Professor Luck PSC1Y Final Review: Unit 4

According to the circumplex model of emotion, the two major dimensions of emotion are _______ and ________ .

Valance (whether the emotion is positive or negative) / Arousal (the degree of mental activation)

Research using the minimal groups paradigm shows that: 1. Groups are effective because we are born as members of particular groups and live our whole lives as members of those groups 2. We readily form groups based on unimportant similarities and differences among people 3. Children, but not adults, are willing to form groups based on trivial factors such as shirt color 4. Groups must be complex, based on many shared features, to affect the way we think and act

2. We readily form groups based on unimportant similarities and differences among people

An infant who is reactive will exhibit _________ physiological responses to a loud sound and exhibit __________ behavior around unfamiliar people. 1. Weak / inhibited 2. Strong / uninhibited 3. Strong / inhibited 4. Weak / uninhibited

3. Strong / inhibited

Common sense

Trigger Event -> Feeling of fear -> Physiological arousal

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

Trigger Event -> Physiological arousal -> Cognitive Appraisal -> Feeling of fear

You are sitting in a coffee shop, and the people at the table next to you are talking loudly about how hot it is. Although you are trying to ignore them, you keep hearing them say words like "hot" and "heat". This will lead to: 1. No change in the activation of the concept of cold in your conceptual network (because the concept "cold" was not being discussed) 2. Decreased activation of the concept of cold in your conceptual network (because hot is the opposite of cold) 3. Increased activation of the concept of cold in your conceptual network (because hot is related to cold)

3. Increased activation of the concept of cold in your conceptual network (because hot is related to cold)

Which of the following would be likely cases of the fundamental attribution error in real-life situations? [Select all that are correct.] 1. A person reads a blog post that expresses a strange opinion and doesn't believe that this is the true opinion of the writer 2. An acquaintance gets into two accidents in one year, one in which he was hit by a driver who ran a red light and one in which he was rear-ended at a stop sign. You don't want him to drive you to Southern California because you think he must be a bad driver. 3. A friend wins $10,000 in the lottery, and you want to know what numbers the person plays in the future so that you can play the same numbers 4. A parent thinks that a child is lazy, never noticing all the situations where the child is working hard

1. A person reads a blog post that expresses a strange opinion and doesn't believe that this is the true opinion of the writer 2. An acquaintance gets into two accidents in one year, one in which he was hit by a driver who ran a red light and one in which he was rear-ended at a stop sign. You don't want him to drive you to Southern California because you think he must be a bad driver.

Which of the following are true of the Bertrand and Mullainathan (2004) study of racial discrimination in employment? [Select all that are correct.] 1. Applicants with names that sounded European-American were approximately 50% more likely to be invited to interview than applicants with names that sounded African-American 2. The study contained an experimental manipulation and was not simply correlational 3. The applications were assessed by employers who knew they were participating in a study 4. The effects of the name of the applicant might have been a result of some other attribute of the application, such as the applicant's address

1. Applicants with names that sounded European-American were approximately 50% more likely to be invited to interview than applicants with names that sounded African-American 2. The study contained an experimental manipulation and was not simply correlational

What are the four main approaches to assessing the personality of a "target" individual? [Select the four correct options] 1. Assessment of life outcomes from archival data 2. Direct observation of informants' thoughts 3. Assessment of life outcomes from informant reports 4. Assessment of life outcomes from the target's self reports 5. Direct observation of the target's thoughts 6. Reports of the target's thoughts and behavior by the target 7. Reports of the target's behavior by people who know the target 8. Reports of the target's thoughts by people who know the target 9. Direct observation of informants' behavior 10. Direct observation of the target's behavior

1. Assessment of life outcomes from archival data 6. Reports of the target's thoughts and behavior by the target 7. Reports of the target's behavior by people who know the target 10. Direct observation of the target's behavior

Which of the following are true of conscientiousness? [Select all correct options] 1. Conscientiousness increases throughout adulthood 2. Conscientiousness is greater in any individual woman of a given age than in any individual man of the same age 3. Conscientiousness does not change much after the age of 20 4. Conscientiousness increases rapidly between the mid teens and approximately 20 years 5. Higher levels of conscientiousness are associated with better college grades 6. Developing better strategies and habits can make you effectively more conscientious 7. Conscientiousness does not change much over time

1. Conscientiousness increases throughout adulthood 4. Conscientiousness increases rapidly between the mid teens and approximately 20 years 5. Higher levels of conscientiousness are associated with better college grades 6. Developing better strategies and habits can make you effectively more conscientious

Which of the following is not one of the three major components of emotion? 1. Feelings in your body, like a churning stomach or racing heart 2. External behaviors, such as smiling or running away 3. Changes in perception of the external environment, such as the world seeming darker when you're sad 4. Subjective experiences, such as sadness or happiness

3. Changes in perception of the external environment, such as the world seeming darker when you're sad

Which of the following would be an example of social loafing? [Select all that are correct.] 1. Four students are working together on the final project for a class, and each of them works only an hour per week on it. Another student in the same class is working alone on the project and spend three hours per week on it. 2. A person is feeling lazy on a Saturday morning and decides to spend the morning watching YouTube videos instead of going to a meeting of his fencing club 3. A person has studied hard for an exam all day and decides to hang out with friends that night rather than going to a review session

1. Four students are working together on the final project for a class, and each of them works only an hour per week on it. Another student in the same class is working alone on the project and spend three hours per week on it.

Social psychology mainly focuses on explanations at the scope of ___________, whereas personality psychology mainly focuses on the scope of ___________. 1. Groups of people / Individual people within a group 2. Individual actions by individual people / Individual people 3. The physical and social environment / Internal mental processes 4. Individual people / Individual actions by individual people 5. Internal mental processes / The physical and social environment

1. Groups of people / Individual people within a group

Advantages of behavioral observation for assessing the personality of a "target" person include: [Select all that are correct] 1. Is typically more objective than self reports and informant reports 2. Can easily be achieved in a few hours 3. Is more valid than self reports and informant reports 4. Can be used for individuals who cannot or will not provide self reports

1. Is typically more objective than self reports and informant reports 4. Can be used for individuals who cannot or will not provide self reports

Advantages of informant reports for assessing the personality of a "target" person include: [Select all that are correct] 1. It is possible to collect data from multiple informants, which leads to richer and more reliable assessments of the target's personality 2. Informants will typically be unbiased in reporting things like friendliness, intelligence, and kindness 3. Informants are particularly good at reporting aspects of behavior that can be difficult for the target to assess, such as how talkative the person is compared to others 4. Because both self reports and informant reports can be achieved by means of questionnaires, they are equally easy to obtain

1. It is possible to collect data from multiple informants, which leads to richer and more reliable assessments of the target's personality 3. Informants are particularly good at reporting aspects of behavior that can be difficult for the target to assess, such as how talkative the person is compared to others

The critical distinction between the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories of emotion is: 1. James-Lange says physiological responses cause subjective feelings, whereas Cannon-Bard says physiological responses and subjective feelings happen separately and simultaneously 2. Cannon-Bard says physiological responses cause subjective feelings but James-Lange says that subjective feelings cause physiological responses 3. James-Lange says physiological responses and subjective feelings happen separately and simultaneously, whereas Cannon-Bard says they happen sequentially 4. James-Lange says that physiological responses lead directly to subjective feelings, but Cannon-Bard says that cognitive appraisal of the physiological responses is necessary to have the subjective feelings

1. James-Lange says physiological responses cause subjective feelings, whereas Cannon-Bard says physiological responses and subjective feelings happen separately and simultaneously

Imagine that you were interested in whether extraversion runs in families. You made a list of all your relatives and put either an I (for introvert) or E (for extravert) next to each name. Why would most personality psychologists object to this approach? 1. Most personality psychologists prefer to think of traits like extraversion as being continuous dimensions and not discrete categories 2. Personality psychologists generally don't believe that genes contribute to personality factors like extraversion 3. Introvert is not the opposite of extravert 4. It is unlikely that you would have much ability to assess introversion in your relatives

1. Most personality psychologists prefer to think of traits like extraversion as being continuous dimensions and not discrete categories

Which of the following are properties of emotion (as defined by psychologists)? [Select all that are correct] 1. Occur rapidly 2. Are relatively brief 3. Are triggered by specific internal or external events 4. Involve conscious feelings 5. Involve physiological responses 6. Involve changes in behavior 7. Are general states 8. Last for hours or days 9. Sometimes occur for no specific reason 10. Are the same as moods

1. Occur rapidly 2. Are relatively brief 3. Are triggered by specific internal or external events 4. Involve conscious feelings 5. Involve physiological responses 6. Involve changes in behavior

What are the primary components of emotion? [Select all that are correct.] 1. Physiological responses 2. Mood responses 3. Subjective feelings 4. Behavioral responses 5. Genetic processes

1. Physiological responses 3. Subjective feelings 4. Behavioral responses

Banaji & Hardin (1996) found that: [Select all that are correct.] 1. Priming effects were larger for definitional primes than for stereotypical primes 2. Responses to female pronouns were faster when the pronoun was preceded by a stereotypically female word like "secretary" than when they were preceded by a stereotypically male word like "mechanic" 3. Priming effects were larger for stereotypical primes than for definitional primes 4. Responses to female pronouns were faster when the pronoun was preceded by a definitionally female word like "mother" than when they were preceded by a definitionally male word like "father"

1. Priming effects were larger for definitional primes than for stereotypical primes 2. Responses to female pronouns were faster when the pronoun was preceded by a stereotypically female word like "secretary" than when they were preceded by a stereotypically male word like "mechanic" 4. Responses to female pronouns were faster when the pronoun was preceded by a definitionally female word like "mother" than when they were preceded by a definitionally male word like "father"

An infant who is reactive will exhibit _________ physiological responses to a loud sound and exhibit __________ behavior around unfamiliar people. 1. Strong / inhibited 2. Strong / uninhibited 3. Weak / inhibited 4. Weak / uninhibited

1. Strong / inhibited

Think back to the results obtained by the Munakata lab when comparing US and Japanese children in the marshmallow task and the analogous task with wrapped presents. What conclusion can we draw about the self-control from these results? 1. The amount of time a child waits before eating in the marshmallow task is influenced by their experience waiting to eat treats 2. On average, Japanese children have much better self-control than US children 3. The amount of time a child waits before eating in the marshmallow task primarily reflects a general self-control ability 4. All of these options are correct

1. The amount of time a child waits before eating in the marshmallow task is influenced by their experience waiting to eat treats

Imagine a study that is like the marshmallow task, but instead of marshmallows or wrapped presents, it uses video games. The children are shown a video game and told that they can play it right away for 2 minutes, or they can wait 15 minutes and then get to play they game for 30 minutes. We would expect to find that: [Select the two correct options] 1. The children will choose to play the game right away if they grew up in a household where they never had to wait before playing video games 2. The children will wait a long time if they grew up in a household where they never had to wait before playing video games 3. The children will choose to play the game right away if they grew up in a household where they must often wait before playing video games 4. The children will wait a long time if they grew up in a household where they must often wait before playing video games

1. The children will choose to play the game right away if they grew up in a household where they never had to wait before playing video games 4. The children will wait a long time if they grew up in a household where they must often wait before playing video games

Which of the following are true of the Moss-Racusin (2012) study of gender discrimination in employment? [Select all that are correct.] 1. The only difference between the male and female application materials was the name of the applicant (John or Jennifer) 2. The participants knew they were in a study of gender bias, which might have impacted their responses 3. It was a correlational study rather than a true experiment 4. Both male and female professors rated the applicant more favorably if they thought the applicant was male, but this effect was larger for male professors

1. The only difference between the male and female application materials was the name of the applicant (John or Jennifer)

At some universities, fraternities engage in rigorous hazing rituals, in which new recruits may be beaten or humiliated. Those recruits who remain in the fraternity are typically very loyal, despite having experienced real abuse. This could be explained in terms of cognitive dissonance by assuming that: 1. The recruits believe that the fraternity must be great or they would not have stayed 2. The recruits lose their sense of individuality while being hazed 3. The recruits have identified as ingroup members and do not want to be outgroup members 4. The fact that they have all survived the hazing makes the fraternity members feel like they belong to the same group

1. The recruits believe that the fraternity must be great or they would not have stayed

In the James-Lange theory of emotion, the basic sequence of events in an emotion is: 1. Trigger event; behavioral/bodily response; subjective feeling 2. Trigger event; subjective feeling; behavioral/bodily response 3. Trigger event; behavioral/bodily response; cognitive appraisal; subjective feeling 4. Trigger event; subjective feeling; cognitive appraisal; subjective feeling

1. Trigger event; behavioral/bodily response; subjective feeling

Fazio et al. (1995) examined implicit racial stereotypes. They found that European-American research participants exhibited: [Select all that are correct.] 1. Slower reaction times for categorizing a word as bad than for categorizing a word as good following a picture of an African-American face 2. Slower reaction times for categorizing a face as African-American than for categorizing a face as European-American following a negative word than following a positive word 3. Faster reaction times for categorizing a word as bad than for categorizing a word as good following a picture of an African-American face 4. Faster reaction times for categorizing a face as African-American than for categorizing a face as European-American following a negative word than following a positive word

3. Faster reaction times for categorizing a word as bad than for categorizing a word as good following a picture of an African-American face

Whereas social psychologists tend to focus on the external factors that cause behavior, personality psychologists tend to focus on: 1. Why different people behave in different ways as a result of their individual characteristics 2. Determining which personality types are best suited for certain professions 3. Creating methods for changing someone's personality 4. No answer text provided.

1. Why different people behave in different ways as a result of their individual characteristics

Which of the following are true of the Success Coaching services provided by UC Davis? 1. The services are completely free 2. All of these options are correct 3. You can make an appointment for one-on-one coaching 4. You can attend workshops to learn better strategies for being conscientious

2. All of these options are correct

People who score high on self monitoring tend to exhibit: [Select all that are correct] 1. Careful behavior independent of the situation 2. Different patterns of behavior in different situations 3. Attention to detail 4. Insistence that everyone adhere to mainstream values

2. Different patterns of behavior in different situations

Categorization mechanisms cause people to think that people in other groups are ____________________. 1. More different than they actually are 2. More similar than they actually are 3. More important than they actually are 4. Less important than they actually are

2. More similar than they actually are

Which of the following statements are true of the Big 5 personality dimensions: [Select all that are correct] 1. Most personality psychologists agree that the Big 5 dimensions are the only reliable and valid dimensions of personality 2. Most personality psychologists agree that the Big 5 dimensions provide a reasonable approximation of the main dimensions of personality 3. The dimensions are largely independent, which means that some dimensions are relevant for some people and other dimensions are relevant for other people 4. The dimensions are largely independent, which means that a person's score on one dimension is not very predictive of that person's score on the other dimensions

2. Most personality psychologists agree that the Big 5 dimensions provide a reasonable approximation of the main dimensions of personality 4. The dimensions are largely independent, which means that a person's score on one dimension is not very predictive of that person's score on the other dimensions

One day, you're in line at the CoHo, and you hear someone say, "Everyone in Oregon is a hippie—they all eat organic food and make their own clothes." This is an example of: 1. Ingroup favoritism 2. Outgroup homogeneity 3. Group internalization 4. An implicit attitude 5. Diffusion of responsibility

2. Outgroup homogeneity

Self reports would typically be quite accurate for assessing: [Select all that are correct] 1. Whether the person is polite 2. Whether the person is satisfied with his or her close relationships 3. Whether the person has a good sense of humor 4. Whether the person laughs more when watching funny videos with other people than when watching them alone 5. Whether the person enjoys spending time with others

2. Whether the person is satisfied with his or her close relationships 4. Whether the person laughs more when watching funny videos with other people than when watching them alone 5. Whether the person enjoys spending time with others

Most researchers find that there are __ dimensions of temperament in young children. For Buss & Plomin and also for Rothbart, one of these dimensions is related to ___ . Rothbart included a dimension of _____ , and Buss & Plomin later added a similar dimension.

3 / Emotion / Effort Control

Temperament is: 1. Mostly genetic 2. Something that can be measured in a longitudinal study but not in a cross-sectional study 3. A set of basic properties such as activity level and emotional responsiveness 4. The same thing as personality, but used to describe infants and young children rather than adults

3. A set of basic properties such as activity level and emotional responsiveness

Jones and Harris (1967) conducted an early study of the fundamental attribution error. They found that: 1. Participants tended to attribute a negative opinion to the person who wrote the essay even when it was clear that the person did not choose the position expressed in the essay 2. Participants tended to attribute the views expressed in an essay to the instructions given to the person who wrote the essay, ignoring evidence about whether the position expressed in the essay was the person's true opinion 3. Participants tended to attribute the views expressed in an essay to the opinions of the person who wrote the essay even when it was clear that the person did not choose the position expressed in the essay 4. Participants tended to attribute a positive opinion to the person who wrote the essay even when it was clear that the person did not choose the position expressed in the essay

3. Participants tended to attribute the views expressed in an essay to the opinions of the person who wrote the essay even when it was clear that the person did not choose the position expressed in the essay

When you're about to take a test, the excitement may cause signs of physiological arousal, such as an elevated heart rate and sweating. The elevated heart rate will increase the flow of oxygen to your brain, and the sweating will keep you from overheating. Although the physiological arousal helps you to prepare for the challenge of the test, you might interpret these physiological changes as fear rather than excitement. Which theory of emotion best accounts for the fact that the same physiological response can lead to different emotions depending on your interpretation of the situation? 1. The James-Lange theory 2. The Cannon-Bard theory 3. The two-factor theory

3. The two-factor theory

In the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, the basic sequence of events is: 1. Trigger event; subjective feeling; behavioral/bodily response 2. Trigger event; subjective feeling; cognitive appraisal; subjective feeling 3. Trigger event; behavioral/bodily response AND subjective feeling simultaneously 4. Trigger event; behavioral/bodily response AND cognitive appraisal simultaneously; subjective feeling

3. Trigger event; behavioral/bodily response AND subjective feeling simultaneously

Which of the following would be an example of diffusion of responsibility? 1. You see a crying child, and you don't ask what's wrong because you're afraid of getting into an embarrassing situation 2. You see a crying child, and you don't ask what's wrong because the child's parents are nearby 3. You see a trash can that has been knocked over in a classroom, and you don't pick up the trash because there are lots of other students around so it doesn't seem like it's your problem

3. You see a trash can that has been knocked over in a classroom, and you don't pick up the trash because there are lots of other students around so it doesn't seem like it's your problem

The personality dimension called Neuroticism is also sometimes called: 1. Neurosis 2. Authoritarianism 3. Introversion 4. Emotional instability

4. Emotional instability

Scoring low on the extraversion dimension: 1. Means that a person is unlikely to have close friendships 2. Means that a person needs to be around other people to feel energized 3. Is not the same is being introverted 4. Means that a person would probably prefer working in a quiet environment rather than a noisy environment

4. Means that a person would probably prefer working in a quiet environment rather than a noisy environment

The fundamental attribution error is when: 1. People attribute behavior to the non-social characteristics of the situation when the behavior is clearly a result of the social characteristics of the situation 2. People attribute behavior to the situation even when the behavior is clearly a result of the stable psychological characteristics of the individual 3. People attribute behavior to the social characteristics of the situation when the behavior is clearly a result of the non-social characteristics of the situation 4. People attribute behavior to the stable psychological characteristics of the individual even when the situation is clearly responsible for the behavior

4. People attribute behavior to the stable psychological characteristics of the individual even when the situation is clearly responsible for the behavior

Studies of the genetics and epigenetics of personality have found that: 1. Individual genes are responsible for individual personality traits 2. Personality does not change over time 3. Differences in genes do not play a role in differences in personality 4. The effects of experience on personality will vary from one person to the next depending on the person's genotype

4. The effects of experience on personality will vary from one person to the next depending on the person's genotype

When terrorists take Americans hostage, they sometimes release videos of the hostages reading statements in which they say that the U.S. is terrible and that they support the goals of the hostages. It's pretty clear that the hostages are being forced to read these statements and don't actually believe them. However, many people watching the videos might nonetheless believe that the hostages at least partly believe what they are saying. Which psychological principle would explain why people watching the videos might draw this conclusion? 1. Confirmation bias 2. Obedience to authority 3. Implicit priming 4. The fundamental attribution error 5. Diffusion of responsibility

4. The fundamental attribution error

Shantal is taking a course in gender studies, and she's interested in finding out whether the men or the women in her dorm differ in how strongly they represent gender stereotypes in their conceptual networks. She asks each person in her dorm to complete a questionnaire that asks them to rate how strongly they associate specific occupations with men versus women. The problem with this approach is that: 1. It is not usually possible to get useful information about what people think from questionnaires 2. There is no good way to assess gender stereotypes 3. People do not have any conscious access to the strengths of the associations in their conceptual networks 4. The men and women in her dorm might differ in their responses because of what they think is appropriate to report rather than because of differences in their actual gender-occupation associations

4. The men and women in her dorm might differ in their responses because of what they think is appropriate to report rather than because of differences in their actual gender-occupation associations

Imagine that a personality psychologist wanted to find dimensions of personality by measuring the strength of the brain activity elicited by each of 100 different pictures. Each picture shows a very different scene (e.g., a picture of a party, a picture of a farmer on a tractor, a picture of the sun setting over some mountains, a picture of a group of tourists in Venice). How might the researcher determine the dimensions from these data? 1. Sort the pictures into categories on the basis of the content of the pictures (e.g., pictures showing social situations, pictures showing people being helpful) and then look at the brain activity for each of these categories 2. Use a factor analysis to determine whether the brain responses from some areas correlated with each other and not with the brain responses in other areas 3. It couldn't be done, because brain activity is not relevant for personality 4. Use a factor analysis to determine whether the brain responses to some pictures correlated with each other and not with the brain responses to other pictures

4. Use a factor analysis to determine whether the brain responses to some pictures correlated with each other and not with the brain responses to other pictures

If you are asked whether "banana" is a word, you are faster to respond if you had recently seen the word "monkey" than if you had recently seen the word "chair". Psychologists call this an "implicit memory" effect. However, you are fully aware that monkey and banana are related concepts and that chair and banana are unrelated. Why, then, is this effect considered implicit? 1. Awareness is not relevant for whether something is implicit or explicit 2. The relationships among the concepts is not relevant for the effect 3. Psychologists just like to use confusing terminology 4. You are not intentionally consulting your memory for these relationships when you are doing the task

4. You are not intentionally consulting your memory for these relationships when you are doing the task

According to Henry Tajfel's Social Identity Theory, you are likely to: 1. Focus on the positive rather than the negative aspects of UC Davis (because you are a member of that group) 2. Focus on the negative rather than the positive aspects of other UCs (because you are not a member of those groups) 3. Feel good when you hear that someone at UC Davis (your group) has won a major award 4. Ride a bike, because this is something that people at UC Davis (your group) tend to do 5. All of these options are correct

5. All of these options are correct

People who score high on openness to experience tend to exhibit: [Select all that are correct. 1. Comfort talking to strangers 2. Good grades 3. Attention to detail 4. Messiness 5. An interest in art 6. Active imagination 7. A preference for variety 8. A preference for order 9. High energy levels 10. Insistence that everyone adhere to mainstream values 11. Curiosity

5. An interest in art 6. Active imagination 7. A preference for variety 11. Curiosity

People who score high on conscientiousness tend to exhibit: [Select all that are correct.] 1. A preference for variety 2. Curiosity 3. Comfort talking to strangers 4. Active imagination 5. Attention to detail 6. A preference for order 7. Insistence that everyone adhere to mainstream values 8. Messiness 9. Good grades 10. An interest in art 11. High energy levels

5. Attention to detail 6. A preference for order 9. Good grades

In the Banaji & Hardin (1996) study of implicit gender representations, each trial consisted of a prime and a target. Participants were instructed to ["Ignore the prime word", "Speak the prime word", "Press a button to indicate the gender associated with the prime word"] and ["Press a button to indicate the gender associated with the target word", "Speak the target word", "Ignore the target word"] . The primes were ["male and female pronouns (e.g., he, she)", "Gender-related nouns (e.g., mechanic, secretary)", "Gender-neutral nouns (e.g., table, floor)", "Gender-neutral pronouns (e.g., they, them)"] , and the targets were ["Gender-neutral pronouns (e.g., they, them)", "Gender-related nouns (e.g., mechanic, secretary)", "Gender-neutral nouns (e.g., table, floor)", "male and female pronouns (e.g., he, she)"] . They found that reaction times were faster when the target was preceded by a prime that was definitionally related to the gender of the target than when the prime was definitionally related to the opposite gender. When the prime was stereotypically rather than definitionally related to the gender of the target, they found ["the opposite pattern, but the effect was somewhat smaller", "the same pattern, but the effect was somewhat larger", "the same pattern, but the effect was somewhat smaller", "the opposite pattern, but the effect was somewhat larger"]

Ignore the prime word / Press a button to indicate the gender associated with the target word / Gender-related nouns (e.g., mechanic, secretary) / male and female pronouns (e.g., he, she) / the same pattern, but the effect was somewhat smaller

Recall Solomon Asch's classic experiment on social conformity, in which the participant is in a group of people who are giving clearly incorrect responses in a line length judgment task. In these experiments, social psychologists would be mainly interested in ["The cognitive processes that occur while someone is deciding whether or not to go along with the group", "Why most people at least occasionally go along with the rest of the group and give an incorrect response", "The differences between people who go along with the group and the people who don't", "How well people perform in the control condition, in which they're tested alone"] , whereas personality psychologists would be mainly interested in ["The cognitive processes that occur while someone is deciding whether or not to go along with the group", "The differences between people who go along with the group and the people who don't", "Why most people at least occasionally go along with the rest of the group and give an incorrect response", "How well people perform in the control condition, in which they're tested alone"] .

Why most people at least occasionally go along with the rest of the group and give an incorrect response / The differences between people who go along with the group and the people who don't