose and stachyose are examples of what type of complex carbs?
Oligosaccharides
What are some natural food sources of sucrose?
Sugar beets maple tree sap
An individual who is experiencing an episode of diverticulitis should
avoid fiber
The polysaccharide, ____________, is used in many frozen foods because it remains stable over a wide temperature range.
amylopectin
because of its branched polysaccharide structure _______ is digested more rapidly than _________
amylopectin; amylose
Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch found in plants.
amylose
Vegetables, beans, breads, pasta, and rice are common food sources of
amylose
What is a digestible straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose united called?
amylose
Neotame has a chemical structure similar to
aspartame
Which of the following actions help in the digestion of carbohydrates?
chewing and cooking
Adequate fiber and water helps prevent
constipation
When a person's fasting blood glucose levels are equal to or rise above 126 mg/dl, they are classified as having
diabetes
The alternative sweetener saccharin is only found in
diet soft drinks
Hemicelluloses, pectins, cellulose, and gums are examples of
dietary fiber
Hyperactivity _____________ result from consuming a diet high in refined carbohydrates.
does not
Hypoglycemia occurs when an individual's blood sugar level
falls
Sucalose is approved for use as an additive to the following foods
jams baked goods soft drinks chewing gum
The advantage to having an adequate intake of carbohydrates in the diet is that it will spare protein as an energy source and prevent
ketosis
The _________________ works in concert with the pancreas to regulate blood glucose levels.
liver
Hypoglycemia is a _____________ blood glucose level.
low
Type 2 diabetic patients __________ require insulin.
may
The treatment for type 2 diabetes is aimed at maintaining normal ranges of blood glucose through
medications lifestyle modifications
Which of the following is a type of simple sugar?
monosaccharide
Although aspartame is safe for most individuals, adverse reactions have been observed such as
nausea headaches dizzeness
The digestion of starch begins in the mouth via the action of the enzyme _____________.
salivary amylase
Monosaccharides are composed of
single sugars
Digestion of carbohydrates by human enzymes takes place in which sections of the gastrointestinal tract?
small intestine mouth
In what form is glucose stored in plants?
starch
Salivary amylase acts to break down ____________.
starch