Pronouns

Relative Pronouns introduces a relative clause who, whom, whose, which, that*

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that its relative clause modifies. Ex://The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.( "who" relates to "The person", which "who phoned me last night" modifies introduces the relative clause "who phoned me last night" WHO,WHOM, WHOSE, WHICH, THAT -WHO (subject) and WHOM (object)= only for people. -WHOSE= possession. - WHICH= is for things. - THAT can be used for things and people only in defining relative clauses (clauses that are essential to the sentence and do not simply add extra information) !!!Relative pronouns can refer to singular or plural, and there is no difference between male and female.

Indefinite Pronouns !!!! takes a singular verb AND that any personal pronoun should also agree (in number and gender) does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount ALL, another, any, anybody/anyone, anything, each, everybody/everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody/someone.

An indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and "not definite". Some typical indefinite pronouns are: ALL, another, any, anybody/anyone, anything, each, everybody/everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody/someone. Most indefinite pronouns are either singular or plural. However, some of them can be singular in one context and plural in another. !!!!!!!! A singular pronoun TAKES A SING.VERB and that any personal pronoun should also agree (in number and gender). Ex://Each of the players HAS a doctor.//I met two girls. One HAS given me her phone number./// plural pronouns need plural agreement://Many HAVE expressed their views. !! Note that many indefinite pronouns also function as other parts of speech. Look at "another" in the following sentences: ///He has one job in the day and another at night. (pronoun)/// I'd like another drink, please. (adjective)

Reciprocal Pronouns given or done in return; expressing mutual action EACH OTHER, ONE ANOTHER

EACH OTHER, ONE ANOTHER We use reciprocal pronouns when each of two or more subjects is acting in the same way towards the other. For example, A is talking to B, and B is talking to A. So we say: A and B are talking to each other. The action is "reciprocated". When we use: -there must be two or more people, things or groups involved (so we cannot use reciprocal pronouns with I, you [singular], he/she/it) - they must be doing the same thing Ex://John and Mary love each other.//The ten prisoners were all blaming one another. !! EACH OTHER is used in more examples above than one another. That's because in general we use one another (which sounds a little formal) less often than we use each other. Also, some people say that we should use one another only for three or more people or things, but there is no real justification for this.

Intensive pronouns emphasizes its antecedent.

Notice that all the above reflexive pronouns can also act as intensive pronouns, but the function and usage are different. An intensive pronoun emphasizes its antecedent. //I made it myself. OR I myself made it. //Have you yourself seen it? OR Have you seen it yourself?//he President himself promised to stop the war.//She spoke to me herself. OR She herself spoke to me.//The exam itself wasn't difficult, but the exam room was horrible.//Never mind. We'll do it ourselves.

Personal Pronouns I/me, you/you, he/him, she/her, it/it plural: we/us, you/you, they/them

Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. We use them depending on: -number: singular (eg: I) or plural (eg: we) -person: 1st person (eg: I), 2nd person (eg: you) or 3rd person (eg: he) -gender: male (eg: he), female (eg: she) or neuter (eg: it) -case: subject (eg: we) or object (eg: us) We use personal pronouns in place of the person or people that we are talking about. My name is Josef but when I am talking about myself I almost always use "I" or "me", not "Josef". When I am talking direct to you, I almost always use "you", not your name. When I am talking about another person, say John, I may start with "John" but then use "he" or "him". Examples (in each pair, the first sentence shows a subject pronoun, the second an object pronoun): I like coffee. / John helped me. Do you like coffee? / John loves you. He runs fast. / Did Ram beat him? She is clever. / Does Mary know her? It doesn't work. / Can the man fix it? We went home. / Anthony drove us. Do you need a table for three? / Did John and Mary beat you at doubles? They played doubles. / John and Mary beat them. When we are talking about a single thing, we almost always use it. However, there are a few exceptions. We may sometimes refer to an animal as he/him or she/her, especially if the animal is domesticated or a pet. Ships (and some other vessels or vehicles) as well as some countries are often treated as female and referred to as she/her. Here are some examples: This is our dog Rusty. He's an Alsatian. The Titanic was a great ship but she sank on her first voyage. My first car was a Mini and I treated her like my wife. Thailand has now opened her border with Cambodia. For a single person, sometimes we don't know whether to use he or she. There are several solutions to this: -If a teacher needs help, he or she should see the principal. -If a teacher needs help, he should see the principal. -If a teacher needs help, they should see the principal. We often use it to introduce a remark: -It is nice to have a holiday sometimes. -It is important to dress well. -It's difficult to find a job. We also often use it to talk about the weather, temperature, time and distance: -It's raining. -It will probably be hot tomorrow.

PRONOUN

Pronoun (noun): a word that takes the place of or represents a noun. A pronoun can take the place of an entire noun phrase. In this way, pronouns help us use fewer words and avoid repetition. Please give this letter to Rosemary. Please give it to her. A pronoun represents the person or thing that we are talking about (as long as we know which person or thing we are talking about). We don't usually start a discourse with a pronoun. We start with a noun and then move on to use a pronoun to avoid repeating the noun. oun (phrase) pronoun the car = it Anthony = he the big woman with black hair = she swimming= it learning English = it almost all French people = they my wife and I = we

Reflexive Pronouns reflecting back on the subject, like a mirror "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural).

We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural). reflexive pronoun singular =myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself plural=ourselves, yourselves, themselves

Interrogative Pronouns ask questions WHO, WHOM, WHAT, WHICH

We use interrogative pronouns to ask questions. The interrogative pronoun represents the thing that we don't know (what we are asking the question about). WHO, WHOM, WHAT, WHICH Notice that the possessive pronoun whose can also be an interrogative pronoun (an interrogative possessive pronoun). subject object person = who whom thing = what person/ thing = which person = whose otice that whom is the correct form when the pronoun is the object of the verb, as in "Whom did you see?" ("I saw John.") However, in normal, spoken English we rarely use whom. Most native speakers would say (or even write): "Who did you see?" Note that we sometimes use the suffix "-ever" to make compounds from some of these pronouns (mainly whoever, whatever, whichever). When we add "-ever", we use it for emphasis, often to show confusion or surprise. Look at these examples: Whoever would want to do such a nasty thing? Whatever did he say to make her cry like that? They're all fantastic! Whichever will you choose?

Possessive Pronouns sing:mine,yours,his,hers plural: ours, yours, theirs

We use possessive pronouns to refer to a specific person/people or thing/things (the "antecedent") belonging to a person/people (and sometimes belonging to an animal/animals or thing/things). We use possessive pronouns depending on: -number: singular (eg: mine) or plural (eg: ours) -person: 1st person (eg: mine), 2nd person (eg: yours) or 3rd person (eg: his) -gender: male (his), female (hers) Ex://Look at these pictures. Mine is the big one. (subject = My picture)//I like your flowers. Do you like mine? (object = my flowers) //I looked everywhere for your key. I found John's key but I couldn't find yours. (object = your key)//My flowers are dying. Yours are lovely. (subject = Your flowers) !!! Notice that the following (with apostrophe [']) do NOT exist: her's, your's, their's Notice that the interrogative pronoun whose can also be a possessive pronoun (an interrogative possessive pronoun). examples://There was $100 on the table and Tara wondered whose it was.//This car hasn't moved for two months. Whose is it?

Demonstrative Pronouns to show; to indicate; to point to this, these, that, those

demonstrate (verb): to show; to indicate; to point to A demonstrative pronoun represents a thing or things: -near in distance or time (this, these) -far in distance or time (that, those) near • far ⇒ singular ☺ this that plural ☺☺☺ these those This tastes good.//Have you seen this?//These are bad times.//Do you like these?//That is beautiful. Do not confuse demonstrative pronouns with demonstrative adjectives. They are identical, but a demonstrative pronoun stands alone, while a demonstrative adjective qualifies a noun. Ex: //That smells. (demonstrative pronoun) //That book is good. (demonstrative adjective + noun) Normally we use demonstrative pronouns for things only. But we can use them for people when the person is identified. //This is Josef speaking. //Is that Mary? //That sounds like John.