PSB 3002- Final
Which of the following is true of the evolution of the human brain?
Comparisons of brain size within the primate family require an adjustment for body size.
________ is considered the father of modern philosophy.
D. René Descartes
Studies suggest that schizophrenia may be associated with an increased number of ________ receptors within the brain.
D2
Studies suggest that schizophrenia may be associated with an increased sensitivity of ________ receptors within the ________.
D2; cortex
A drug company seeking to develop a new antischizophrenic drug would want to develop a drug that reverses both positive and negative symptoms but that avoids blocking ________receptors within the ________ of the schizophrenic brain.
D2; striatum
Which of the following is true of hair cells?
Damage to the inner hair cells impairs hearing
________ argued that human emotional expression evolved from similar expressions in other animals
Darwin
Declarative memory is _______ and nondeclarative memory is _________.
"knowing what" ; "knowing how"
A key function of the autonomic nervous system includes the control of a. the striatal muscle.
"vegetative" processes
The Pacinian corpuscle is
(All of the above) the largest cutaneous receptor. the most deeply positioned cutaneous receptor. fast adapting.
Which of the following disorders demonstrate sex differences in incidence and/or nature?
(All of the above) Alzheimer's disease Irritable bowel syndrome Autism
What treatment, used to relieve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, shows promise as a therapy for treatment resistant depression?
Deep-brain stimulation
What causes Huntington's disease?
Degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen
________ are beliefs that are contrary to fact.
Delusions
Microdyalisis
Detect transmitter substances and metabolites; can be chronically implanted
in situ hybridization (ISH)
Determines NT-producing level and location by radioactively labeling mRNA or DNA
The normal resting membrane potential of a giant squid axon is about ________.
-70 mV with the inside of the cell negative to the outside.
Immunocytochemistry (ICC)
-Allows one to visualise enzyme amount and location within particular cells by tagging primary and secondary antibodies -Can be used to determine where and how much NT-producing ability neurones have
forebrain
-basial ganglia -thalamus -hypothalamus -hippocampus -amygdala
midbrain
-inferior colliculus -superior colliculus -substantia nigra -ventral tegmental area (VTA)
hindbrain
-medulla -reticular formation -pons -cerebellum
The incidence of schizophrenia in the world population is approximately ________ percent.
1
3 ways to detect location of sound sources
1) phase difference for low frequencies 2) intensity differences - used for high frequencies 3) Timbre analysis to determine height of sound or infront of or behind us
3 types of meninges
1)dura mater (protects CNS tissue from rubbing the bones of skull and spine) 2)arachnoid (filled with csf) 3)pia mater (filled with blood vessels; brain surface)
The limit of magnification at which a light microscope can resolve the fine details of brain structure is X___
1,500
The minimum movement of the hair-cell tips that will generate a perceptible sound is
1-100 picometers
3 Tract-Tracing Techniques
1. Anterograde 2. Retrograde 3. Transneuronal
Which steps are involved in release of neurotransmitter into a synapse?
1. Depolarization 2. Entry of calcium 3. Opening of fusion pore 4. Release of neurotransmitter
Three landmarks used for stereotaxic surgery
1. Dura 2. Bregma 3. Midlinesutra
About _____ percent of human DNA contains genes; the remainder is referred to as ____ DNA.
1.5; junk
Three devices used in stereotaxic surgery
1.electrode 2.cannula 3.knife-holder
Which of the following is a principal function of the spinal cord?
Distribute motor fibers to the effector organs of the body and to collect somatosensory information to be passed on to the brain
Monozygotic twins may not have the same prenatal environment if they are____________________
Dizygotic
IPSP hyperpolarizing currents
Do carry neural information
The adult human brain weighs about _______ grams.
1400
When does development of the nervous system begin in humans?
18 days after conception
The ratio of inner to outer hair cells in the human cochlea is approximately
1:4
Recording the brain's metabolic and synaptic activity
2 deooxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiography, postiron emission tomography (PET) scan, fos protein stains,fMRI
Functional MRI studies show that the decision to make a spontaneous movement often occurs in the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) ______ the subject becomes aware of the decision.
2 to 3 seconds before
Which of the following techniques uses photographic emulsions to record the activity of discrete neurons.
2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiography
Which of the following techniques uses the necessity of active neurons needing more fuel in order to identify neural activity?
2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiography
The brain receives this portion of the blood that is pumped out of the heart
20 percent
The majority of schizophrenia cases will develop between the ages of
20-24.
spinal cord
24 vertebrae 31 pais of nerves
When would you first expect to see a structure in a human embryo that could be called a brain?
28 days after conception
When would you expect to be able to identify the telecephalon in a developing embryo?
28 days after conception?
Skilled movements such as those involved in playing the trombone would be handled primarily in this part of the brain.
282
About how long does it take for half the CSF to be replaced by fresh fluid?
3 hours
What kind of drug is Thorazine (chlorpromazine)?
Dopamine antagonist
Which of the following is true of dopamine receptors?
Dopamine receptors are metabotropic.
Recent studies indicate that humans may possess as many as ________ different olfactory receptor genes.
300-350
Humans can detect sound pressure waves that cycle between ________ and ________ times per second.
30; 20,000
Congenital amusia is found in about ________ percent of the population.
4
Which of the following is correct regarding CSF?
Drainage of CSF would result in compression of brain tissue onto the ventral skull surface.
Which of the following statements about drug effects is false?
Drugs continue to show increases of effect even with super-large doses
Low levels of brain ________ are correlated with risky behavior in males
5-HIAA
The ________ serotonin receptor subtype is classified as ___________ receptor.
5-HT3; an ionotropic
Which of the following is an outcome related to the discovery by Olds and Milner of "pleasure centers" in the brain?
Drugs of abuse appear to act via the same circuits discovered by Olds and Milner.
Which of the following is an outcome related to the discovery by Olds and Milner of "pleasurecenters" in the brain?
Drugs of abuse appear to act via the same circuits discovered by Olds and Milner.
Gustatory pathway
7th, 9th, 10th cranial nerves to nucleus of solitary tract in medulla, then to ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus, then to primary gustatory cortex.
A major difference between electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) and treatment using antidepressant drugs is that
ECT lifts depression faster than do antidepressant drugs.
Explain what is meant by decremental conduction.
: A subthreshold local potential degrades in size as it sweeps along the axon membrane(non-myelinated).
Which of the following is a similarity between hair cells of the cochlea and those of the vestibular sacs?
Each hair cell is activated by a shearing force exerted on the cilia
Which of the following is true of the neural coding of gustation?
Each odorant produces a different pattern of activity in the glomeruli.
Which of the following is true of the neural coding of olfaction?
Each odorant produces a different pattern of activity in the glomeruli.
Explain how a few hundred types of olfactory receptors can code for thousands of different odorants.
Each olfactory cilium contains one type of receptor and each glomerulus receives information from one type of receptor. An odorant molecule can bind to and activate, in varying intensity, different receptor types, which would generate a different pattern of firing within the olfactory system.
What kind of cells are produced during asymmetrical division?
Each progenitor cell produces one brain cell and one additional progenitor cell
How vestibular sacs work
Each sac contains a patch of receptive tissue, when orientation of head changes, otoconia small crystals produces a shearing force on cilia
Explain how the presence of myelin on an axon speeds up conduction velocity.
: In saltatory conduction, the axon is wrapped in a fatty membrane called myelin, which insulates the membrane from the extracellular fluid. In this case, the action potential does not have to depolarize every segment of membrane, only those at the widely separated nodes of Ranvier (gaps between the myelin segments).
Which kind of neuron has only one dendritic tree?
A bipolar neuron.
Knife-Cuts
A brain distraction technique used to disconnect brain regions from one another ~ sever fiber connections ~ investigate neurocircuitry underlying behavior
Caroline believes the government has agents following her twenty-four hours a day. What symptom of schizophrenia is Caroline exhibiting?
A delusion of persecution
How do the responses of the muscle spindle and tendon receptors differ in response to one's arm abruptly dropping?
A drop of the arm does not increase the strength by which the muscle is pulling so tendon receptors do not respond. The drop does change the length of the muscle, so muscle spindle receptors do not respond.
Which structure widens to allow neurotransmitter to exit a postsynaptic cell into a synapse?
A fusion pore.
Explain the significance of Hohman's (1966) study of spinal cord transection for the James-Lange theory of emotion
A key piece of support for James-Lange theory comes from Hohman (1966), who assessed the impact of spinal cord injury on emotional experience: the higher the level of the transection, the greater the interruption of sensory information to the brain, and the greater the decrement in the intensity of experienced emotion
Which of the following would be problematic for conclusions regarding the behavioral effects of brain lesions?
A lesion may change behavior due to the alterations to the function of other brain structures.
The article discusses a sex-dimorphic difference regarding the hemisphericlateralization of amygdala function in relation to memory for emotional material.What do such studies consistently indicate?
A preferential involvement of the LEFT amygdala for women, but a preferentialinvolvement of the RIGHT amygdala for men
Which of the following is true of embryonic neuron formation?
A progenitor cell forms a neuron and another progenitor cell during asymmetrical division
A medical researcher is doing muscle studies on various individuals. Which of the following would the researcher be most likely to find in the finger muscles of a professional violin? player
A ratio of about 1 alpha motor neuron axons to 8 muscle fibers in a single motor neuron.
A medical researcher is doing muscle studies on various individuals. Which of the following would the researcher be most likely to find in the finger muscles of a professional violin player?
A ratio of about 1 alpha motor neuron axons to 8 muscle fibers in a single motor unit.
A magician wants to slice a trusting volunteer along a sagittal plane. How will he proceed?
A sagittal plane is parallel to the neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground.
Which of the following would be most likely to provoke the strongest response of mirror neurons?
A skilled twelve-year old baseball player viewing the batting technique of a professional baseball player
Which of the following devices best captures the function of the midbrain?
A switchboard
Perfusion
A technique that involves saline being pushed through followed by a formaldehyde-based solution -prevents enzymatic degradation -makes brain hard enough to cut
Which is true of anterograde amnesia?
A. Patients with anterograde amnesia quite often show normal memory for events prior to the incident responsible for the memory deficit. B. Patients with anterograde amnesia have severely impaired ability to recall information about events occurring after the incident.
Which is true of anterograde amnesia?
A. They may not recognize people they met just moment's before. C. It results from a failure of memory encoding and storage.
ABA design
A: baseline behavior B: manipulation & record behavior A: return to baseline behavior Allows for animals to serve as their own control
The effects of acetylcholine are prolonged by drugs that inactivate the enzyme ________.
ACHe or acetylcholinesterase
An increased number of ______ receptors in the postsynaptic membrane strengthens the synapse.
AMPA
Long-term potentiation is associated with the movement of ________ to the _______.
AMPA receptors; tip of dendritic spines
LH (lateral hypothalamus)
ARC (arcuate nucleus) neurons project to the LH- connection essential for normal eating habits
ARC (arcuate nucleus)
ARC neurons project to the LH- important for normal eating habits
________ is the neurotransmitter released by the taste receptor cells.
ATP
Which of the following is the primary neurotransmittered secreted by motor axons in the central nervous system?
Acetylcholine
_______ is the transmitter secreted from both preganglionic and postganglionic axons of the parasympathetic nervous system.
Acetylcholine
Neurons are placed in a medium that contains all of the essential ions except calcium. What will occur when axons are stimulated?
Action potentials will occur, but no neurotransmitter will be released.
Short-term stimulation and recording
Acute
What noun refers to feelings and emotions?
Affect
This type of neuron carries information toward the brain
Afferent
_______ axons bear toward the brain.
Afferent
_______ axons conduct sensory information toward the brain
Afferent
_______ axons conduct sensory information toward the brain.
Afferent
Which of the following terms describes the ability of a particular drug moleculate to bind to a specific action site?
Affinity
After an action potential has begun and ended, by how much does the concentration of sodium in the cell change?
After a single action potential the sodium concentration in the cell stays largely unchanged
Which of the following is true of metabotropic receptors?
All of the above are correct.
Which statement is false about semantic dementia?
Although patients can no longer speak fluently, they remember the words and the meaning of words.
Why might it be problematic to demonstrate that amino acids can act like neurotransmitters?
Amino acids play a role in protein synthesis for all nerve cells.
Describe the types of emotional stimuli that activate cells within the amygdala.
Amygdala cells change their firing rate in response to the presentation of emotionally relevant stimuli. These responses cut across sensory domains (vision, audition) and can be conditioned (the sight of a syringe that was previously used to inject bitter substances in the mouth of the subject
Which of the following is true of the role of the amygdala for the recognition of emotion?
Amygdala damage impairs the ability to use facial expressions for emotion recognition.
What does the all-or-none law state?
An action potential always remains the same size.
What does the term "neuraxis" signify?
An imaginary line drawn through the spinal cord up to the front of the brain.
c-Fos
An immediate, early gene product -high c-Fos ICC levels in brain region means that brain region was active
Braun et al. exposed rodent pups to the stress of temporary separation from their mother as well as the mother's call. Which of the following was found?
An increase of serotonin receptors in the basomedial amygdala of male pups and a decrease of serotonin receptors in the same area of female pups
Lordosis
An increased curving of the spine- essential for female sexual receptivity in mice
A neuron releases neurotransmitter in a synapse that binds with receptors in the postsynaptic cell. The receptors cause potassium channels to open. What will result?
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential.
Which type of neuron is located entirely within the central nervous system (CNS)?
An interneuron.
The idea that natural events are the result of spirits would be most consistent with which view?
Animism
_______ are negatively charged particles.
Anions Rationale: A negatively charged particle is defined as a cation.
Which of the following outcomes strongly supports the notion that a place code is involved in detecting medium to high-pitched sounds?
Antibiotics can kill hair cells in a basal to apical direction and produce corresponding deficits in pitch perception.
_______ involves genetically-programmed cell death.
Apoptosis
Macroelectrodes
Apply large electrodes to someone's scalp to record cortical brain activity ie. in a sleep lab one could record cortical brain waves to differentiate sleep stages
Midlinesutra
Approximates the imaginary midline
Which is an example of a structural sex difference?
Areas of the cortex being thicker in females than males
____ argued that the function of the brain was to cool the passions of the heart.
Aristotle
Afferents
Arriving fibers
Which of the following is important for the acquisition of complex behaviors that become routine?
As a person becomes proficient in the behavior, the control of the process is transferred to the basal ganglia.
________ is a pervasive developmental disorder that involves deficient social interactions,stereotyped behavior, and obsessive interest in a narrow field.
Asperger's syndrome
What process may be at the root of a successful classical conditioning experiment?
Associative long-term potentiation Associative LTP is the increase of a weak synapse due to association with a strong synapse. Thus, an unrelated, neutral stimulus can come to trigger a specific response.
Which nerve cells do not transmit or receive information?
Astrocytes
Where is an action potential retriggered as it travels down a myelinated axon?
At each node of Ranvier.
Explain how changes in ion movements can result in an action potential
At rest, the interior of the axon membrane has more negative charges relative to the exterior. Movement of positive charges (sodium) into the axon results in the action potential (a rapid reversal of the membrane potential).
Sodium moves across the axon membrane during an action potential because of
Concentration forces and electrical forces
Which is true of the Morris Water Maze?
Conceptually, the task derives from place cells. It is often used as a general assay of cognitive function.
Explain how the brain codes for the spatial location of sound.
Auditory neurons are sensitive to the differences in the arrival times of an auditory stimulus (low frequency). A sound that occurs directly in front will arrive at the left and right ears at the same time; a sound that occurs to the left will arrive at the left ear sooner than at the right ear. High frequency sounds may be detected using differences in sound intensity.
________ are metabotropic receptors located in the presynaptic membrane that provide negative feedback onto transmitter release.
Autoreceptors
. Explain how autoreceptors dampen neuronal activity
Autoreceptors are sensitive to the transmitter released by a particular neuron. Activation of the autoreceptor produces negative feedback -- either reduced cell firing or reduced synthesis/release of the transmitter. The net effect is to modulate the amount of transmitter in the synapse (and at the postsynaptic receptors).
A research scientist investigating muscle structure is having a difficult time distinguishing alpha motor neuron axons from gamma motor neuron axons. What is the difference?
Axons from gamma motor neurons form synapses with intrafusal muscle fibers. Axons from alpha motor neurons form synapses with extrafusal muscle fibers on a skeletal muscle.
Which is true of the Morris Water Maze?
B. Conceptually, the task derives from place cells. C. It is often used as a general assay of cognitive function.
Which of the following is consistent with Blest's study of the impact of background pattern on consumption of worms by birds?
Backgrounds that contained eyespot patterns were avoided by the birds.
Stimulation and Recording Techniques
Based on the idea of the brain working electrically and chemically Can be: Short-term; long-term; in vito; in vitro
Which of the following is not a common feature of semantic and episodic memory?
Behavioral expression of what is retrieved is obligatory.
________ is the common name used today for the area that involves the study the physiology of behavior.
Behavioral neuroscience
Which of the following is a coordinated limb movement?
Bicycle pedaling
________ refers to alternating episodes of elation and sadness.
Bipolar disorder
Which is true of anterograde amnesia?
Both A and C.
Which statement is true?
Both: Taste buds contain each type of taste receptor cell. AND Taste buds are located on papillae and distributed on the surface of the tongue.
Injections of ________ can inhibit facial muscle movement and facial emotional expression.
Botox
Which of the below statements provides the best support for lesion studies?
Brain lesions may provide insight into the function of a specific area of the brain because of behavioral changes.
Stereotaxic Atlas
Brain map used in stereotaxic surgery for 3D accuracy
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
Brain scan that indicates brain activation while someone is engaging in a mental process
________ is (are) a common landmark or reference point used for stereotaxic surgery.
Bregma
How does decreased activity of the frontal cortex contribute to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
By increasing dopamine release from the nucleus accumbens.
Pyramidal cells of ____ send their axons to ____.
CA3; CA1
Which of the following is true of clozapine (CL)?
CL is less likely than chlorpromazine to produce tardive dyskinesia
Which of the following is true of CSF?
CSF flows from the lateral ventricles toward the fourth ventricle.
Describe the production, circulation, and reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid.
CSF is produced within the choroid plexus that lines the ventricles. CSF flows from the lateral ventricles through the third ventricle and through the fourth ventricle. CSF is eventually reabsorbed into the blood.
Why is saltatory conduction relatively rapid?
Cable properties carry the signal under the myelin sheath.
How do muscles cause movement in the body?
Calcium entering the muscle fiber releases energy from ATP and allows myosin molecules to "row" forward by attaching first to one actin, then bending toward the next actin in the strand, causing the entire section to shorten, or contract.
Which is true of NMDA receptors?
Calcium flux through NMDARs is thought to be critical in synaptic plasticity.
Which of the following is NOT consistent with the proposition that consciousness is a physiological function?
Consumption of food changes our ability to communicate.
Autoradiography
Can radioactively tag either NT receptors (hormone receptors ie. DA/testosterone) or glucose (brain uses for energy; 2-DG autoradiography used to quantify brain activity)
Which of the following is true of the impact of testosterone on aggressive behavior in males?
Castration of sex-offenders may reduce aggressive sexual attacks
_______ are positively charged ionic particles.
Cations Rationale: A positively charged particle is defined as a cation
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is also referred to as the__________.
Craniosacral system
Where are protein molecules and ion channels or pores imbedded?
Cell membrane
Which of the following is a feature of the central nervous system (CNS) but not the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Central nervous system nerves are encased in bone.
What does the viral hypothesis of schizophrenia predict?
Children born a few months after a flu outbreak are more likely to develop schizophrenia.
Why is there no net force on the chloride ion in a typical neuron?
Chloride has a concentration gradient leading into the cell but an electrostatic force leading out of the cell
Long-term stimulation and recording
Chronic
Which of the following is a structural sex difference?
Chronic stress causing more damage to the hippocampus in male than female rats and monkeys
Which ion has the greatest concentration outside the axon?
Cl-
Assume that the delay of reinforcement gradient is steeper in children with attention- deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD). Which of the following best explains the symptoms of ADHD?
Classroom behaviors have a long interval between behavior and reinforcement.
This type of cell carries information away from the brain
Efferent
_______ axons "bear away from" the brain.
Efferent
Which of the following agrees with the doctrine of specific nerve energies?
Electrical stimulation of a sensory nerve can evoke a specific sensation.
Brain Destruction Techniques
Electrolytic lesions Excitotoxic lesions NT-specific lesions Knife-cuts
How does enzymatic deactivation of a neurotransmitter occur?
Enzymes destroy molecules of the neurotransmitter
How does enzymatic deactivation occur?
Enzymes destroy molecules of the neurotransmitter.
VMH (ventramedial hypothalamus)
Essential for female sexual receptivity in mice (lordosis)
A scientist who holds a monistic philosophy would be comfortable with which of thefollowing statements?
Everything is made of matter and energy.
Which of the following, if true, would provide the strongest evidence that intellectual learning actually changes the structure of the brain?
Evidence of neurogenesis is seen in the hippocampus, the area of the brain involved in learning.
Efferents
Exiting fibers
A mutation that resulted in the loss of outer hair cells within the organ of Corti would be expected to result in total impairment of hearing.
False
According to Shors and colleagues, a brief exposure to a stressful learning situation (e.g., a series of tail shocks) decreases the density of hippocampal dendritic spines in male rats, but increases spine density in female rats
False
Barnes et al. found that each unit increase in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology was associated with a 3-fold increase in AD risk in women, but an over 20-fold increase in AD risk in men
False
Current glutamate drug research focuses on ionotropic glutamate receptors.
False
Despite recent technical advances in neurophysiology, it is still impossible to identify the physiological mechanisms of signal transduction for the detection and discrimination of various taste stimuli by the taste receptor cells.
False
GABA has been shown to have the same effect on neurons located in the substantia nigra of male and female rat pups
False
Humans can detect sound pressure waves that cycle between 20 and 30,000 times per second.
False
If no sex difference exists in a behavior, then it can be assumed that the neural substrates of that behavior are identical for the two sexes.
False
In rats and monkeys, chronic stress causes damage to the amygdala differently for males and females
False
In rats and monkeys, chronic stress causes damage to the hippocampus relatively similarly for males and females
False
Lalumiere and McGaugh suggest that stimulation of the left but not right hemisphere amygdala modulates memory storages in male rats.
False
Male patients with schizophrenia display marked facial hemispheric asymmetries that are absent in male healthy controls.
False
Men are more sensitive than women to the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants
False
Metabotropic receptors act as all-or-nothing signaling systems
False
Several studies consistently demonstrated a preferential involvement of the right amygdala in memory for emotional material in women.
False
Sex differences are confined to sexual behaviors, hormones, and the hypothalamus
False
Sex differences in the brain are thought to be relatively small
False
The branch of the eighth cranial nerve that conducts auditory signals to the brain is called the auditory lemniscus.
False
The differences within a sex are much more substantial than those between the sexes.
False
The laterality of the sexually dimorphic nature of the amygdala is not observed while men and women simply rest with the eyes closed.
False
The patterns of myelination in the hemispheres of male and female brains are relatively similar, suggesting that the cerebral asymmetry does not need to be analyzed separately for each sex.
False
The traveling wave causes the tympanic membrane and hence the Organ of Corti to move up and down.
False
The utricle and pinna are vestibular sacs.
False
Whether ion channels open or close within the hair cell cilia reflects tension exerted by the tip links on the ionotropic membrane receptors.
False
Women with Turner syndrome (who lack an X chromosome) show heightened responsiveness of the left hemisphere amygdala to emotional material.
False
Describe the three components of an emotional response.
Feelings are distinct from the responses that accompany an emotion. The three components are behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal. Behavioral responses include motor movements, facial expressions, posture, and tone of voice. Autonomic responses include specific changes in the sympathetic nervous system that provide energy for responding. Hormonal responses that reinforce the autonomic responses include release of norepinephrine and epinephrine as well as glucocorticoids
________ involves ________ of joints as in ________. ________ is ________ of joints as in ________.
Flexion, bending, drawing in a limb Extension, straightening, using antigravity muscles to stand
________ is a drug that can reduce symptoms of irritability and aggressiveness
Fluoxetine (or any serotonin agonist)
________ are a component of the somatosenses
Free nerve endings in the skin
Suppose you are performing a classical conditioning experiment on rats in which you paired a tone stimulus and an aversive stimulus, such as an intense electrical shock. What would you expect to observe in the animal if you presented the tone without the shock?
Freezing behavior
Suppose you are performing a classical conditioning experiment on rats in which you paired a tone stimulus and an aversive stimulus, such as an intense electrical shock. What would you expect to observe in the animal if you presented the tone without the shock?
Freezing behavior
Which of the following is true of rate coding along the basilar membrane?
Frequencies lower than 200 Hz are coded by a rate of firing that is cued to the movement of the apical end of the basilar membrane.
Juraska and colleagues found that female rats raised in an enriched environment displayed greater dendritic structure of dentate gyrus cells compared to males. This is an example of a ___________ difference.
Functional
Which of the following is false of GABA in the brain?
GABA is involved in Parkinson's disease.
Which of the following is a neurochemical sex difference?
GABA stimulation of substantia nigra cells in rat pups depolarizing the cells in males but hyperpolarizing them in females
Which pair of transmitters are the primary inhibitory and excitatory (respectively) transmitters in the brain?
GABA; glutamate
________ represent explanations used by all scientists.
Generalizations
Which kind of DNA codes for proteins?
Genes.
With regard to the treatment of addiction, why is it important for neuroscience to consider the sex of the individual?
Given that men and women do not undergo identical processes, identical therapeutics would subsequently not apply.
With regard to the treatment of addiction, why is it important for neuroscienceto consider the sex of the individual?
Given that men and women do not undergo identical processes, identical therapeutics would subsequently not apply.
How does glucose enter the brain from the capillaries?
Glucose transporters carry glucose across the blood-brain barrier to the brain.
The________ states that a weak synapse will be strengthened if its activation occurs at thesame time that the postsynaptic neuron fires.
Hebb rule
This might explain how neurons are changed by experience in a way that would cause changes in behavior.
Hebb rule
How did the neurosurgeons find out that clamping off Mrs. F.'s left common carotid artery produced insufficient blood flow to her brain?
Her EEG record showed slow wave activity.
Which of the following is false of opioid effects in brain?
Heroin is an example of an opioid receptor antagonist.
The __________ is larger in women than in men, this is an example of a ___________ difference
Hippocampus; structural
The philosopher ________ linked the brain to thought and emotion, whereas ________thought the function of the brain was to cool the heart
Hippocrates; Aristotle
Which of the following is correct with regard to the relation between brain size and body size?
Human brains are larger than other species when expressed relative to total body weight.
Explain how experience can affect brain development
Humans are unable to walk without being taught by parents as models?
________ of the frontal cortex contributes to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia by increasing the release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens.
Hypoactivity
Damage to this nerve might result in difficulty swallowing.
Hypoglossal nerve
Historically, which region of the brain was most notably associated with sex differences inthe brain?
Hypothalamus
Excitotoxic chemicals
Ibotenic acid (IBO) Quinolinic acid Kainic acid
In Vitro
In a dish; brain tissue kept to experiment on it
In Vito
In live, behaving animals
A "mad"scientists is interested in creating human beings with larger brains. Which stategy might he employ?
Increase the length of time in symmetrical and assymetrical division
Which of the following sex differences was found by Kilts et al. in their study of brain activation in response to drug cues?
Increased left amygdala activity in men, decreased left amygdala activity in women
Which of the following sex differences was found by Kilts et al. in their study of brain activation in response to drug cues?
Increased right amygdala activity in men, decreased right amygdala activity in women
Why are some antipsychotic drugs able to produce tardive dyskinesia?
Increased sensitivity of dopamine receptors
A sports scientist has a theory that top professional athletes get injured because they lack inhibitory input from Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) to reduce muscle contraction when contraction endangers the health of the muscle and joint itself. The scientist is looking for a drug that will beef up inhibitory input from GTOs to prevent athletes from exceeding their limit. Which of the following, if true, identifies the most serious flaw in the scientist's scheme?
Increasing GTO inhibition should cause a decrease in injuries by preventing over-exertion of muscles. However, it is probably this ability to contract muscles more intensely than other humans that gives these athletes an edge over rivals. So the performance of the athletes is likely to decline just as their injuries decline. In general, they will simply move more slowly overall.
Which of the following would produce an EPSP?
Influx of calcium
Excitotoxic lesions
Infuse certain chemicals using a cannula that over excite neurons so they die ~ cell body lesions~ spare axons of passage
IBO (ibotenic acid)
Infused into the VMH (through Excitotoxic lesions) to decrease lordosis without effecting eating habits of mice Infused in either the LH or ARC to cause eating issues in mice
6-OHDA
Infused into the striatum (through NT-specific lesions) to destroy Substantia Nigra to deplete the basal ganglia of its source of DA - animal modeled of Parkinson's Disease
3 Temporary Inactivation Techniques
Infusion of NT antagonist Local lidocaine TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)
Which of the following suggests the existence of the blood-brain barrier?
Injection of dye into the bloodstream stains all cells but those of the brain and spinal cord.
Identify two species-typical forms of aggression and the hormones that modulate these behaviors.
Intermale aggression occurs between two members of the same sex and species. It is dependent on early testosterone exposure and later adulthood levels of testosterone. Interfemale aggression is less common but can occur in primates just prior to menstruation
Which of the following is true of fuel used by the brain?
Interruption of blood flow for even a few seconds impairs brain function.
Long term emotional component of pain
Involves prefrontal cortex.
_ _____ receptors involve the direct opening of an ion channel, whereas metabotropic receptors involve the action of second messenger molecules inside the postsynaptic cell.
Ionotropic
________ receptors involve the direct opening of an ion channel, whereas metabotropic receptors involve the action of second messenger molecules inside the postsynaptic cell.
Ionotropic
How do metabotropic effects compare to ionotropic effects?
Ionotropic effects have more rapid onset and briefer duration than metabotropic effects
How do metabotropic effects compare to ionotropic effects?
Ionotropic effects have more rapid onset and briefer duration than metabotropic effects.
Contrast ionotropic and metabotropic receptors
Ionotropic receptors directly control ion channels, whereas metabotropic receptors use a series of intermediate steps, involving G-proteins, to modulate distant ion channels.
_______ are charged particles formed when an electrolyte dissolves in water.
Ions Rationale: A charged particle is known as an ion.
What makes an atypical antipsychotic drug atypical?
It can reverse schizophrenic symptoms without causing tardive dyskinesia
Which of the following statements aligns most closely with the mind body question?
It examines the relationship between consciousness and the brain.
The electrical charge on an axon is known as the membrane potential. Why is it called "potential"?
It represents stored energy.
What effect on behavior would you expect a drug that decreases dopaminergic activity witin the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to have?
It would induce both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
What could we expect of a drug that blocks the action of acetylcholinesterase?
It would prolong the effects of synaptic acetylcholine.
What would be the probable effect of a drug that decreases the flow of potassium through the voltage-gated potassium channels of the axon?
It would slow the return of the membrane to its resting potential.
The doctrine of specific nerve energies is attributed to _________________.
Johannes Müller
This scientist was one of the first to use experimental techniques in the study of physiology:
Johannes Müller
_________________ proposed the doctrine of specific nerve energies.
Johannes Müller
John has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and has shown improvement in positive symptoms while taking chlorpromazine (CPZ). Which of the actions below, if taken by John, would be expected to speed up his recovery from schizophrenia?
John takes reserpine in addition to CPZ.
Which of the following is true of long-term depression (LTD)?
LTD is associated with a decrease in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neuron.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is effective, but has some risks. What can be caused by excessive use of ECT?
Lasting memory impairment
People born during what time of year are more likely to develop schizophrenia?
Late winter, early spring
Students were debating how the supplementary motor area (SMA) studies of Lau relate to the philosophical idea of "free will" — whether or not humans have a free choice when they make decisions or whether their choices are predetermined in some way. Which of the following provides the strongest argument that Lau's experiment does not contradict the idea of free will?
Lau's study allows the individual to be "free" to choose any alternative he or she likes, but the choice originates in the unconscious, not the conscious part of the mind. Lau's results don't negate freedom to choose. They simply require that the there is a 2-3 second time lag between making the unconscious decision and conscious awareness of that decision.
Which statement best illustrates the James-Lange theory of emotion
Laugh and you will be happy
How do reflexes help a person regain balance when he leans forward too far?
Leaning forward stretches the calf muscle, causing muscle spindle afferents to fire. Motor neurons in the spinal cord receive this information and increase their firing rate to cause calf muscle shortening, which in turn pushes down the toes. Pushing down the toes corrects the balance of the person. ?
______________ refers to the process by which experiences change our nervous system and hence our behavior.
Learning
Which of the following is true of learning?
Learning involves the modification of the nervous system by experiences.
________ is an example of motor learning.
Learning to swing a golf club
Which of the following statements about neurochemical sexual dimorphisms is incorrect?
Levels of monoamine oxidase are significantly lower in several brain regions in women than in men.
Which of the following is a subcortical structure?
Limbic system
What is the most effective treatment for bipolar disorder?
Lithium
________ is (are) an effective treatment for bipolar depression.
Lithium
Stimulation techniques
Lower an electrode or cannula into the brain to stimulate endogenous signal
What were the first effective drugs used for the treatment of depression?
MAO inhibitors
Transneuronal Tract Tracing
Makes use of a virus that moves both forward and backwards from the infusion site -used to identify circuits
Imagine that all members of your class have been tested to determine the level of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in their cerebrospinal fluid. Which of the following would you predict using this information?
Male classmates with low 5-HIAA levels are unlikely to be alive ten years from now.
Imagine that you are doing a largescale longitudinal study in which you measure the levels of 5-HIAA (a serotonin metabolite) in the subjects' cerebrospinal fluid. Which would you predict about the data you gather?
Male classmates with low 5-HIAA levels are unlikely to be alive ten years from now.
Which of the following is structural difference between male and female schizophrenics?
Males demonstrating enlarged ventricles while females do not
________ involves feelings of intense elation.
Mania
_______ detect skin vibration
Mechanoreceptors
Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding sex differences in addiction?
Men are more sensitive than men to the reinforcing effects of amphetamine and cocaine.
Which of the following is a persistent sex difference associated with schizophrenia?
Men with schizophrenia show significantly larger ventricles than do healthy men,whereas no such enlargement is seen in women with schizophrenia.
Rat research demonstrated that activating ________________ could reverse the effects of PCP
Metabotropic glutamate
Which of the following is NOT true of metabotropic receptors?
Metabotropic receptors control a single ion channel
Which of the following is NOT true of metabotropic receptors?
Metabotropic receptors control a single ion channel.
Which of the following is true of metabotropic receptors?
Metabotropic receptors expend energy. Metabotropic receptors are slower than ionotropic receptors. Metabotropic receptors control distant ion channels. Metabotropic receptors are closely associated with G proteins in the membrane. *All of the above are correct.
Brain areas activated in determining what a sound source is
Middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, and superior temporal gyrus ANTERIOR stream
Stimulation on a range
Minor - chemical and electrical activation Medium - transcranial magnetic stimulation Major - Excitotoxic lesions
________ are bead-like structures that extract energy from nutrients.
Mitochondria
Which of the following is a function of the autonomic component of an emotional response?
Mobilizing energy for vigorous movement
Which of the following is true of the action potential?
More sodium channels are opened at a lower voltage level than are the potassium channels. Rationale: The upswing of the action potential occurs because more sodium channels are opened at a lower voltage level than are the potassium channels.
Which of the following is an argument made by the text author regarding the use of animals by humans?
More suffering occurs with pet owning than with research.
Which of the following neurons serve to contract muscles?
Motor
_______ neurons function to contract muscles.
Motor Rationale: Motor neurons function to contract body muscles.
Which of the following is true of motor learning?
Motor learning involves changes in the motor pathways.
The axon of a motor neuron A fires a burst of action potentials a rate that have a 50 msec gap between impulses. A similar cell, motor neuron B, fires with a 20 msec gap between impulses. Which neuron is likely to produce a stronger muscular contraction?
Motor neuron B.
Which of the following is true of the human genome?
Much of the genome contains "junk" DNA. Rationale: Much of the genome contains "junk" DNA that does not code for specific proteins.
Which of the following best explains how genetic duplication might be responsible for the development of complex brains?
Multiple genes are duplicated. This means that the offspring will have one gene to perform the important functions and the other one to "experiment" with.
What causes the rigidity seen in a cat that has had its brainstem severed?
Muscle excitation is no longer opposed by inhibition.
________ was the primary symptom shown by Kathryn D
Muscle weakness
________ speeds up the velocity at which an axon can conduct an action potential.
Myelin
Which of the following was suggested as an advantage associated with myelination?
Myelin speeds up axon conduction speed. Rationale: Myelin makes for more rapid communication of nerve signals
Which is an advantage afforded by saltatory conduction?
Myelin speeds up the velocity at which an axon can conduct an action potential.
Which of the following is an important advantage associated with saltatory conduction?
Myelin speeds up the velocity at which an axon can conduct an action potential. Rationale: Myelin and saltatory conduction speed up the velocity at which an axon can conduct an action potential.
Why is the conduction velocity of an extremely large giant squid axon much slower than the velocity of a much smaller myelinated axon in a cat's spinal cord?
Myelination dramatically increases conduction velocity.
_______________ receptors are glutamate receptors found in the hippocampal formation that control calcium ion channels.
NMDA
CER is blocked by AP5 (_______) in the __________.
NMDA antagonist; amygdala
Which of the following is a false of NMDA receptors?
NMDA receptors are metabotropic.
When a neuron is at resting potential, where are the ions concentrated?
Na+ is concentrated externally; Cl- is concentrated externally; K+ is concentrated internally.
Amanda, a top tennis player, claims she can make a decision about how and where to return a serve after the ball has made contact with her racquet. Film studies show that this decision is made within a window of time of 20 milliseconds. Amanda claims that her decisions are conscious, requiring that thought be involved, meaning that the brain is also involved. Amanda's rival, Natasha, says that Amanda's claim is impossible. Who is right?
Natasha is right. Neural information needs more than 50 milliseconds to travel from the arm to the brain and back again, so Amanda is deceiving herself about how quickly she makes her decisions.
________ symptoms of schizophrenia represent the absence of normal behaviors.
Negative
________ refers to the concept that human brain maturation takes a long time relative to thatof other species.
Neoteny
Which of the following may produce the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Neural damage
Brain-slice preparation
Neural tissue removed and artificially maintained to permit recordings
Sex differences in the analgesic effectiveness of opioid peptides would be considered what kind of difference?
Neurochemical
Which of the following is NOT true of embryonic neuron formation?
Neuron formation begins in the spinal cord.
Which of the following is true of neurons?
Neurons have a high metabolic rate.
Which of the following is true of neurons?
Neurons have a high metabolic rate. Rationale: Neurons have a high metabolic rate, which requires a dedicated source of oxygen and nutrients.
Neurons that are formed during embryonic development are likely to die if they
Neurons that are formed during embryonic development are likely to die if they do not form synaptic
How does neurotransmitter cause a postsynaptic change using the indirect method?
Neurotransmitter binds with the receptor. The receptor activates a G protein. The G stimulates production of the second messenger, which then causes the ion channels to open.
Which of the following is true of receptors?
Neurotransmitters act on binding sites on receptors to exert their effects. Rationale: Neurotransmitter molecules act on binding sites on receptors to exert their effects on the postsynaptic membrane.
The RNA, DNA, and associated proteins in cell bodies are collectively referred to as
Nissl substance.
________ is a strong candidate to act as a retrograde messenger from the dendrite to the terminal button.
Nitric oxide
A researcher correctly determines that a neuron uses voltage-dependent ion channels for both sodium and potassium ions. If depolarization occurs, the researcher hypothesizes that the ions will move in opposite directions and cancel each other out-- sodium moving in one direction and potassium in the other direction-- producting no change in membrane potential. Is this hypotheses correct? explain.
No, the hypothesis is not correct. The outflux of potassium requires a larger depolarization to activate, so it occurs later in the action potential process than the influx of sodium. So sodium first rushes in to make the cell more positive, then potassium rushes out to restore the cell to a negative charge.
Suppose a Huntington-like disease caused input from the caudate nucleus and putamen to be excitatory both into the external globus pallidus and into the subthalamic nucleus in the indirect pathway. Would this disease be likely to produce the same symptoms as Huntington's disease?
No, this affliction might cause problems, but it would not knock out the inhibitory effect of the indirect pathway. So the wild movements of Huntington's due to loss of inhibition would not be seen in this case.
Differentiate among the receptors that have been identified as responding to pain stimuli.
Nociceptors are pain receptors. Three nociceptor types include free nerve endings that respond to intense pressure; free nerve endings that respond to intense heat, to acids, and to the chemical capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor); and ATP-sensitive receptors.
In a myelinated axon, ions enter or leave the axon membrane only at the ____
Node of Ranvier
How does non-coding DNA typically function?
Non-coding DNA is involved in the production of non-coding RNA, which has functions of its own.
Children of older men have an increased chance of developing schizophrenia. What do most investigators believe causes this increase?
Older men are more likely to have an increased incidence of mutations in the spermatophytes.
Compare and contrast the general functions of the three glial cell types in the brain.
Oligodendrocytes form CNS myelin, which speeds up neural conduction speed. Astroglia provide support and nutrition for neurons. Microglia are involved in brain immune function.
Where can a synapse be located on a neuron?
On a dendrite, an axon, or a soma.
________________ is the _______________ technique.
One of the oldest methods used in neuroscience; experimental ablation.
Where are sodium ions allowed to flow into a large myelinated axon after it has been depolarized?
Only at the nodes of Ranvier.
What effect does the opening of chloride channels have in a postsynaptic cell that has already been excited?
Opening chloride channels neutralizes EPSPs.
What mechanisms are involved in long-term potentiation (LTP)?
Opening of NMDA channels, post-synaptic depolarization, rise in post-synaptic calcium concentration
Which of the following drugs first drew researchers to investigate glutamate's role in schizophrenia?
PCP
Imagine that prior research has suggested that neurons from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) project to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to control eating behavior. To confirm this suggestion, your next step might be inject fluorogold into the ________ and confirm its transport to the ________.
PFC; PVN
A recently developed method for tracing efferent axons involves
PHA-L.
______, a protein made by kidney beans, is used in neuroscience to __________.
PHA-L; label neuronal pathways by anterograde transport.
Inactivating ______ in the amygdala would be likely to _______ fear memory in rats.
PKMzeta; impair
The formation of long-term potentiation requires the production of the protein
PKN-zeta.
Schwann cells.
PNS
Imagine that prior research has suggested that neurons from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) project to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to control eating behavior. To confirm this suggestion, your next step might be inject fluorogold into the ________ and confirm its transport to the ________.
PVN; PFC
Which of the receptors below are used by the body to detect vibration?
Pacinian corpuscles
________ are the largest sensory organs of the skin.
Pacinian corpuscles
Which of the following is true of the functions of pain?
Pain can be triggered by tissue damage within the body
Describe the biological actions by which certain stimuli are able to lower reactivity to pain.
Pain signals are transmitted to the spinal cord and from there to the thalamus and to various cortical regions (anterior cingulate, primary and secondary somatosensory cortex). Pain reactivity can be diminished by interrupting the ascending pain pathways, by reducing the activity of the anterior cingulate cortex (reduced aversiveness), or by activating a descending neural circuit from the PAG to the spinal cord (summarized in Figure 7-31 on page 240).
Differentiate among the three components of pain.
Pain stimuli produce a sensory component that involves the primary and secondary somatosensory cortex, and an intermediate emotional component that involves the anterior cingulate and insular cortex. The long- term component of pain that represents the emotional implications of pain is related to activity of the prefrontal cortex. Hypnotism reduces the activity of the anterior cingulate and the unpleasantness of a pain stimulus.
A patient is found to have muscular rigidity, slowness of movement, a resting tremor, and postural instability. Once he is seated, he finds it difficult to stand. Which of the following is a likely diagnosis?
Parkinson's disease
Research by Owen (1992) and Koroshetz (1993) demonstrate the importance of the basal ganglia in the learning of automatic responses. The subjects were patients with _______ and ________, both of which are degenerative diseases of the basal ganglia.
Parkinson's; Huntington's
Damage to the substantia nigra would be expected to produce
Parkinson-like motor symptoms
How was the blood-brain barrier discovered?
Paul Ehrlich injected dye in the bloodstream of an animal and saw that the CNS did not turn color.
Which of the following results from studies of people with spinal cord injuries supports the James-Lange theory of emotion?
People who could not feel reactions from most of their bodies reported that they no longer felt intense emotions.
Kinesthesia
Perception of body's own movements
Recognizing people by the shape of their faces and recognizing objects by how they feel or smell are examples of
Perceptual learning
A nerve cell is killed. Stumps grow from the defunct axon and reconnect with nearby cells. What kind of nerve cells are involved in this situation?
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) cells must be involved because they don't have astrocytes to create scar tissue which prevents reconnection.
Which of the following is NOT true of the functions of pain?
Persons who lack pain receptors lead a full, happy life.
Damage to the vmPFC caused by a railroad accident caused ________ to be childish, irresponsible, and whimsical.
Phineas Gage
________ is the original name for the field that involves the study of the physiology of behavior
Physiological psychology
Which of the following is responsible for returning the membrane potential to its resting level after the peak of an action potential?
Potassium ions move out of the cell.
Which of the following events restores the membrane potential from the peak of the action potential back down to the resting level?
Potassium ions move out of the cell. Rationale: The movement of potassium ions out of the axon moves the membrane potential back to resting levels.
Imagine that you have been handed a list of drugs and that beside each drug name is a number that represents the potency of that drug for blocking dopamine receptors (where a low number means a greater potency at blocking). Which drug would you choose for the treatment of schizophrenia?
Potency value = 0.1
Which of the following is an attack by one animal on a member of another species in order to eat them?
Predation
________ involves an attack by one animal on a member of another species in order to eat them.
Predation
Which of the following is NOT true of predation?
Predation is accompanied by sympathetic activation in the predator.
__________ cortex neurons play a key role in short-term memory for all sensory systems.
Prefrontal
A defect in development causes a mistake in the timing of apoptosis in cerebral cortex development. Which of the following would be most likely to be true?
Premature apoptosis would result in a smaller, less complex brain with fewer cortical layers.
Histology
Preparing the brain so that one can later visualize & quantify "something" to compare different groups of animals ~ neural tissue examination -tissue perfusion, slicing tissue using a microtome, staining brain sections, microscopically inspecting tissue & computer use to quantify relative densities or damage
The first psychology text was entitled _________________ and was written by ________________
Principles of Physiological Psychology; Wilhelm Wundt
The first psychology text was entitled _________________ and was written by ________________.
Principles of Physiological Psychology; Wilhelm Wundt
Describe the changes in personality in Phineas Gage that occurred after his brain injury
Prior to the injury of his frontal lobes, Gage was a railway track supervisor. His injury involved the passage of a iron rod through his cheek, thus damaging his ventromedial prefrontal cortex bilaterally. After his injury, Gage was thoughtless and irresponsible, and prone to outbursts of temper. He was unable to make or carry out plans, and was unable to continue as a supervisor.
What occurs during symmetrical division?
Progenitor cells produce more progenitor cells
Which of the following is a key a function of the glial cells?
Protection of the outer surface of the brain
Which field investigates the study of how drugs influence behavior and the nervous system?
Psychopharmacology
Which family of drugs does the article specifically mention as demonstrating a highersensitivity in women than in men?
Psychostimulants
Why is it important for neuron stimulation to be rapid for LTP to occur?
Rapid stimulation depolarizes the dendritic spine of the postsynaptic neuron, allowing for strengthening of weak synapses.
Eyewitness accounts of crimes have sometimes been found to vary after more is learned about an incident. What mechanism is most likely responsible for this phenomenon?
Reconsolidation
Single-unit
Record electrical activity of individual neurons, often with brain-slice preparation technique
_______ are located only within the central nervous system.
Relay interneurons Rationale: Relay interneurons are located only within the central nervous system.
Which of the following is a key a function of the glial cells?
Removal of physical debris from the brain.
________ is considered the father of modern philosophy.
René Descartes
what is a process by which postsynaptic potentials are terminated?
Reuptake
What prevents a released neurotransmitter such as acetylcholine from staying in a neuromuscular junction and continuing to stimulate a muscle until it wears out?
Reuptake by transporter molecules in the presynaptic membrane forces the neurotransmitter back into the terminal button.
Which of the following typically ends a postsynaptic potential?
Reuptake of neurotransmitter.
Which of the following ends neurotransmitter-induced postsynaptic potentials?
Reuptake of the molecule into the axon terminal
Which of the following about the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is incorrect?
Right hemisphere PFC lesions are associated with deficits in a decision-making task in women but not men,
Which class of antidepressant agents have the effect of increasing activity in both serotonin andnorepinephrine synapses?
SNRIs
Two vestibular sacs
Saccule and utricle
Which disease has been linked to too much dopamine in the brain?
Schizophrenia; too litte= parkinsons
Which of the following supports the notion that impairment of the prefrontal cortex is related to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Schizophrenic patients do poorly on neuropsychological tests that are sensitive to damage of the prefrontal cortex.
Which of the following supports the relationship between prefrontal cortex impairment and the negative symptoms of shizophrenia?
Schizophrenic patients do poorly on neuropsychological tests that are sensitive to damage of the prefrontal cortex.
Which of the following is true of brain development and schizophrenia?
Schizophrenics show rapid neuron loss that occurs in early adulthood, but not continuous neuron loss.
How do Schwann cells aid in the regrowth of damaged neurons?
Schwann cells arrange themselves in cylinders that act as guides for regrowth.
Regrowth of a damaged axon can occur more readily in the peripheral nervous system than in the brain because
Schwann cells form cylinders through which new axons can grow and reinnervate a target cell nerve cell. Rationale: Regrowth of a damaged axon can occur more readily in the peripheral nervous system than in the brain because Schwann cells form cylinders through which new axons can grow and reinnervate a target cell nerve cell.
NT-Specific lesions
Selectively destroying neurons that produce a particular neurotransmitter ~ NT-specific cell death ~ cell bodies selectively destroyed; axons spared
___________ memories can be acquired gradually, whereas ___________ memories must be learned all at once.
Semantic, episodic
Suppose you have a friend who consumes marijuana. Over time, they experience an increased behavioral response to repeated use. Which of the following best describes that scenario
Sensitization
_______ neurons gather information from the environment related to light, odors, and contact of our skin with objects.
Sensory Rationale: Sensory neurons gather information from the environment.
Three compenents of pain
Sensory component, immediate emotional component and long term emotional component
Explain the distinction between primary motor cortex, sensory cortex, and association cortex.
Sensory fibers arrive at the primary cortex, and damage to these regions greatly impairs sensory function. The primary motor cortex is most directly involved in motor control. The association cortex serves to integrate signals from various senses.
In the article, "Why sex matters for neuroscience," the author compiled a list of common misconceptions relevant to sex influences on the brain. Which of the following was NOT considered a misconception? (In other words, which of the following statements is TRUE?)
Sex differences cannot be completely explained by the action of sex hormones.
Which of the following is NOT a structural sexual dimorphism?
Sex hormones altering the excitability of hippocampal cells
Which of the following statements best describes hormonal influences on the brain and behavior?
Sex hormones influence learning processes and interact with stress hormones to do so.
New notions of taste maps, describing differences in sensitivity to different tastants as a function of place on the tongue ______________
Show transduction of each taste is done in each region of the tongue
Which of these was a finding by fMRI studies on emotional reactivity to happy facial expressions?
Significant sex differences in laterality of amygdala activation
Microelectrodes
Single unit recording; you can record the activity of individual neurones firing
Which of the following best describes the changes in sleep that occur during depression?
Slow-wave sleep stages 3 and 4 are reduced and stage 1 sleep is increased.
________ skin is also known as glabrous skin.
Smooth
What causes the concentration gradient for sodium ions in a nerve cell?
Sodium ions are actively pumped out of the cell, causing a larger number of sodium ions outside of the cell than inside of the cell.
Which of the following is true of ion distribution across the axon membrane?
Sodium ions are more concentrated outside the axon membrane. Rationale: Sodium ions are more concentrated outside the axon membrane
What causes the rush of sodium ions in an action potential to be so strong?
Sodium ions have both an electrostatic and a diffusion force causing them to enter into the cell.
A tank with a semipermeable membrane contains a higher concentration of sodium ions on the left side and a higher concentration of chloride ions on the right side. The right side also contains large cations that are not permeable to the membrane. What is likely to occur?
Sodium will move left to right making the right side more positive. Chloride will move right to left making the right side more positive. The large cations will stay in place adding to the positive charge on the right side. Since all three forces make the right side more positive it will have a positive potential with respect to the left side.
Which ion is actively pumped out of the axon?
Sodium.
How is the primary motor cortex organized?
Somatopically, by body position
Retrograde Tract Tracing
Some chemicals, when infused in a brain region, move backwards for the injection site (ie. fluorogold aka FG) -used to identify afferents
Anterograde Tract Tracing
Some chemicals, when infused in a brain region, move forward from the injection site (ie. PHA-L) - used to identify efferents
Korsakoff's Syndrome causes deficits in _______ memory in most patients, but keeps ______ functioning intact.
Sorry, we couldn't play that audio. Try checking your language settings or send us some feedback if this happens frequently.
Describe the physical and psychological properties of sound.
Sound represents vibrations of air molecules produced by objects in the environment. These are waves that vary in frequency and intensity. Sound pitch corresponds to wave frequency, loudness to the sound intensity, and timbre corresponds to the complexity of the sound wave.
This type of learning involves learning about relationships among many stimuli.
Spatial learning
Pacinian corpuscle
Specialized encapsulated somatosensory nerve ending that detects mechanical stimuli, especially vibrations
Which cells begin the process of the development of the cerebral cortex?
Stem cells that line the inside of the neural tube
The phenomenon of blindsight illustrates which of the following points?
Stimuli don't have to enter awareness in order to influence behavior.
Describe evidence supporting the involvement of the amygdala in emotional behavior
Stimuli that convey threat activate the central nucleus (CE) of the amygdala. Electrical stimulation of the CE induces signs of fear and anxiety and can induce ulcers. Damage to CE diminishes the behavioral and hormonal responses to fear stimuli. The CE appears to integrate the behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal components of fear
Temporary Inactivation Techniques
Stopping neutral activation in a reversible way; using ABA design
Which of the following is not a unique feature of episodic memory?
Storage of information is highly sensitive to context.
Which of the following is not a unique feature of episodic memory?Which of the following is not a unique feature of episodic memory?
Storage of information is highly sensitive to context.
________ is one type of behavior that serves to prevent an attack by another animal
Submissive
Brain activity involved in determining where sound sources are located
Superior Parietal lobule, inferior parietal lobule, superior frontal gyrus and inferior frontal gyruswhere activating when determining this about the source of sound POSTERIOR stream
_____________ strengthening occurs when synapses are active while the membrane of the postsynaptic cell is depolarized.
Synaptic
What enables structural or biochemical changes at synapses?
Synaptic plasticity Synaptic plasticity enables structural and biochemical changes at synapses.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can disrupt neural circuits in awake humans. Thenotion that short-term memory (STM) for a visual stimulus involves continued activation ofthe appropriate visual association cortex is supported by studies in which
TMS applied to the ventral stream disrupted STM for a visual pattern.
The presence of chemicals that induce inflammation is uniquely detected by
TRPA1 receptors
The pain associated with bone cancer is partly caused by activation of ________ receptors.
TRPV1
The pain associated with bone cancer is partly caused by activation of
TRPV1 receptors
c-Fos ICC
Tagging c-Fos using ICC in an effort to provide evidence of neural activation (brain region is active)
Microdialysis
Take out or put in fluids
Describe the transduction process for gustatory signals.
Taste receptors code for five qualities (sweetness, bitterness, sourness, saltiness, and umami). Each receptor type involves a different transduction process. Hydrogen ions generate a sour taste, which controls a potassium channel. Bitter and sweet tastes are coded for by receptors containing gustducin and that reduce cyclic AMP. Sweet receptors also are coded by gustducin receptors but increase cyclic AMP. The umami signal involves a specific glutamate receptor (mGluR4). The pleasant taste of fat seems linked to receptors that detect free fatty acids in foods.
Transducion of taste
Tasted molecule binds with receptro and produces change in membrane permeability that causes receptor potentials
A PET scan study showed significantly different levels of opioid receptor binding in men and women in which, among others, of the following regions?
Thalamus and amygdala
What would you expect to happen if the enzyme AChE were to be disabled in your body?
The ACh activity in your body would greatly increase, because AChE normally serves to degrade ACh. Later, this would lead to overstimulation of cholinergic receptors.
Which of the following statements about the action potential (AP) is true?
The AP is an all-or-none electrical event
Which of the following is true regarding the action potential (AP)?
The AP is an all-or-none electrical event Rationale: The action potential is an all-or-none event.
Which of the following is a genetic sex difference?
The APOE*E4 allele being linked with greater hippocampal atrophy and memory disruption in women than in men
ATP is carried from the cell body of a neuron to the terminal button at the same time that a protein is carried from the terminal button to the cell body. Which substance will reach its destination first?
The ATP will reach the terminal button first because anterograde transport is faster than retrograde transport.
Discuss the James-Lange theory of emotion and cite evidence that supports this theory
The James-Lange theory argues that environmental events trigger patterns of visceral responding and that our brains subsequently decode the pattern to arrive at an emotional experience. A key piece of support for the theory comes from Hohman (1966), who assessed the impact of spinal cord injury on emotional experience. The higher the level of the transection, the greater the interruption of sensory information to the brain and the greater the decrement in the intensity of experienced emotion.
Which statements follows from the "all or none" law?
The action potential is produced whenever the membrane potential reaches threshold
Which of the following is consistent with the "all-or-none" law?
The action potential is produced whenever the membrane potential reaches threshold. Rationale: The fact that an AP occurs when threshold is reached but not below the threshold is consistent with the notion of all-or-none.
A neuron is exposed to EPSP's, but the neuron does not fire. What happened?
The activity of IPSP's cancelled out the effect of the EPSP's.
Which of the following distinguishes predation from most types of aggression?
The aim of a predatory attack is to kill and consume a food source
What is the difference in charge between a squid axon and its environment?
The axon is negatively charged with respect to its environment.
Why are the spinal nerves not considered to be part of the central nervous system if the connect with the spinal cord?
The axons of the spinal nerve neurons are located in the spinal cord, but the dendrites of spinal nerve neurons are located in the distant parts of the body, not the spinal cord.
Which of the following is true of the blood-brain barrier?
The barrier functions to regulate the chemical composition of the extracellular fluid surrounding the brain cells.
Describe the structures that comprise the basal ganglia and explain the significance of this system for motor function.
The basal ganglia include the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus. Damage to this system results in motor movement problems (e.g., Parkinson's disease). Motor symptoms include weakness, tremors, difficulty in starting a movement and limb rigidity. Much of this reflects loss of input from the substantia migra.
A 16-year-old boy has failed to go through puberty. The boy seems normal in every way. Doctors check the boy's gonads and find that they are fully functional and should be capable of producing the sex hormones that initiate the changes that occur during puberty. Which part of the brain might be the source of the problem?
The boy is likely to have problems in his anterior pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary sends out gonadotrophic hormones that stimulate the gonads to begin producing their own sex hormones.
Examination of the brain of an individual shows almost twice as many neurons as are typically found in an adult human brain. Which of the following is likely?
The brain belonged to an embryo.
A capillary is viewed under the microscope. How can you tell whether it is a brain capillary or a capillary that serves body cells?
The brain capillary will have no gaps to prevent free diffusion of chemicals.
Describe two features that function to protect the brain from external injury.
The brain is encased in a layer of bone (the skull). Several layers of meninges form a solid sheath around the brain. The brain floats within a pool of CSF, which cushions the brain against rapid acceleration/deceleration.
Explain the significance of the process of apoptosis for brain development.
The brain overproduces neurons. Apoptosis serves to eliminate neurons that cannot make appropriate synaptic contacts.
Which of the following comments on the function of the brain would most likely be made by Aristotle?
The brain serves to cool the passions of the heart.
Which of the following is true of learning and memory?
The capacity to learn allows an organism to profit from experience.
Which of the following is true of the spinal nerves?
The cell bodies of efferent axons lie in the spinal cord gray matter.
Imagine that feeding behavior was eliminated when a radio-frequency lesion was used to damage the lateral hypothalamus of a rat, which suggested that cells within this region initiate feeding. If a subsequent study failed to observe a change in feeding after injection of kainic acid into the lateral hypothalamus, what conclusion would be appropriate?
The changes in eating noted in the first study are due to fibers that are passing through the lateral hypothalamus.
Which factor below normally prevents the calcium channel of the NMDA receptor from opening in response to only glutamate?
The channel is blocked by Mg2+ ions.
Which of the following is NOT true of the cerebral hemispheres?
The corpus callosum interconnects structures within one hemisphere but not between hemispheres.
Why does the cerebral cortex appear gray to tan?
The cortex contains many cell bodies.
Why is the corticobulbar tract the only cortical tract that does not synapse on the spinal cord?
The corticobulbar tract serves the face and tongue so it never reaches the level of the spinal cord.
Dura
The depth (from dorsal to ventral)
Which of the following supports the notion that brain development can be modified by experiences?
The development of the neural circuits for depth perception require input from both eyes during a critical period.
Which is an example of a functional sex difference?
The difference in receptor affinity for glucocorticoids between males and females
Compare and contrast the anatomy and function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
The divisions emerge from different levels of the spinal cord (thoracic and lumbar versus cervical/sacral), the sympathetic fibers terminate in ganglia just outside the spinal cord, use different transmitters (ACh for parasympathetic, ACh and norepinephrine for sympathetic), and show differing functions (parasympathetic is involved in increasing energy stores, sympathetic is involved in energy expenditure).
What causes the deficits in Parkinson's disease?
The dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra degenerate and remove an inhibitory link from the pathway to the VA/VL thalamus. This results in causing the overall pathway to be more inhibitory than it would normally be, upsetting the input balance between direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways.
How is an endplate potential different from a postsynaptic potential between two different neurons?
The endplate potential is larger in magnitude of hyperpolarization and never inhibitory. ?
Which of the following is an advantage of the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique?
The fMRI scan has a higher resolution relative to the PET scan
Describe the role of the right hemisphere in the recognition of emotions. Identify two strategies that have been used to study this topic.
The facial displays of emotion are more intense on the left side of the face, suggesting an important role of the right hemisphere for producing emotional displays. People show a left-ear and left visual field advantage for the recognition of emotional expressions. One strategy is to compare the ability of persons with right hemisphere damage to judge facial expressions for emotional content (they are impaired). Another is to examine the changes in brain activity within the hemispheres using a PET scanner as people judge the emotional content of words (right hemisphere is more activated).
Which of the following is false of fuel used by the brain?
The flow of blood to the brain can be suspended for at least 5 minutes.
Define the three major sections of the human brain.
The frontal section divides the brain like a salami; the horizontal section is parallel to the ground; and the sagittal section is perpendicular to the ground and parallel to the neuraxis.
In an experiment, the primary motor cortex is stimulated to produce a hand waving motion in the left hand of the subject. Which parts of the system are involved?
The hand and arm section of the right primary motor cortex form the corticorubral tract that leads to the red nucleus, then crossing over to left side through the cervical spinal cord and on to the hand to create a waving motion, aided by cerebellar input.
Which of the following is true of stereotaxic surgery?
The head-holder is designed to fix the skull in a rigid position.
Psychologists note that people learn better and remember better when there is an emotional component to their learning. WHy?
The hippocampus, involved in learning and memory, is part of the limbic system, controlling motivation and emotion in the brain. thus they are closely connected.
How does the homunculus reflect the sophistication of various body parts with respect to movement?
The homunculus devotes much more neural space to parts of the body that need fine motor control, such as the hands, fingers, and lips.
Which of the following is true of the human cerebral cortex?
The human cortex is about 3 mm in thickness
A single motor unit in the leg muscle of a cat can raise a 100-gram weight. What is this an example of?
The incredible strength of the contractile mechanism of muscles.
Bregma
The junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures of the skull; often used as a reference point for stereotaxic brain surgery
Which of the following is true regarding the functions performed by the left and right hemispheres?
The left hemisphere is adept at the analysis of information.
Describe the primary functions performed by the left and right hemispheres and give an example of each function.
The left hemisphere is specialized for the serial analysis of information while the right hemisphere is adept at the synthesis of information. Reading and writing would be an example of serial analysis, whereas reading a map would be an example of synthesis.
The corpus callosum of a patient is cut. The person is shown the word "apple." Which of the following explains what she will perceive?
The left side of brain would be able to read the word and say it out loud. The right side of the brain would be able to draw a picture of an apple.
What is the function of the less sensitive afferent axons from the Golgi tendon organs?
The less sensitive Golgi tendon organ afferents provide inhibitory input to alpha motor neurons to decrease the force of contraction when the load is excessive and could cause muscle damage.
pattern recognition
The means in which the auditory system identifies sound sources
Which statement aligns most closely with the monistic view regarding the mind-body question?
The mind is generated through the physical actions of the brain.
A male mouse housed alone in a home cage will readily attack a male mouse placed into the home cage, but will not attack a female mouse. Which of the following is a key factor as to whether the resident male mouse decides to attack or not attack the strange male mouse?
The mouse must be able to detect male pheromones
A male mouse housed alone in a home cage will readily attack a male mouse placed into thehome cage, but will not attack a female mouse. Which of the following is a key factor as towhether the resident male mouse decides to attack or not attack the strange male mouse? Which of the following is a key characteristic used by male mice to decide whether or not to attack an intruding mouse? Note: male mice will attack intruding males, but not females.
The mouse must be able to detect male pheromones.
Which neurons in the arm muscle will be activated when a heavy weight is dropped into a person's hand?
The muscle spindle stretch receptors and the Golgi tendon organ receptors
A neurologist stimulating a muscle via motor units wants to create a maximum contraction of the entire muscle. She stimulates motor units at a maximum action potential frequency, yet still is able to produce only a weak contraction of the muscle. What should she do to increase the strength of muscle contraction?
The neurologist should focus on stimulating a greater number of muscle fibers.
Which of the following is true of the neurons of the cochlear nerve?
The neurons of this nerve are of the bipolar type
Which of the following is correct regarding neurons?
The number of neurons in the human nervous system is estimated at more than 100 billion Rationale: The number of neurons in the human nervous system is estimated at more than 100 billion.
Describe the organelles that comprise the neuron soma
The organelles lie within the cytoplasm of the neuron. The soma organelles include Ribosomes produce proteins. Endoplasmic reticulum: Rough ER contains the ribosomes (produces proteins). Smooth ER synthesizes lipids. Microtubules: Responsible for transport around the interior of the neuron. Mitochondria: Provide energy to the neuron. Lysosomes: Degrade surplus cellular materials. Golgi apparatus: Package the products of a secretory cell.
A scientist is using a simple worm to model learning in higher organisms. In measuring behavior of a single synapse, he notices that the worm gives a startle reaction when first poked. However, as poking continues and the animal is not injured, it appears the as if the animal "learns" to ignore the non-threatening stimulus. Which of the following is most likely to be a mechanism for this type of learning?
The organism carries out a change in its genome, modifying its DNA to be able to create new proteins that are able to ignore non-threatening assaults.
A patient's heart stops pumping blood for 10 seconds. What is likely to occur?
The patient will lose consciousness
A patient with damage to the lateral zone of his cerebellar cortex sitting with his palms on the table is asked to raise his right hand six inches up off the table. Which of the following will likely occur?
The patient's right hand will rise but it will keep rising far past six inches before it finally stops. ?
Two ape species have the same brain size but Ape A has a thicker cerebral cortex than Ape B. Which of the following is likely to be true?
The period of asymmetrical division lasts longer in Ape A than Ape B
Explain why the termination step of the neural communication process is a key target for therapeutic drugs.
The postsynaptic action of many neurotransmitters is terminated via reuptake of the molecule through the membrane transporter or through enzymatic inactivation. A drug that blocks such a transporter would be expected to raise the synaptic levels of that neurotransmitter, as would a drug that blocks the enzymatic degradation step. For a disease or disorder that is thought to result from a low synaptic activity of that transmitter, blockade of the reuptake or enzymatic process would generate a beneficial effect.
How is an action potential propagated down a myelinated axon?
The potential travels passively down the myelinated portion of the axon. When it reaches each node of Ranvier, the depolarization allows sodium to rush in and trigger a new action potential.
Which of the following is a functional sex difference?
The preferential involvement of the left amygdala in emotional memory for women but preferential involvement of the right amygdala in emotional memory for men
Which statement is false?
The primary contrast between episodic and semantic memory is that episodic memories are memories which can be implicitly described and stated, while semantic memory is concerned with concepts and ideas.
What is special about the location of the primary somatosensory cortex?
The primary somatosensory cortex is located just caudal to the central sulcus, and it recieves information from the body senses.
Which of the following is true of confocal laser scanning microscopy?
The procedure can be used to visualize living brain cells.
The article mentions an assortment of opposite sex differences associated with Alzheimer's disease. Which of the following conclusions is false?
The rate of Alzheimer's disease is disproportionately higher in males
The article mentions an assortment of opposite sex differences associated with Alzheimer's disease. Which of the following conclusions is false?
The rate of Alzheimer's disease is disproportionately higher in males.
Explain the rate law.
The rate of firing of a neuron is proportional to the strength of the stimulus that caused that firing.
A scientist observes that a neurotransmitter in a synapse binds with a receptor but fails to open any ion channels directly on its own. Sodium ions eventually enter the postsynaptic cell and initiate firing of the postsynaptic cell. How is this possible?
The receptor was metabotropic, causing the release of a second messenger which in turn caused influx of sodium.
What causes a muscle to contract?
The release of neurotransmitter from a motor neuron.
How did Lau's study prove that individuals had made decisions unconsciously before they were aware of what decision they had made?
The researchers were able to identify the decision from fMRI patterns 2-3 seconds before the subject was aware of the decision.
Which of the following most accurately describes the general functions performed by the left and right hemispheres?
The right hemisphere is adept in the synthesis of information.
Which of the following does NOT support blindsight?
The right hemisphere is important for language function.
Which of the following anatomical differences are found in identical twins discordant for schizophrenia?
The schizophrenic twin had larger lateral and third ventricles.
Which of the following is true of the seasonality effect?
The seasonality effect rarely occurs in rural settings
Which of the following is true of receptors involved in the detection of warm and cold?
The six known thermal receptors are members of the TRP family
Which of the following is true of receptors involved in detection of warm and cold?
The six known thermal receptors are members of the TRP family.
The membrane of an axon is depolarized, yet sodium ions do not flow across the membrane. Why not?
The sodium channels are refractory.
Damage to which brain area causes Parkinson's disease?
The substantia nigra in the midbrain
A brain damaged patient is having trouble executing such actions as tying his shoes and opening an aspirin bottle. Which of the following might be the patient's problem?
The supplementary motor cortex is probably damaged because it is involved in sequential movements like tying shoes
An underwater swimmer's oxygen tank is empty and he is trying to swim to safety without a source of oxygen. Which of the following will likely happen first?
The swimmer will pass out because his brain is deprived of oxygen from the blood.
Which of the following is offered in the textbook as an explanation of the difference in brain size between humans and chimpanzees?
The symmetrical and asymmetrical periods of division are longer in the human brain.
You encounter an angry bear while walking in the woods. How will your nervous system respond?
The sympathetic nervous system activates the adrenal medulla, which secretes epinephrine to increase blood flow to the muscles.
Describe the structures that comprise the limbic system and briefly discuss the function of this system.
The system includes limbic cortex, the amygdala, hippocampus, and the mammillary bodies. Emotional experience and memory are the primary functions of the limbic system.
The forebrain consists of which components?
The telencephalon and the diencephalon
Which of the following is true of schizophrenia?
The term means "split mind."
How is the supplementary motor area (SMA) involved in actions that have not yet occurred?
The transfer of a memorized piano note finger sequence from the SMA brain area that controls a subject's right hand to the SMA area that controls his or her left hand is destroyed if electrical disruption occurs before the transfer of each note, but not if the disruption occurs during the playing of the note itself. This, suggest that the SMA is controlling a movement that has not yet occurred.
What determines the nature of a postsynaptic potential in a synapse?
The type of ion channel that the receptor opens.
Which of the following statements would least likely be made by an animal rights activist?
The use of animals in research can be justified by the benefits of such research.
Which of the following is incorrect regarding sex differences in the hippocampal structures?
The volume of the CA1 region and the number of pyramidal cells it contains are significantly larger in female than in male rats.
Which of the issues below are serious problems for the use of antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia?
These drugs may reverse the positive but not the negative symptoms.
Somatosenses
These senses provide infomration about what is happening on surface of our body and inside it
According the textbook, which of the following describes a key component of drugs?
They are exogenous chemicals.
Which of the below statements provides the best support for the function of neural circuits?
They contribute to a behavior.
Describe the neural pathways by which auditory signals for audition reach the cortex.
This answer is summarized in Figure 7.9 (page 215). The cochlear nerve projects afferent fibers to the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei, then to the superior olivary complex, and then through the lateral lemniscus to the inferior colliculus—then to the thalamic medial geniculate nucleus, and then to the primary auditory cortex.
Sensory component of pain
This component of pain is mediated by by pathway from spinal cord to ventral posterolateral thalmus, to primary and secondary somatosensory cortex.
Immediate emotional component of pain
This component of pain is mediated by pathways that reach the anterior cingulate cortex and insular cortex.
In the case of an individual rendered blind following a stroke, they may still be able to touch the end of a cane presented by a doctor. How would this be possible?
This is possible because the primitive visual system remains intact.
Taste
This sense is ipsilaterally represented in the brain
Which of the following is true of threat behaviors?
Threat behaviors resolve conflicts without causing injury.
Why is the blood-brain barrier weak in the postrema section of the brain?
To detect poisons.
What is the main function of specialized lipid molecules in the neuron?
To form the membrane
Recording Techniques
To investigate neural activity; can be chronically implanted, or in a dish
What is the goal of neuroscience research?
To understand how the brain works
Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?
Tom studied hard for his physiological psychology exam. He can now draw a detailed diagram of a neuron.
A person showing muscular and vocal tics, squatting, grunting, and vulgar speech is most likely tohave
Tourette's syndrome.
__________ is/are involved in the acquisition of episodic memories and complex behaviors that involve deliberation or instruction.
Transcortical connections
David is severely depressed and suicidal. His doctors feel he needs immediate relief from his depression to prevent a suicide attempt. Which should they use?
Tricyclic antidepressamts
David is severely depressed and suicidal. His doctors feel he needs immediate relief from his depression to prevent a suicide attempt. Which treatment should they use?
Tricylclic antidepressants?
A person with retrograde amnesia can recall what they had for breakfast today.
True
Adjacent cilia on the endolymph are joined together by tip links.
True
Afferents are generally distributed bilaterally so unilateral damage at any level does not usually result in deafness in either ear.
True
Alzheimer's disease-related neurofibrillary pathology differs in the hypothalamus of men and women.
True
Barnes et al. found that each unit increase in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology was associated with a 3-fold increase in AD risk in men, but an over 20-fold increase in AD risk in women
True
GABA has been shown to have opposing effects on neurons located in the substantia nigra of male and female rat pups
True
H.M. could learn parts of new motor skills.
True
Humans can discriminate 100,000 different odors.
True
Memory for skills and habits are not formed in the hippocampus.
True
Sex differences in neural activity can be observed in the absence of behavioral difference between the sexes.
True
Sex differences in the brain are similar in effect size to other areas of neuroscience
True
Some bilateral (existing on both sides of the brain) structures are preferentially activated in different hemispheres between the sexes.
True
The perceived loudness of a sound is related to its intensity.
True
There are more outer hair cells than inner hair cells.
True
There is evidence that behavioral tasks can be carried out equally well by the two sexes, but different areas of the brain are activated
True
Women are more sensitive than men to the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants
True
Memory for skills and habits are not formed in the hippocampus.
True; Hippocampal damage produced by anoxia releases glutamate, which in turn activates NMDA
Describe the processes that produce cortical neurons during embryonic development.
Two major processes are involved in brain embryonic development. During symmetrical division, founder cells divide into two cells. During asymmetric division, the founder cells divide into another founder cell and a new neuron. Longer periods of division can produce a larger brain.
________ delivered electrical shock to the brains of mental patients because he believed that the occurrence of a brain seizure appeared to reduce symptoms in psychiatric patients.
Ugo Cerletti
Nonspecific electrolytic lesions
Use electricity (electrodes) to destroy a brain region in order to figure out if such a brain region is Esdras tail for some particular behaviour of interest ~ nonspecific because it is burning a hole in the brain (axons of passage are also damaged by accident)
Microtome
Used to cut brains (like a deli slicer) -can be set to cut at different microns (thickness)
Stereotaxic device
Used to ensure 3D accuracy during surgery; immobilises and orients the head
Tract-Tracing Techniques
Used to establish neural connections (neural connectivity investigation)
Cannula
Uses chemicals
Electrode
Uses electricity
Knife-holder
Uses knife
Consider the therapeutic index. Of the drugs listed below, ______________ would have the largest.
Valium
Odorants are ________ molecules.
Volatile
The prominent physiologist ________ strongly criticized the James-Lange theory of emotion.
Walter Cannon
Where is the amygdala located?
Within the temporal lobes
excitotoxic lesion
a brain lesion produce by intracerebral injection of an excitatory amino acid, such as kainic acid
olfactory glomerulus
a bundle of dendrites of mitral cells and the associated terminal buttons of the axons of olfactory receptors
The NMDA receptor controls ________ and is normally blocked by ________.
a calcium channel; magnesium ions
fixative
a chemical such as formalin; used to prepare and preserve body tissue
stereotaxic atlas
a collection of drawings of sections of the brain of a particular animal with measurements that provide coordinates for stereotaxic surgery
functional imaging
a computerized method of detecting metabolic or chemical changes in particular region of the brain
stereotaxic apparatus
a device that permits a surgeon to position an electrode or cannula into specific parts of the brain
The membrane of a nerve cell is comprised of
a double layer of lipid moleculues
The induction of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus would be blocked by
a drug such as AP5 that blocks NMDA receptors.
fluorogold
a dye that serves as a retrograde label; taken up by terminal buttons and carried back to the cell bodies
The likelihood of developing schizophrenia increases to 31 percent for a person with ________ and ________.
a family history of schizophrenia; physical anomalies
The incidence of schizophrenia may vary as a function of season because
a fetus born in late winter may be exposed to a viral infection during the second trimester.
An example of a negative symptom of schizophrenia is __________________
a flattened emotional response.
herpes simplex virus
a form of herpes virus used for anterograde transneuronal tracing, which labels a series of neurons that are interconnected synaptically
positron emission tomography (PET)
a functional imaging method that reveals the localization of a radioactive tracer in a living brain
functional MRI (fMRI)
a functional imaging method; a modification of the MRI procedure that permits the measurement of regional metabolism in the brain, usually by detecting changes in blood oxygen level
cupula
a gelatinous mass found in ampulla of the semicircular canals move in response to flow of fluid in canals triggers receptor potentials
retrograde labeling method
a histological method that labels cell bodies that give rise to the terminal buttons that form synapses with cells in a particular region
anterograde labeling method
a histological method that labels the axons and terminal buttons of neutrons whose cell bodies are located in a particular region
immunocytochemical method
a histological method that uses radioactive antibodies bound with a dye molecule to indicate the presence of particular proteins of peptides
Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus is stimulated by
a learning experience
______________ stimulates neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus.
a learning experience
Which of the following chemicals can be used to create a reversible lesion in brain tissue?
a local anesthetic
What is a typical conditioned stimulus used in experiments on classically conditioned emotional responses in rats?
a loud tone.
n experiments on classically conditioned emotional responses in rats, the conditioned stimulus is
a loud tone.
The ability of ketamine to induce symptoms of psychosis requires
a mature brain
basilar membrane
a membrane in cochlea of the inner ear contains organ of corti
tectorial membrane
a membrane located above the basilar membrane, serves as a shelf against which the cilia of the auditory hair cells move
transmission electron microscope
a microscope that passes a focused beam of electrons through thin slices of tissue to reveal extremely small details
confocal laser scanning microscope
a microscope that provides high-resolution images of various depths of thick tissues that contains fluorescent molecules by scanning the tissue with light from a laser beam.
scanning electron microscope
a microscope that provides three dimensional info about the shape of the surface of a small object by scanning the object with a thin beam of electrons
targeted mutation
a mutated gene (also called a knockout gene) produced in the laboratory and inserted into the chromosomes of mice; fails to produce a functional protein
Mitral cell
a neuron located in the olfactor bulb that receives infornation from olfactory receptors, axons of miltra cells bring information to rest of the brain
vestibular ganglion
a nodule on vestibular nerve that contains the cell bodies of the bipolar neurons that convey vestibular information to the brain
TRPA1
a pain receptor that is sensitive to pungent irritants
Immunocytochemical techniques take advantage of the specific affinity of antibodies for
a peptide or protein molecule.
timbre
a perceptual dimension of sound, corresponds to complexity
Which of the following would not be covered with an arachnoid membrane?
a peripheral nerve
sham lesion
a placebo procedure that duplicates all the steps of producing a brain lesion except the one that actually causes the brain damage
microdialysis
a procedure for analyzing chemicals present in the interstitial fluid through a small piece of tubing made of a semipermeable membrane that is implanted in the brain
magnetoenchephalography
a procedure that detects groups of synchronously activated neurons by means of the magnetic field induced by their electrical activity; uses an array of superconducting quantum interference devices, or SQUIDS
autoradiography
a procedure that locates radioactive substances in a slice of tissue; the radiation exposes a photographic emulsion or a piece of film that covers the tissue
fos
a protein produce in the nucleus of a neuron in response to synaptic stimulation
organic sense
a sense modality that arises from receptors located within the inner organs of the body
The phrase "split mind" as it refers to schizophrenia means
a separation of thoughts and feelings.
After a few years of treatment with chlorpromazine, Larry developed
a serious motor problem involving his tongue
The capacity to detect whether a high-frequency sound comes from the left or right of a person reflects an analysis of
a sonic shadow that reflects differences in loudness
The capacity to detect whether a high-frequency sound comes from the left or right of aperson reflects an analysis of
a sonic shadow that reflects differences in loudness.
2-deoxyglucose (2-DG)
a sugar that enters cells along with glucose but is not metabolized
deiter's cell
a supporting cell found in the organ of corti; sustains the auditory hair cells
lesion study
a synonym for experimental ablation
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
a technique whereby the interior of the body can be accurately imaged; involves the interaction between radio waves and a strong magnetic field
tonotopic representation
a topographically organized mapping of different frequences of sound that are represented in a particular region of the brain
microelectrode
a very fine electrode, generally used to record activity of individual neurons
Ruffini corpuscle
a vibration-sensitive organ located in hairy skin
The stimulus for olfaction is
a volatile substance
pseudorabies virus
a weakened form of a pig herpes virus used for retrograde transneuronal tracing, which labels a series of neurons that are interconnected synaptially
An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate. What is the unconditioned response?
accelerated heart rate
Mutations involve
accidental changes in the genetic information of chromosomes.
A person suffering from unilateral neglect would
accurately label the hours on a clock drawing.
_______________ induces muscle movement and is the primary transmitter secreted by _______ axons of the CNS
acetylcholine; efferent
The postsynaptic action of ________ is terminated by ___________.
acetylcholine; enzymatic destruction via acetylcholinesterase.
Match up the transmitter substance below with the appropriate behavioral role or action of that transmitter:
acetylcholine; facilitation of perceptual learning
The neurotransmitter at the efferent terminal buttons secrete _______, while the afferent synapses of the auditory nerve is _______.
acetylcholine; glutamate
The transmitter _______ is secreted by the terminal buttons of preganglionic sympathetic fibers, whereas most postganglionic sympathetic fibers secrete _______.
acetylcholine; norepinephrine
What is it called when the membrane potential of a nerve cell exceeds threshold?
action potential
A(n) _______ will be recorded from a nerve cell whose membrane potential rises above threshold.
action potential Rationale: An action potential is initiated when the resting membrane potential reaches threshold.
The prefrontal cortex is ________ by ________ projection neurons
activated; serotonergic
The magnitude of depression is related to
activation of the amygdala.
The inhibitory action of stress on immune function is associated with
activation of the central amygdaloid nucleus and, in turn, the PVN.
Which of the following would be expected to induce pain?
activation of the insular cortex
Aggressiveness is reduced in adult rodents by castration whereas injections of testosterone reinstate adult male rodent aggression. These effects are an example of a(n) ________ hormone effect
activational
Castration reduces aggressiveness in adult rodents, while testosterone injections reinstate aggression. What kind of hormone effect does this demonstrate?
activational
The key function(s) of the parasympathetic division of the ANS relate to
activities that increase stored energy within the body.
The key function of instrumental conditioning is to allow the organism to
adjust behavior according to its consequences.
The connection of the vestibular system with the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves allows the vestibular system to
adjust eye movements to compensate for head movements
The connection of the vestibular system with the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves allowsthe vestibular system to
adjust eye movements to compensate for head movements.
What is located on top of the kidneys?
adrenal medulla
Ketamine is used as an anesthetic in children but not adults because
adults but not children experience an episode of psychosis when recovering from ketamine anesthesia.
Drugs that facilitate the postsynaptic receptor effects are termed
agonists.
An intense fear of being away from home or other protected places is known as
agoraphobia
The Pacinian corpuscle is ____________________.
all of the above
Administration of high doses of drugs such as ________ would be expected to produce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
amphetamine
SWhich of the following would not result from heroin withdrawl?
amphetamine cravings
Which of the following would not result from heroin withdrawl?
amphetamine cravings
Which of the following is a physical dimension of sound perception?
amplitude
_______ is the maximum extent of a vibration or oscillation, measured from the position of equilibrium.
amplitude
The traveling wave increases in _________ as it moves, and reaches a peak at a place that is directly related to the ________ of the sound.
amplitude; frequency
Alzheimer's disease patients who show degeneration of the ________ are more likely to forget emotionally traumatic events such as the Kobe earthquake in 1995.
amygdala
Damage to the ________ would be expected to disrupt the integration of fear.
amygdala
Feelings of fear in humans are produced by electrical stimulation of the ________.
amygdala
The ____________ is part of an important system involved in classically conditioned emotional responses.
amygdala
The small, almond-shaped component of the limbic system is known as
amygdala
Which of the following is not part of the limbic cortex of the medial temporal lobe?
amygdala
Humans report fear upon electrical stimulation of the
amygdala.
The emotional components that comprise fear are integrated by neurons within the
amygdala.
Daily exposure to dangerous situations can lead to emotional burnout, which has consequences for people in dangerous careers. Damage to the ______________ would confer an advantage to someone with a career as a _____________.
amygdala; bomb disposal technician
tip link
an elastic filament that attaches the tip of one cilium to the side of the adjacent cilium
electroencephalogram
an electrical brain potential recorded by place electrodes on in the scalp
macroelectrode
an electrode used to record the electrical activity of large numbers of neurons in a particular region of the brain; much larger than a microelectrode
The term "neuraxis" refers to
an imaginary line drawn through the spinal cord up to the front of the brain.
With regard to glucocorticoids,
an inability to secrete glucocorticoids results in greater reactivity/toxicity to stressors.
microtome
an instrument that produces very thin slices of body tissues
Cable properties are due to membrane capacitance resulting from
an interaction of charges seperated across the cell membrane
round window
an opening in the bone surrounding the cochlea of the inner ear that permits vibrations to be transmitted via the oval window, into the fluid in the cochlea
oval window
an opening in the bone surrounding the cochlea that reveals a membrane against which the baseplate of stapes presses transmitting sound vibrates into fluid of the cochlea
The viral hypothesis of schizophrenia is supported by the observation that
analysis of stored serum from mothers whose children later developed schizophrenia showed evidence of maternal infection.
The ear is considered to be a(n) ________ organ.
analytical
The aggression levels in both males and females is increased by exposure to ________.
androgen
Most of the research on emotions has focused on
anger and fear.
High-threshold free nerve endings are sensitive to
angina or migraine
The semicircular canals respond best to _______ of the head.
angular acceleration
A(n) ________ is a drug that blocks or inhibits postsynaptic receptor effects.
antagonist
Imaging studies indicate that the activity of the ________ is related to the unpleasantness of pain.
anterior cingulate cortex
Imaging studies suggest that the unpleasant aspect of pain involves the
anterior cingulate cortex
he muscular movements that are involved in laughter are controlled by neurons within the
anterior cingulate cortex
The muscular movements that are involved in laughter are controlled by neurons within the
anterior cingulate cortex.
The _______ is considered to be the body's "master gland."
anterior pituitary
The three numbers listed on a page of a stereotaxic atlas refer to
anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medal-lateral coordinates
Damage to the hippocampus or to regions of the brain that supply its inputs and receive its outputs, causes ________ amnesia.
anterograde
A person with ___________ may be able to remember or learn how to do things, such as talking on the phone or riding a bicycle, but they may not remember what they had eaten for lunch earlier that day.
anterograde amnesia
Methods for tracing efferent axons
anterograde labeling method and immunocytochemical methods
The ________ technique would be used to trace efferent axons from a brain region.
anterograde labeling method with PHA-L
Semantic dementia is caused by degeneration of the neocortex of the _______.
anterolateral temporal lobe
Toxins have been tagged to specific ___________ that will kill specific types of neurons
antibodies
________ are produced by some white blood cells and act to destroy invading microorganisms in the body. Some white blood cells produce ______________ that destroy exogenous microorganisms in the body.
antibodies
An alternative to lithium for the treatment of bipolar disorder is the use of
anticonvulsant drugs.
What happens when neurogenesis is suppressed while a patient is being treated with antidepressants?
antidepressant drugs lose their effectiveness.
incus
anvil second of three ossicle
The end of cortical development occurs with _________ of the progenitor cells.
apoptosis
The process of _______ refers to the controlled death of neurons
apoptosis
CSF is reabsorbed into the blood supply via the
arachnoid granulations
The _______ is the middle layer of the brain meninges.
arachnoid membrane
The middle layer of the meninges is the
arachnoid membrane
Drugs that inhibit the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO)
are an effective treatment for depression.
Delusions
are beliefs that are contrary to fact
Glucocorticoid receptors
are found within almost every cell of the body.
Autoreceptors
are metabotropic. Rationale: Autoreceptors are of the metabotropic type.
Traits that are alterable via genetic mutations
are physical
Traits that are alterable via genetic mutations
are physical.
The malleus, incus, and stapes
are small bones that transmit vibrations from the ear drum to the oval window.
Neurons that are formed during embryonic development are likely to die if they
are unable to form synaptic contacts with other neurons.
Activation of cells within the _______ by a poison in the blood would be predicted to produce _______.
area postrema; vomiting Rationale: Cells within the area postrema control emesis; blood-borne poisons can thus trigger vomiting which can evacuate the stomach.
reticular formation
arousal
Cortical regions not primarily concerned with movement or sensation are called the __________ cortices.
association
Regions of the cortex that are NOT primarily concerned with sensation or movement are termed the _______ cortex.
association
________ is a type of _______ memory.
associative learning; nondeclarative
Radial glial cells involved in new neuron formation eventually are transformed into
astrocyes
A drug that specifically killed the _______ cells would be expected to alter the physical and nutritional support of brain cells.
astrocyte Rationale: Damage to astrocytes would be expected to alter the physical and nutritional support of brain cells.
The _______ are the key supply source of energy for neurons.
astrocytes
The _______ are the key supply source of energy for neurons
astrocytes Rationale: Astrocyes are the key supply source of rapid energy for neurons
Which pair of drugs below are antagonists for the muscarinic and nicotinic (respectively) receptors?
atropine; curare
The drug ________ causes pupil dilation by blocking ________ receptors.
atropine; muscarinic
The ________ sensory system is most likely to be involved in a schizophrenic hallucination.
auditory
inferior calliculus
auditory tracking
Although hallucinations can occur in any sensory modality, the most common one is ________ and involves __________.
auditory; hearing voices
The _______ branch of the nervous system is under involuntary, unconscious control.
autonomic
The sympathetic nervous system is part of the
autonomic nervous system
A stimulus that predicts an ______ outcome will change neural transmission in the ______ to produce the somatic, autonomic and endocrine signs of _______, as well as increased attention to that stimulus.
aversive; amydala; fear
A ____ connection consists of a synapse between two terminal buttons.
axoaxonic
Nicotinic receptors are found in ________ in the brain and ________ in the periphery.
axoaxonic synapses; muscle fibers
Presynaptic facilitation is associated with _______ synapses and involves a(n) _______ in the amount of transmitter released per action potential.
axoaxonic; increase Rationale: Presynaptic facilitation is associated with axoaxonic synapses and involves an increase in the amount of transmitter released per action potential
The pyramidal cells of hippocampal field CA1 are unique in that
axon firing results in action potentials along the dendrites.
Action potentials are generated at the _______ and are conducted along the _______.
axon hillock; axon Rationale: Actions potentials are conducted along the axon after initiation at the axon hillock.
. Neurotransmitter molecules are most commonly secreted from the
axon terminal Rationale: The axon terminal secretes neurotransmitter molecules into the synapse.
Synapses are most commonly formed between a(n) _______ and a(n) _______.
axon terminal; dendrite Rationale: Synapses are most commonly formed between an axon terminal and a dendrite.
Movement of cargo from one end of the axon to the other involves _______ along the _______ .
axoplasmic transport; microtubules
Movement of cargo from one end of the axon to the other involves _______ along the _______ .
axoplasmic transport; microtubules Rationale: The axoplasmic transport of molecules between the soma and the axon terminals is handled by the microtubules.
An injury on the dorsal surface of a man's body could be located on the man's
back
The term "dorsum" means _______, while the term "ventrum" means _______.
back; belly
function of vestibular system
balance, maintenance of head position, adjustment of eye movements to compensate for head movements
lateral lemniscus
band of fibers running rostrally, through medulla and pons, carries fibers of auditory system
Damage to the ________ would be expected to impair instrumental learning in rats.
basal ganglia
There is considerable evidence that when learned behaviors become automatic and routine, they are transferred to the ______.
basal ganglia
The symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder that occur after an infection are likely to be theresult of autoimmune-associated damage to the
basal ganglia.
To successfully retain information in short term memory, two processes are required. The first is to filter out irrelevent information, involving the __________, and the second is to maintain relevant information, involving the ________.
basal ganglia; right prefrontal cortex
The property of adjustable sensitivity of the game motor neurons refers to the observation that when gamma motor neurons are active, they ______.
become shorter, and more sensitive to change in muscle length
Anterior stream of audition
begin in anterior parabelt region involved with analysis of complex sounds
posterior stream of audition
begin in posterior parabelt region involved in sound localization
The major components of an emotional response include
behavior, autonomic activity, and hormonal secretions.
What are some of the major components of an emotional response?
behavior, autonomic activity, and hormonal secretions.
Rats previously exposed to a tone followed by a brief intense electrical shock will show ________ when subsequently exposed to the tone (without shock).
behavioral arrest (freezing)
______ is the common name used today for the area that involves the study the physiologyof behavior.
behavioral neuroscience
Infusion of excitatory amino acid glutamate into the central nucleus of the amygdala of a rat would be expected to elicit
behavioral signs of fear.
A _________ neuron's key function is to transmist sensory information
bipolar
A _________ neuron's key function is to transmist sensory information.
bipolar
A key function of the _______ nerve cell is to transmit sensory information.
bipolar Rationale: An important function of bipolar cells is to transmit sensory information to the brain.
Alternating episodes of elation and sadness are referred to as
bipolar disorder
Lithium is an effective treatment for ________ but not ________.
bipolar disorder; unipolar depression
which kind of neuron has one axon and one dendrite
bipolar neuron
Pathway of vestibular information in brain
bipolar neurons to the vestibular nerves to cerebellum and medulla. Medulla relays to cerebellum, spinal cord, medulla, pons, and temporal cortex
6 qualities of taste
bitterness, sourness, sweetness, saltiness, umami and fat
Inactivation of type II calcium calmodulin kinase would be expected to
block the formation of long-term potentiation.
The capacity of tricyclic antidepressant drugs to ________ is why these drugs function
block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into the terminals
Drugs that _________________ are used to treat __________.
block the reuptake of serotonin; depression.
What produces the excitatory caffeine effects?
blockade of adenosine receptors.
Withdrawal from alcohol may lead to seizures. This is because alcohol:
blocks NMDA receptors.
The drug reserpine
blocks the storage of monoamines in vesicles.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures changes in ________to image metabolic activity.
blood oxygen level
Some chemicals are excluded from the brain due to selective permeability of the ________ barrier.
blood-brain
The kinesthesia system provides information about
body movement and position
Human brains are about three times larger than chimpanzee brains when corrected for
body size
Chimpanzee brains are about one-third of the size of human brains when normalized by
body size.
The risk of a person developing schizophrenia is higher for a person
born in a northern latitude during the late winter months.
The limbic system is centered in the ____
brain
stereotaxic surgery
brain surgery using a stereotaxic apparatus to position an electrode or cannula in a specified position of the brain
The central nervous system consists of the ________ and the ________.
brain; spinal cord
cochlear nerve
branch of the auditory nerve that transmits auditory information from cochlea to brain receives 95% of information from INNER hair cells
______ is (are) a common landmark or reference point used for stereotaxic surgery.
bregma
In a typical long-term potentiation (LTP) study, a stimulating electrode is inserted into theperforant path, while a recording electrode is inserted into the dentate gyrus. LTP isproduced in this preparation by delivering a(n) ________ via the stimulating electrode.
burst of 100 electrical pulses in a few seconds
Saltatory conduction is rapid because
cable properties carry the signal under the myelin sheath. Rationale: Saltatory conduction is rapid because the membrane potential does not have to depolarize each successive patch of membrane.
The ion ________ is required for the release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal.
calcium
Associative long-term potentiation reflects increased ________ produced by changes in ____ ____.
calcium entry; NMDA receptors
A sound source that is located directly in front of a person
can be easily detected.
The physiological mechanisms of an organism that give rise to certain behaviors
can be understood in terms of whether the behaviors produce useful functions.
Because the amygdala receives input from cortical and subcortical sources, a person made blind by cortical damage ________.
can recognize facial emotional expressions
Because the amygdala receives input from cortical and subcortical sources, a person madeblind by cortical damage ________.
can recognize facial emotional expressions.
Clozapine is referred to as an "atypical" antischizophrenic drug because it
can reverse schizophrenic symptoms without producing the motor disorder tardive dyskinesia.
Most scientists believe that the ________ allowed certain mammals to survive the mass extinction produced by dust clouds some 65 million years ago
capacity to maintain their body temperature
Another term for "posterior" is
caudal
The _______ is the key structure of the basal ganglia
caudate nucleus
The _______ is the main structure of the basal ganglia.
caudate nucleus
The neostriatum consists of the
caudate nucleus and the putamen.
A problem for using benzodiazepine drugs as long-term anxiety treatment is that these drugs
cause sedation
middle ear disease
causes severe hearing loss and is caused by bone to grow over round window making basilar membrane not able to flex back and forth
Which of the following is stained most intensely by cresyl violet?
cell bodies
soma
cell body
Which of the following is NOT true of the surface of the human cortex?
center for coordinating certain reflexes
The ________ amygdaloid nucleus is important for the expression of emotional responses to aversive stimuli
central
The ________ amygdaloid nucleus is important for the expression of emotional responses to aversive stimuli.
central
The ________ nucleus of the amygdala is the most important part of the brain for the expression of emotional responses provoked by aversive stimuli
central
The _____________ nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord.
central
The brain and spinal cord comprise the ______ nervous system.
central
The _______ system is defined as comprised of the brain and spinal cord.
central nervous Rationale: The brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system.
Which of the following is made up of the brain and spinal cord?
central nervous system
The brain and spinal cord form the
central nervous system.
Activation of which of the following structures elicits the hormonal, autonomic, and behavioral components of an emotional response?
central nucleus of the amygdala.
Behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal emotional responses are elicited by activation of the
central nucleus of the amygdala.
CSF flows from third ventricle to the fourth ventricle via the _______.
cerebral aqueduct
CSF flows from third ventricle to the fourth ventricle via the
cerebral aqueduct.
Relative to same-age control subjects, schizophrenics show a more rapid loss of gray matter in the
cerebral cortex
The brain floats within ________ fluid, which is contained within the ________ .
cerebrospinal; subarachnoid space
Sound can best be thought of as
changes in air pressure produced by the vibration of an object
Damage to the hypothalamus would be expected to produce
changes in eating
Hypothalamic damage would likely produce
changes in eating.
The "cable" properties of axons are produced by
charges on the opposite sides of the neural membrane interacting
Neurons can be activated by
chemical stimulation.
A key prediction of the viral hypothesis of schizophrenia is that
children born a few months after a flu outbreak are more likely to develop schizophrenia.
In the opening vignette of the schizophrenia and affective disorders chapter, the psychiatric problem experienced by Larry was treated using
chlorpromazine
The production of acetylcholine occurs when _________ accepts an acetate ion from coenzyme A and transfers it to ______________.
choline acetyltransferase; a choline molecule
Brain CSF is secreted by the
choroid plexus
CSF is secreted by the _______ of the cerebral ventricles.
choroid plexus
The CSF is supplied to the brain by
choroid plexus
The _____________ allow(s) CSF to flow from the third ventricle to the fourth.
choroid plexus
The hair-like appendages that extend from the ends of the auditory receptors are known as
cilia
The hair-like appendages that extend from the ends of the auditory receptors are known as ________.
cilia
Instrumental conditioning involves strengthening connections between
circuits that detect a stimulus and motor control circuits that produce a response.
The recognition of auditory patterns is accomplished by
circuits within the auditory cortex
One of Toms friends has a night of boozing on many Vodka screwdrivers, and eating much pizza and salad with bacon bits. After becoming sick, she refuses to eat bacon bits. This is an example of which type of memory?
classical conditioning
Models such as the gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia and the eyeblink reflex in the rabbit have been used to study
classical conditioning.
The susceptibility of hippocampal cells to chronic stress has been associated with ________ and post-traumatic stress disorder.
clinical depression
What drugs produce the positive effects of schizophrenia?
cocaine
Which drug inhibits the reuptake of dopamine by the neuron's terminal buttons?
cocaine
Hearing loss due to hair cell damage can be restored by a(n) ________ implant.
cochlear
The ____ is the branch of the eighth cranial nerve that conducts auditory signals to the brain
cochlear nerve
The branch of the eighth cranial nerve that conducts auditory signals to the brain is called the
cochlear nerve
The TRPM8 receptor is key for our ability to sense ________.
cold
Smell and taste
combine to produce the sensation of flavor.
The anterior auditory stream involved in ________.
complex sound analysis
The anterior stream of the human auditory system performs analyses of ________, while the posterior stream provides analyses of ________.
complex sounds; perception of form
Methods of studying the living brain
computerized tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
Which of the following techniques for visualizing the living brain was first developed?
computerized tomography.
Twins that share a particular trait are ________ for the trait.
concordant
Relational learning involves changes in
connections between different regions of sensory association cortex.
A key function of the giant squid axon is the
contraction of the squid mantle, which propels the squid away from danger. Rationale: The giant squid axon controls the contraction of the squid mantle, which moves the squid away from sources of danger.
Assume that electrical stimulation of the right motor cortex elicits arm movements on the left side of the body. In this instance, we would describe this as a(n) _______ organization of the motor cortex and the muscles of the body.
contralateral
Assume that electrical stimulation of the right motor cortex elicits limb movements on the left side of the body. In this instance, we would describe this as a(an) _______ organization of motor cortex and the muscles of the body.
contralateral
Which term below refers to structures that are found on opposite sides of the body?
contralateral
Your textbook claims that the primary function of the brain is to
control movement.
autonomic nervous system ANS
controls smooth muscles, cardiac tissue and glands -sympathetic: energy expenditure -parasympathetic: energy creation
An important function of monoamine oxidase is to
convert catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms.
Which of the following would be a likely result if glycine receptors were inactivated?
convulsions.
A function attributed to the cerebellum is the
coordination of motor movements
An example of a survival behavior that is accompanied by the release of endogenous opiates would be ________.
copulation
The possible painful aspect of ________ is offset by the release of endogenous opiates.
copulation
In which view of the brain would one be able to observe a specific structure in both hemispheres?
coronal
The _____________ connects the association cortices of the two hemispheres
corpus callosum
The association regions of the left and right hemispheres are interconnected via axons that travel within the
corpus callosum
The two halves of the cerebral cortex are interconnected by the _______.
corpus callosum
The _____________ connects the association cortices of the two hemispheres.
corpus callosum.
James Olds and Peter Milner reported that electrical stimulation of rat brain
could have reinforcing effects.
The stereocilia of the hair cells are embedded in the gelatinous ___________.
cupula.
________ signal information regarding _________.
cutaneous receptors; events that damage the skin
Which of the following procedures may be implemented to minimize seizures?
cutting the corpus callosum.
hertz
cycles per second, measure of pitch
A human male who has a long record of assault, arson, and murder would be expected to show ________ levels of ________ in his cerebrospinal fluid.
d. reduced; 5-HIAA
The most common treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder involves
daily administration of methylphenidate.
The negative symptoms of schizophrenia may be related to
damage to cells of the brain
A general function of the prefrontal cortex may be to
dampen or inhibit emotional reactions.
A person with severe depression is at greater risk for
death by suicide
Semantic memory is a type of ________, whereas classical conditioning is a type of _________ memory.
declarative; nondeclarative
Depolarizations of the axon membrane that are below the threshold of activation
decrease in size as they sweep along the membrane. Rationale: Local potentials decrease in size as they sweep along the membrane.
Neural circuits that contain memories are established by strengthening some synapses and weakening others; the low-frequency stimulation of synaptic inputs to a cell can __________ their strength in a phenomenon known as ________________.
decrease, long-term depression
Weinberger argues that the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are related to
decreased activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
As it conducts along the axon membrane toward the terminal buttons, a subthreshold depolarization _ _________ in size.
decreases
As it conducts along the axon membrane toward the terminal buttons, a subthreshold depolarization ________ in size.
decreases
As it conducts along the axon membrane toward the terminal buttons, a subthreshold depolarization __________ in size.
decreases
Which is not a property of the action potential?
decremental
Electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter in the cat produces
defensive rage behavior
Which of the following behaviors can be elicited by electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter in the cat?
defensive rage behavior
Which of the following behaviors can be elicited by electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter in the cat?
defensive rage behavior.
A key function of lysosomes is to
degrade surplus cellular materials Rationale: Lysosomes degrade surplus cellular material within the neuron cytoplasm.
The portion of a neuron that carries information toward the cell body is the
dendrite Rationale: The dendrite carries information from the synapse toward the cell body.
In neuronal transmission, an individual neuron activates according to which order?
dendrite --> cell body --> axon --> terminal button.
The normal order of activation during neuronal transmission is
dendrite --> cell body --> axon --> terminal button. Rationale: Neuronal transmission starts with the dendrite and in turn involves the cell body, the axon, and then finally the axon terminal button.
The process by which the brain is wired for learning is known as
dendritic branching
An action potential that occurs in some type of pyramidal cells, and plays a role in learning, is called a
dendritic spike
A neuron membrane potential moves from -90 mV to -80 mV in response to a brief stimulation. We would term this change in potential as a(n)
depolarization. Rationale: A depolarization refers to a movement of the resting membrane potential in a more positive direction (towards 0 mV).
The ability of fluoxetine (Prozac) to function as an effective treatment for ________ is related to its capacity to ________.
depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder; block serotonin reuptake
Three primary functions of hearing
detect sounds, determine location of sources of sound and recognize the identity of these sources
A transmitter such as acetylcholine can be localized in the brain by
detecting the enzyme that produces acetylcholine.
Neurons within the amygdala are activated by
detection of emotionally relevant stimuli.
free nerve ending
detection of thermal stimuli, both cool or warmth, noxious stimuli, tickle. and pleasurable touch from gentle stroking with soft object
What does the therapeutic index measure?
difference between the desirable and toxic effects of a drug
phase difference
difference in arrival times of sound waves at each of the eardrums way to detect place of low frequuencies
If a person experienced damage to the large-diameter myelinated axons to the face, would would be the likely outcome?
difficulty detecting a tickle of the forehead.
Which of the following could you expect to occur after cortical damage just anterior to the central sulcus?
difficulty in controlling the muscles of the body
Which of the following would be expected following damage to the cortex that lies just in front of the central sulcus?
difficulty in controlling the muscles of the body
Which of the following would be expected as a result of damage to the somatosensory association cortex?
difficulty in naming an object the person can touch (but not see)
After damage to her somatosensory association cortex, Patient E.C. experienced
difficulty in recognizing common objects by touch
Neuromodulators
diffuse widely to affect many neurons
Neuromodulators
diffuse widely to affect many neurons.
A scientist wishing to locate small bundles of axons in the human brain would be advised to use the _______ technique.
diffuser tension imaging
The process of ________ ensures that ions will distribute themselves evenly through a solvent.
diffusion
A cup of sugar is dumped into a gallon of hot water. After 30 minutes, we will expect that the process of _______ will ensure that the sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the water.
diffusion Rationale: Molecules are distributed evenly throughout a medium via the process of diffusion.
Which of the following techniques can be used to visualize axon bundles in a living brain?
diffusion tensor imaging
Sodium ions will be pushed into a resting neuron by the forces of
diffusion; electrostatic pressure.
In metabolically active regions of the brain, nitric oxide _______________ blood vessels.
dilates
The earliest mammals
dined on insects
The earliest mammals
dined on insects.
A drug that binds with a postsynaptic receptor, but does not open ion channels would be termed a(n)
direct antagonist.
A key feature for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in Dr. C. was
diverse neurological symptoms that appeared at different times
A key feature for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in Dr. C. was
diverse neurological symptoms that appeared at different times.
The key benefit of genetic diversity for a species is that
diversity allows the species to adapt to different environments
IPSP hyperpolarizing currents
do carry neural information
Studies by Schultz and colleagues suggest that release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens
does not occur for an expected reinforcing stimulus (fruit juice).
The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are reversed by drugs that are ________ receptor antagonists.
dopamine
Which neurotransmitter plays a role in motivation?
dopamine
The research by Knecht in 2004 demonstrated that __________ is an essential part of long-lasting, long-term potentiation.
dopamine (specifically L-DOPA)
The final synthesis step for norepinephrine requires the presence of ___________ and occurs in the _______.
dopamine and DBH; vesicle
The amino acid tyrosine is the synethsis precursor for ____________ and ____________.
dopamine and norepinephrine
The dopamine schizophrenia hypothesis is supported by the finding that
dopamine antagonists relieve the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Drugs that block MAO-B are ________ agonists, whereas MAO-A blockers are ________.
dopamine; norepinephrine agonists
Drugs that inactivate monoamine oxidase B would be expected to increase the release of ____________ in response to the arrival of an action potential at the terminal buttons.
dopmaine
The membrane of a nerve cell is comprised of
double layer of lipid molecules
Hydrocephalus is treated by
draining CSF from the ventricles using a shunt
_______ is the belief that mind and body are separate entities.
dualism
René Descartes, on the mind-body problem, would be considered a ____________.
dualist
The _______ is a tough protective sheath that covers the brain and that lies closest to the skull.
dura mater
In the peripheral nervous system, the _______ and the _______ fuse together to form a single sheath that protects the spinal and cranial nerves and the autonomic ganglia.
dura mater; pia mater
Stains such as methylene blue and cresyl violet were originally developed to
dye cloth
Which of the following specifically describes the state of agitation and misery experience brought about by withdrawal from abusive drug use?
dysphoria
The key advantage of a reversible lesion is that
each animal can serve as its own control.
tympanic membrane
eardrum, vibrates sound
Complications of prenatal development and delivery are more likely to result in
early-onset schizophrenia
The primary function of the Meissner corpuscle is to detect
edge contours
Of the following, which term does not belong with the other four terms?
electrical stimulation of the brain
Which of the following terms does not belong with the others?
electrical stimulation of the brain B. staining the brain C. cutting the brain D. visual examination of a stained section E. fixing the brain
When a substance creates oppositely charged particles when dissolved in water, this is referred to as ______________________.
electrolyte.
A substance that forms oppositely charged particles when dissolved into water would be termed a(n)
electrolyte. Rationale: An ion is a charged particle.
cochlear implant
electronic device, surgically implanted, enables a deaf person to hear consists of electrodes stimulating different parts of basilar membrane
Cholinergic neurons are thought to ________ within the ________.
elicit most of the aspects of REM sleep; dorsolateral pons
Damage to the amygdala would be expected to alter
emotion
The text author asserts that ________ have key consequences for survival and reproduction.
emotional behaviors
Which disorder would greatly impair the capacity of a person to succeed in acting
emotional facial paresis
Which disorder would greatly impair the capacity of a person to succeed in acting?
emotional facial paresis
Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic forms of learning?
emotional learning
The process of vaginal self-stimulation in human women induces analgesia through
endogenous opiate release
A general finding is that the brains of autistic children exhibit
enlarged brain size
ampulla
enlargement in a semicircular canal contains cupula and crista
Upon _______, _________ will occur.
entry of a negative ion; hyperpolarization
Match the ion channel action with its resulting change in membrane potential:
entry of a negative ion; hyperpolarization Rationale: Hyperpolarization is produced by the entry of a negative ion into the axon.
Acetylcholine-induced postsynaptic potentials are abolished by
enzymatic degradation via acetylcholinesterase.
The postsynaptic potentials induced by acetylcholine are ended via
enzymatic degradation via acetylcholinesterase. Rationale: The postsynaptic action of ACh is ended by enzymatic degradation via acetylcholinesterase.
Termination of the postsynaptic potential would be expected from a drug or process that acts to
enzymatically degrade the neurotransmitter molecule.
Transection of the corpus callosum is useful in reducing the symptoms of __ ________ .
epilepsy
When nerve cells become excessively overactive in the brain, this is typically referred to as:
epilepsy
The memory loss experienced by the famous case of H.M. was the result of surgery for his ______.
epilepsy speech disorder brain tumor
Olfactory epithelium
epithelial tissue of he nasal sinus that covers the cribiform plate, contains cilia of olfactory receptors
Why isn't microdialysis done in humans for research purposes?
ethical problems because the procedure is invasive.
Cutaneous receptors signal information regarding
events that damage the skin.
A scientist who holds a monistic philosophy would be comfortable with which of thefollowing statements?
everything is made of matter and energy
Darwin argued that the expression of emotion in humans
evolved from similar expressions in other animals.
The positive symptoms of schizophrenia may be caused by
excessive activity in dopamine circuits in the brain
In the basal ganglia pathway, the VA/VL thalamus is ______ by direct the pathway, and _______ by the indirect pathway.
excited; inhibited
A key advantage of ________ lesions is that they affect only neural cell bodies and do not damage axons passing through the region.
excitotoxic
Stimulus-response learning involves the ability to
exhibit a specific behavior in the presence of a specific stimulus.
The term "opiates" refers to ________, while the term "opioids" refers to ________.
exogenous drugs; endogenous chemicals
If a person experienced damage to their right parietal cortex, which of the following could result?
experience unilateral neglect
Which of the following is the oldest method of studying brain function?
experimental ablation
Declarative memory is synonymous for __________.
explicit memory
The symptoms of seasonal affective disorder are reduced by
exposing people to bright light every day.
Mania involves feelings of
extreme elation
Damage to the amygdala can impair recognition of ________ but not ________.
facial emotion expression; recognition of emotion using tone of voice
According to Shors and colleagues, a brief exposure to a stressful learning situation (e.g., a series of tail shocks) decreases the density of hippocampal dendritic spines in male rats, but increases spine density in female rats.
false
Action potentials in the taste receptor cells lead to an increase K+ influx through voltage-gated membrane channels with the release of K+ from intracellular stores
false
Antibiotics can kill hair cells in an apical to basal direction and produce corresponding deficits in pitch perception
false
Barnes et al. found that each unit increase in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology was associated with a 3-fold increase in AD risk in women, but an over 20-fold increase in AD risk in men
false
Damage to fibers containing the TRPM8 receptor would be expected to impair sensing of extreme heat
false
Early-maturing children performed significantly better than late-maturing children of the same sex on spatial measures, suggesting that spatial abilities in male and female adults may be related to different maturation rates.
false
Hue is what makes a particular musical sound different from another, even when they have the same pitch and loudness.
false
Male patients with schizophrenia display marked facial hemispheric asymmetries that are absent in male healthy controls
false
Sodium channels play a key role in the perception of acids.
false
Some areas of skin lack warm receptors.
false
The ossicles are tiny bones located within the inner ear.
false
The resulting movements of the eardrum are transmitted through the three middle-ear ossicles (malleus, incus and scala tympani)
false
Tolerance is less common that sensitization.
false
TThe traveling wave causes the tympanic membrane and hence the Organ of Corti to move up and down.
falsse
The detection of ________ involves the detection of fatty acids on the tongue.
fat
The amygdala is involved in the recognition of ________communicated via ________.
fear; facial expression
basal ganglia
feedback to the cortex about motor movement
_______ is controlled, at least in part, by the hypothalamus.
feeding
You are listening to a song on the radio while doing your homework. The phone rings. Your mother has called to tell you that your favorite uncle has died after being hit by a car. Three months later, you again hear the same song and suddenly feel very sad. In this example,the unconditional response is
feeling sad when your mother calls with the bad news.
Research has shown that memories older than approximately ____ years are relatively intact in people with __________ amnesia.
fifteen, retrograde
Identical twins who are mirror images in terms of their ________ are more likely to be ________.
fingerprints; monochorionic
The nervous system codes for variation in the intensity of incoming sensory stimuli by variations in the _______ of a neuron
firing rate Rationale: More intense stimuli produce a faster rate of firing in a given sensory neuron.
belt region
first level of auditory association cortex, surrounds the primary auditory cortex
A _______ is a large groove found in the surface of the human cortex.
fissure
Methods of retrograde labeling
flouorogold, psuedorabies virus and herpes simples
Which classicial conditioning pair is correct?
flu sickness is the US; new food is the CS
The chemical ________ can be used to trace the paths of afferent axons.
fluorogold
The drug ________ would be expected to inhibit aggression
fluoxetine (Prozac
The most effective drug treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder involves the administration of
fluvoxamine and clomipramine.
An example of a natural reinforcer is
food for a hungry rat.
In experiments by LeDoux and others on classically conditioned emotional responses in rats, the unconditional emotional response is elicited by
foot shock.
Pierre Flourens is known
for his use of the experimental ablation technique to examine brain function.
Rate coding
for low frequencies system by which information about different sound waves is coded by the rate of firing of neurons in the auditory sytem
A study of suicides in Hungary suggests that the risk of suicide is greatest for
for people born in July
Early anatomists named observable brain features
for the similarity of the structure to everyday objects.
The usefulness of pseudorabies virus for histological analyses is
for the tracing of serial synaptic connections.
Neurons that are formed during embryonic development are likely to die if they do not
form synaptic contacts with other neurons.
A key function of specialized lipid molecules located in the nerve cell is to
form the membrane Rationale: The neuron membrane is formed by specialized lipid molecules.
Which of the following is the most common nerve tissue fixative?
formalin.
Which of the following is a key function of the hormonal secretions that accompany an emotion?
formation of glucose within the muscles
An example of relational learning is
forming a mental map of a room based on your experience in the room.
Which of the following terms and shapes are not a correct match?
fornix, "breastshaped"
Which of the following terms and shapes are not a correct match?
fornix; "breast-shaped"
An adult human brain undergoes a ______-fold increase in weight relative to that of the newborn brain.
four
Tickle, thermal activation, and noxious stimuli are detected by ________ in the skin.
free nerve endings
________ detect changes in temperature and pain.
free nerve endings
A species-typical defensive response for a rat would include
freezing of motor movements
Lesions of the periaqueductal gray matter interfere with the ________in rats.
freezing response
The fact that adjacent regions of the basilar membrane and of the primary auditory cortex appear to respond best to different sound _____ can be displayed in a _____ map.
frequencies; tonotopic
The fact that adjacent regions of the basilar membrane and of the primary auditory cortex appear to respond best to different sound ________ can be displayed in a ________ map.
frequencies; tonotopic
The fact that adjacent regions of the basilar membrane and of the primary auditory cortexappear to respond best to different sound ________ can be displayed in a ________ map.
frequencies; tonotopic
The traveling wave increases in amplitude as it moves, and reaches a peak at a place that is directly related to the _________ of the sound.
frequency
The pitch of a sound stimulus is related to the physical characteristic of
frequency of vibration
In which view of the brain would one be able to note the presence of a specific structure in both hemispheres?
frontal
The association cortex in the _______ lobe performs the planning and execution of movements.
frontal
The planning and execution of movements is a function performed by the association cortex within the _______ cortical lobe.
frontal
In the _______view of the brain, the brain is sliced like a salami.
frontal and or transverse
function of Ruffini corpuscles
function of this receptor is detection of static force against skin, skin stretching and propioception
The lowest and usually most intense frequency of a complex sound is its
fundamental frequency.
Imagine that you currently experience such an overly strong fear of flying that you refuse to go near an airport for fear of exposure to anything related to flying. A learning theorist would suggest that the roots of your fear can be attributed to past classical conditioning, in which you associated the sight and sound of an airplane with some aversive experience. This type of explanation would involve the process of
generalization
With regard to the genetic basis of schizophrenia
genes impart a susceptibility to develop schizophrenia
Twin studies suggest a major role for ________ in antisocial behavior.
genetics
Which of the following is implicated in antisocial behavior by twin studies?
genetics
________ is a biological factor associated with autism
german measles during pregnancy
CNS neurons receive nutrients, structural support, and oxygen from ________ cells.
glial or neuroglial
________ cells provide oxygen, nutrients, and structural support to CNS neurons
glial or neuroglial
________ cells provide oxygen, nutrients, and structural support to CNS neurons.
glial or neuroglial
Neurons of the central nervous system are provided nutrients, oxygen, and physical support by _______ cells.
glial or neuroglial Rationale: Neuroglial cells provide nutrients, oxygen, and physical support to neurons.
Which of the following is not one of the most common neurotransmitters in the CNS?
glucose
Infusion of ________ into the central nucleus of the amygdala would be expected to promote fear and agitation.
glutamate
The NMDA-type _______ receptor is critical for some forms of long term potentiation, in particular longterm potentiation at the ______ synapse in the _________.
glutamate; CA3-CA1; hippocampus
Which of the following produces Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)?
glutamic acid.
A delusion of _____________ is when someone believes that they are a godlike or messianic figure, or are vastly more wealthy or famous than they are.
grandeur
A person who believes that he or she is President of the World is most likely suffering from a delusion of
grandeur
A person who believes that he or she is President of the World is most likely suffering from a delusion of ________.
grandeur
In the brain, clusters of neuron cell bodies are referred to as _______
gray matter
The motor neurons of the sympathetic nervous system project from the _______ to the _______.
gray matter of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord; sympathetic ganglia
Secretion of glucocorticoids results in
greater availability of fatty acids as sources of energy.
PET studies indicate that schizophrenic patients treated with amphetamine show ________ from the striatum and a corresponding ________.
greater release of dopamine; increase in positive symptoms
superior olivary complex
group of nuclei in medulla involved with auditory functions including localization of source of sounds
A _______ is a bulge of tissue located between grooves in the cortical surface of a human brain
gyrus
A _______ refers to a bulge of tissue located between the adjacent grooves in the surface of the human cortex.
gyrus
A _______refers to a large bulge located between adjacent grooves on the surface of the human cortex.
gyrus
What is a bump or protuberance on the surface of the brain called?
gyrus (gryi)
In MRI studies of brain anatomy in identical twins discordant for schizophrenia, the schizophrenic twin usually
had larger lateral and third ventricles
Cochlear-implant paitents have lost ________ function.
hair cell
cilium
hair like appendage of a cell involved in movement or in transducing sensory information found on the receptors in the auditory vestibular system
Which of the following transforms sound into action potentials?
hair-cell cilia
Formalin is useful in the histology laboratory because it
halts the enzyme process that breaks down brain tissue after death.
The trigger zone or axon Hillock
has many volatage-gated sodium channels to accumulate graded potentials and determine threshold
An example of a neurological symptom evident in schizophrenia would be
having poor problem solving and problems in learning and memory.
Ancient Greek culture before Hippocrates considered the ________ to be the seat of thought and emotion.
heart
The________ states that a weak synapse will be strengthened if its activation occurs at thesame time that the postsynaptic neuron fires.
hebb rule
Adoption and twin studies suggest that schizophrenia is a ________ trait.
heritable
Select the best pair.
high frequency sounds; stimulate the base of the cochlea
select the best pair
high frequency sounds; stimulate the base of the cochlea
Three types of pain receptors
high threshold mechanoreceptors, TRVP1, TRPA1
Some careers involve daily exposure to dangerous situations, which can lead to emotional burnout. A person with damage to the amygdala would have a selective advantage for
high-wire artist working on the 4th of July in a rainstorm
Damage to which part of the neural tube might result in damage to the cerebellum?
hindbrain
From an evolutionary perspective, the ______ developed earliest.
hindbrain
The midbrain rests above and surrounds the
hindbrain
Damage to the ______ would be expected to produce a memory disorder.
hippocampus
Damage to the ______ would be expected to produce memory disorder.
hippocampus
The _______ is named for its resemblance to a seahorse.
hippocampus
Individuals who survive an hypoxic (hypoxia) episode often sustain damage to the ________ and __________.
hippocampus; anterograde amnesia
Procedural memory does not rely on the _______ and ________ memory system in the same way as ________ memory.
hippocampus; medial temporal lobe; declarative
The key event that resulted in the treatment of Larry's schizophrenia was
his attack on his mother
On the 28th day of embryonic development, the human brain resembles a
hollow tube
The surviving members of the _____ family include humans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans.
hominid
A _______ section is made through the human brain and is parallel to the ground, and a _______ section through the spinal cord is parallel to the ground.
horizontal; transverse
Most _______ are secreted into the extracellular fluid from endocrine glands or tissues.
hormones Rationale: Most hormones are secreted into the extracellular fluid from endocrine glands or tissues.
An example of an adverse stress effect on immune function is when
husbands whose wives died from breast cancer show reduced immune response.
What is a result of a stoppage of CSF flow?
hydrocephalus
Interruption of the flow of CSF through the brain ventricles results in
hydrocephalus.
___ will decrease the rate of firing of a neuron
hyperpolarization
A change in the axon membrane potential from -70 mV to -90 mV would be termed a(n)
hyperpolarization. Rationale: A hyperpolarization refers to a movement of the resting membrane potential in a more negative direction.
Activation of dendritic autoreceptors produce ________; a drug that is an agonist at theseautoreceptors would be classified as an ________ for the synapse
hyperpolarizations; antagonist
Weinberger (1988) suggested that _______, decreased activity of the frontal lobes, is a significant contributor to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
hypofrontality
Circadian rhythms of sleep and wakefulness are controlled by activity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the _________.
hypothalamus
In addition to the amygdala, the ________ may be influenced by both the variables of sex and hemisphere (i.e., sex-related hemispheric differences).
hypothalamus
The primary function of perceptual learning is to
identify and categorize objects.
Determination of sound ________ is carried out by the posterior auditory stream.
identity
Functional imaging studies of human association cortex indicate that judgments of sound ________ activate the ________.
identity; posterior stream
The pons is located
immediately ventral to the cerebellum
Imagine you are studying an animal model of myasthenia gravis, a disease in which acetylcholine transmission is disrupted, and wanted to determine if synaptic acetylcholine was reduced in this disease. Which of the following techniques would you be most useful for your study?
immunocytochemistry aimed at choline acetyltransferase
Peptides or proteins can be localized in the brain using
immunocytochemistry.
Damage to the caudate nucleus/putamen in rats would be expected to
impair instrumental conditioning.
Damage to fibers containing the TRPM8 receptor would be expected to
impair sensing of extreme cold
Damage to the auditory association cortex can
impair the understanding of sound meaning but not hearing.
__________ may be the cause of impulsive aggression, which can be treated with _________.
impaired serotonin prefrontal activity; fluoxetine
The acquisition of specific behaviors and skills is the most important form of __________ memory.
implicit
Studies using primates suggest that alcohol promotes aggression but only
in dominant male monkeys during the mating season when testosterone levels are high.
where is the majority of the CSF stored?
in the ventricles
A unique aspect of the loss of function shown by Patient I.R. after aneurysm surgery involved her
inability to read sheet music.
A formal definition of aggressive behaviors
includes those behaviors involved in predation.
formal definition of aggressive behaviors
includes those behaviors involved in predation.
The atypical antipsychotic clozapine produces a(n) ________ activity within the ________.
increase in dopamine; prefrontal cortex
Natural selection proposes that characteristics that ________ will become more prevalent in a species.
increase reproductive success
Administering a molecule that is a precursor for the synthesis of a synaptic neurotransmitter would be expected to
increase the rate of synthesis and release of that neurotransmitter
If a particular drug were to block acetylcholinesterase, what might be occur?
increase the synaptic levels of acetylcholine.
A person is administered a placebo "pain-relieving" skin cream just before receiving a painful electric shock. Imaging studies suggest that the placebo analgesic effect is due to
increased activity within the prefrontal cortex and PAG
All but ________ are a symptom of depression.
increased appetite for sex
Persistence of long-term potentiation for more than an hour requires
increased protein synthesis within the postsynaptic dendrite.
Prenatal exposure to androgens
increases aggressive behavior in all studied species
Prenatal exposure to androgens
increases aggressive behavior in all studied species.
Hypoactivity of the frontal cortex contributes to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia by
increasing the release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens
Single-unit recordings
indicate that serotonergic neuron activity is nil during REM sleep
A drug that binds at a postsynaptic site different from that of the neurotransmitter andfacilitates the opening of ion channels would be termed a(n)
indirect agonist.
A(n) ________ is defined as drug that binds at a postsynaptic site different from that of theneurotransmitter and that prevents the opening of ion channels by the neurotransmitter.
indirect antagonist
PCP acts as a(n) ________ at ________ receptors.
indirect antagonist; NMDA
A drug that decreases the activity of dopamine within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex would be expected to
induce both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Curare is used in medical clinics to
induce relaxation in muscles that are to be cut during a surgical procedure.
The ventral stream of visual association cortex continues into the ________ and carries information relating to ________.
inferior temporal cortex; object recognition
Which of the following would produce an EPSP?
influx of calcium
Neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic membrane is triggered by the
influx of calcium ions into the axon terminal.
Neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic membrane is triggered bythe
influx of calcium ions into the axon terminal.
Which of the following routes of administration will produce the most rapid effects of a drug on brain function?
inhaled
Low doses of the drug apomorphine
inhibit the synthesis and release of dopamine.
The neurotransmitter serotonin typically ________ aggression
inhibits (or suppresses)
The presence of a barrier between the bloodstream and the brain is suggested by the observation that
injection of dye into the bloodstream stains all cells but those of the brain and spinal cord. Rationale: The presence of a blood-brain barrier was inferred from the observation injection of dye into the bloodstream stains all cells except those of the brain and spinal cord.
Which of the following methods cannot reveal the metabolic activity of regions of the brain?
injection of kainic acid
Damage to the ________ hair cells results in deafness in mice.
inner
The cochlea is located within the
inner ear
The white matter of the brain is located __________, whereas that of the spinal cord is ___________
inside the gray matter; outside the gray matter
Providing a drink of water to a thirsty animal is an example of ___________ conditioning
instrumental
Damage to the basal ganglia or infusion of a drug that blocks NMDA receptors there can disrupt
instrumental conditioning
The monoamine hypothesis states that depression is caused by
insufficient activity of monoaminergic neurons.
What is the technical term most applies to snorting cocaine?
insufflation
The _______ cortex receives primary inputs regarding taste.
insular
Disgusting stimuli activate the activity of cells in the ________.
insular cortex
Electrical stimulation of the ________ in humans produces painful burning and tingling sensations.
insular cortex
The emotion of disgust involves activation of neurons within the
insular cortex
The _______ region of cortex lies buried within a fissure between the _______ and the _______ lobes.
insular; frontal; temporal
myelin sheath
insulates the neuron
An example of a positive benefit associated with a manic episode would be
intense effort at completing a project
Episodes of mania are characterized by
intense euphoria
The posterior parietal cortex may be involved in monitoring one's own plans and__________rather than directly forming these intentions.
intentions
Which of the following is a critical function of the corpus callosum?
interconnect the cerebral hemispheres.
The perforant pathway
interconnects the entorhinal cortex with the granule cells of the dentate gyrus.
As a consequence of the activity of the sodium-potassium transporters,
intracellular sodium concentrations are kept low. potassium-high
Which of the following routes for drug administration have the benefit of bypassing the blood brain barrier?
intracerebroventricular
Which of the following methods for administering a drug are typically used in rodent research?
intraperitoneal
Suppose your neighbor inadvertently injested a poisonous substance. He has passed out and the poison may be fatal. If you needed to administer an antidote to counteract the poison, which would be the quickest administration?
intravenous
The autonomic nervous system regulates_____
involuntary actions
A reflex is a(n) ________ movement elicited by a(n) ________
involuntary; external stimulus
A reflex is a(n) ________ movement elicited by a(n) ________ .
involuntary; external stimulus
The specific compulsion known as trichotillomania
involves hair pulling
What is the term for specialized protein molecules that can open or close and are embedded in the neuronal membrane?
ion channels
The specialized protein molecules located in the axon membrane that can open or close are termed
ion channels. Rationale: Ion channels are proteins located in the axon membrane that open or close thus allowing ions to enter or leave the neuron
The GABA A receptor is a(n) ____________ channel and controls _______________.
ionotropic; chloride
Match the correct receptor type and effect:
ionotropic; direct opening of an ion channel
Match up the correct receptor type and effect:
ionotropic; direct opening of an ion channel
Match up the correct receptor type and effect
ionotropic; direct opening of an ion channel Rationale: Activation of an ionotropic receptor results in the direct opening of a single ion channel.
The term _______ refers to structures that are found on the same side of the body.
ipsilateral
_______ refers to feaatures on the same side of the body.
ipsilateral
The ability to estimate the elevation of a sound
is a function of experience
A drug such as aripiprazole counters the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia because this drug
is a partial agonist at dopamine receptors in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens.
Although obsessions are seen in schizophrenia and in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), aperson with OCD
is aware of the obsession and would like it to stop.
The surface of human cortex
is convoluted by grooves and bulges.
A chimeric face
is created by pasting different facial images to form a single unit.
Women seeking to reduce the risk of their offspring developing schizophrenia would do well to seek a mate who
is in his early twenties
The effect of total sleep deprivation on depression
is lost after even a short nap.
A person who has been subjected to long-term stress
is more likely to suffer poorer health later in life.
Which best describes the interior of a resting neuron?
is negatively charged relative to the outside.
The major advantage of chemical stimulation using glutamate infusion is that
it activates cell bodies but not axons.
Female rhesus monkeys are more likely to engage in fights with other females
just prior to menstruation.
The motor association cortex is located
just rostral to primary motor cortex
The ________ technique overstimulates neurons, killing them and creating a lesion.
kainic acid
_____________ infusions into the brain result in ______________ through the process of _____________.
kainic acid; destroy cell bodies; overstimulation
______________is an effective, short-term treatment for severe depression.
ketamine
Drugs a removed from the body by passing through the _________________.
kidneys.
Damage to left parietal lobe would be expected to cause difficulty in
knowing the position of the person's body parts.
Damage to left parietal lobe would be expected to produce a persistent difficulty in a. controlling the left arm and leg.
knowing the position of the person's body parts.
temporal lobe
language; speech comprehension; hearing
A ________ myelinated fiber will conduct action potentials more rapidly than will a thin myelinated fiber.
large
What did the studies by Weinberger and others of brain abnormality in schizophrenic patients demonstrate?
larger lateral ventricles in schizophrenia patients.
Studies by Weinberger and others of brain abnormality in schizophrenic patients report
larger lateral ventricles in schizophrenic patients.
Which of the following represents the correct pairing of a thalamic nucleus with its projection to the cortex?
lateral geniculate nucleus; projects to primary visual cortex
Which of the following structures is necessary for an emotional response to alter blood pressure?
lateral hippocampus
Which of the following participate in audition?
lateral lemniscus
When a rat encounters a painful stimulus, somatosensory input activates strong synapses in the
lateral nucleus
Neurons that use binaural differences in loudness as a cue to the source of a sound are located within the
lateral superior olivary complex.
The size of the ________ increases in schizophrenic patients.
lateral ventricles
Which statement best illustrates the James-Lange theory of emotion?
laugh and you will be happy
hippocampus
learning and memory
The ________ half of the face is more expressive than is the other half.
left
PET studies indicate that the comprehension of emotion on the basis of word meaning increased the activity of the
left and right frontal cortex
Pure word deafness is produced by damage to the ________ cortex
left temporal
Damage to the ________ parietal hemisphere causes apraxia of ________ hand.
left, both the right and left.
The incidence of schizophrenia in the world population is approximately _______%.
less than 50%
medulla
life support systems
Which of the following regions of the limbic system surrounds all of the other regions?
limbic cortex
The _______ system is comprised of the amygdale, hippocampus, and anterior thalamus.
limbic system
The __________ is comprised of the amygdala, hippocampus, and anterior thalamus.
limbic system
A person experiences a great deal of fear during a cataclysmic event. Which part of the brain might show changes?
limbic system?
The cell membrane is formed by a dual layer of ________ molecules.
lipid
The best evidence that there is a difference between bipolar affective disorder and unipolar depression is that:
lithium is effective in treating only bipolar disorder.
ossicles
little bones of middle ear which are set into motion by tympanic membrane
Metabolism of a drug is predominantly via the _________________.
liver.
Which of the following chemicals can be used to create a reversible lesion in brain tissue?
local anesthetic
The amygdala is
located within the temporal lobes.
Outputs from the ________ mediate the increased vigilance noted during fear.
locus coeruleus
An increase in the magnitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials in postsynaptic neurons over the long term is known as
long-term potentiation
An example of an environmental effect on testosterone secretion would be when
losing a tennis match results in lowered blood levels of testosterone.
Which of the following exemplifies an environmental effect on testosterone secretion?
losing a tennis match results in lowered blood levels of testosterone.
amusia
loss or impairment of musical abilities
Exposure to ________ will automatically produce a fear reaction in most species
loud unexpected noises
The ________ of a sound stimulus is related to the intensity of the sound.
loudness
Studies of hormone status and antisocial behavior in U.S. military veterans suggest that higher levels of antisocial activity are noted in
low socioeconomic status men with high testosterone levels
Studies of hormone status and antisocial behavior in U.S. military veterans suggest thathigher levels of antisocial activity are noted in
low socioeconomic status men with high testosterone levels.
fundamental frequency
lowest, and usual most intense frequency of a complex sound, most often perceived as the sound's base pitch
_________ degrade(s) surplus substances within the neuron's cytoplasm.
lysosomes
Surplus substances within the cytoplasm are degraded by
lysosomes. Rationale: Lysosomes degrade surplus structures within the cell cytoplasm
The ________ technique uses a radio frequency wave to excite hydrogen atoms in the brain to create an image of the living human brain.
magnetic resonance imaging
Which of the following of the below techniques assists in visualizing differences white matter and gray matter in a living brain?
magnetic resonance imaging
Rapid recognition of facial emotional expression is mediated by signals carried by the ________ system.
magnocellular
Rapid recognition of facial emotional expression is mediated by signals carried by the ________ system.
magnocellular
Which of the following would be found in the middle ear?
malleus and incus
Because the arm of the ______ to which the tympanic membrane is attached is longer than the arm of the _______ to which the stapes is attached, there is a slight amplification of the sound pressure by a lever action.
malleus; incus
Which type of visual system is responsible for our ability to perceive our surrounding environment?
mammalian
Analysis of timbre
means to detect the elevation of a sound and perceive whether infront of us or behind utilizes the pinna (outer ear) it examines the angle of the sound coming in on the unique folds and ridges of an individual's pinna, thus changing timbre
Intensity differences
means to locate source of sound for high frequencies due to phenomenon of "sonic shadows"
By implanting testosterone into the ____________, intermale aggression in castrated male rats can be reinstated.
medial preoptic area
Intermale aggression will be reinstated in castrated male rats after implants of testosterone into the
medial preoptic area.
In the opening vignette, Ryan B. undergoes neurosurgery to remove a portion of his _______ in order to treat his worsening epilepsy.
medial temporal lobe
Cessation of respiration would be expected following damage to the
medulla oblongata
The _______ is the most caudal portion of the brain stem
medulla oblongata
The _______ is the most caudal portion of the brain stem.
medulla oblongata
_______ potential is characterized by a difference in electrical charge between the outside and inside of the axon membrane
membrane
The difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of the axon membrane is defined as the _______ potential.
membrane Rationale: The membrane potential is defined as the difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of the axon membrane.
The _______ comprise three layers that encase the central nervous system.
meninges
The ________ pathway connects the ventral tegmental area with the nucleus accumbens.
mesolimbic
When a neurotransmitter binds with a(n)_____, the post-synaptic effects occur quickly and are short-lasting.
metabotropic or ionotropic receptors idk
Match up the correct receptor type and effect.
metabotropic; G protein activation leads to activation of a second-messenger
The _______ consists of the pons and cerebellum.
metencephalon
The term _______ means "afterbrain."
metencephalon
The term __________ means "afterbrain."
metencephalon
Which of the following is comprised of the pons and the cerebellum?
metencephalon
The observation that ________ is an effective treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suggests that ADHD results from ________.
methylphenidate; understimulation of dopamine transmission
Intermale aggression is reduced in
mice whose vomeronasal nerves have been surgically damaged.
Which cell type mediates inflammation following brain damage?
microglia
The _______ mediates the inflammatory reaction that follows brain damage.
microglia Rationale: The inflammatory reaction that follows brain damage results from the action of microglia.
Which of the following is used to cut the brain into thin slices?
microtome
Match the correct function with the neuronal organelle:
microtubules; transport of molecules between the soma and the axon terminals Rationale: The transport of molecules between the soma and the axon terminals is handled by the microtubules.
The ossicles are found within the
middle ear
A _______ section made through a human brain is parallel to the neuraxis, perpendicular to the ground, and divides the brain into two symmetrical halves.
midsagittal
A _______section made perpendicular to the ground and parallel to the neuraxis through a human brain divides the brain into two symmetrical halves.
midsagittal
How do the authors of the mirror neuron studies explain the function of mirror neurons?
mirror neurons help us to understand the actions and intentions of others
Which of the following provides energy in the form of ATP Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) for a storage reservoir and transport channel within the cell?
mitochondria
Which of the following represents a correct match between a neuronal organelle and its function?
mitochondria; extraction of energy
The autonomic component of an emotional response functions to a. mobilize energy for vigorous movement.
mobilize energy for vigorous movement
antisense oligonucleotide
modified RNA or DNA that binds with a specific molecule of mRNA and prevents it from producing its protein
An important function of ________ is to convert catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms.
monoamine oxidase
Suppose you were enjoying a lovely piece of cheese and then experienced a fatal blood pressure increase. Which drug might you have been taking in combination with the cheese?
monoamine oxidase inhibitor
What term describes a reflex in which a muscle contracts in response to its being quickly stretched?
monosynaptic stretch reflex
The major affective disorders are also known as
mood disorders
Recent research suggests that emotions may play the most important role in the formation of
moral judgments.
Analysis of the childhood behavior of schizophrenics have found that these children show ________ than do their normal siblings or normal peers.
more negative affect in their facial expressions
The increase in synaptic strength that occurs in long-term potentiation is due to amodification of the cell that includes
more postsynaptic AMPA receptors
The symptoms of schizophrenia are more likely in a person whose
mother experienced obstetric complications
hypothalamus
motivation and emotion - ANS regulation
A key function of the right hemisphere relates to the
motor control of the left side of the body
cerebellum
motor coordination and learning
substantia nigra/basal ganglia
motor movement
Damage to the basal ganglia would be expected to produce difficulties in
motor movements.
Hair cells within the semicircular canals are activated by
movement of the cupula
The mechanical stimulus that induces movements of the hair cells is the
movement of the stapes against the oval window
It is important to recognize that the primary motor cortex is organized in terms of particular__________of particular parts of the body.
movements
Hair cells within the vestibular sacs are activated by
movements of the otoconia
When the axons become coated within myelin, messages received by a baby will travel
much faster
The _______ neuron is the most common type of neuron within the central nervous system.
multipolar
________ neurons are the most common type in the central nervous system.
multipolar
The most common neuron type in the central nervous system is the _______ neuron.
multipolar Rationale: The multipolar neuron is the most common neuron in the central nervous system.
The intrafusal muscle fibers detect ________ while the Golgi tendon organ detects ________.
muscle length, how far a muscle stretches
Besides controlling the sensation of pleasure, what else does dopamine control?
muscle movement
The primary symptom shown by Kathryn D. was
muscle weakness Rationale: Muscle weakness associated with a muscle disorder was the primary symptom shown
Motor neurons control the activity of the ________.
muscles
_ _________ are accidental changes in the chromosomal structure of sperm or eggs.
mutations
Dr. Mary Walker used _______ to treat muscle weakness due to ________. Dr. Mary Walker treated muscle weakness from __________ with ____________.
myasthenia gravis; physostigmine
Charles Darwin proposed the principle of
natural selection.
Low-frequency stimulation of the vestibular sacs would be expected to produce
nausea
Higher frequency sounds produce maximal distortion of the basilar membrane
near the stapes
Higher-frequency sounds produce maximal distortion of the basilar membrane
near the stapes
At what time are female rhesus monkeys more likely to fight with male rhesus monkeys?
near the time of ovulation.
Brain damage is thought to produce the ________ symptoms of schizophrenia.
negative
Most studies of emotion have focused on ________ emotions.
negative
The ________ symptoms of schizophrenia are the first to appear in the course of the disorder.
negative
What are the first symptoms of schizophrenia to appear?
negative
With regard to facial emotional expression,
negative emotional expressions are more intensely expressed on the left side of the face
With regard to facial emotional expression,
negative emotional expressions are more intensely expressed on the left side of the face.
In a neuron at rest, the interior of the cell is more ________ charged than is the exterior of the cell.
negatively
The interaction of the effects of excitatory and inhibitory synapses on a particular neuron is called...
neural integration.
Sex differences in the analgesic effectiveness of opioid peptides would be considered what kind of difference?
neurochemical
The process of _______ refers to the production of new neurons.
neurogenesis
The process of forming new brain cells is called
neurogenesis
Which of the following detects tiny magnetic fields produced by the brain's electrical activity, producing a record of neural activity in a living brain.
neuromagnetometer
The ___ is the basic unit of communication in the brain.
neuron
Synaptic vesicles are produced in the _______.
neuron soma Rationale: Synaptic vesicles are manufactured in the soma of the nerve cell.
A brain region that has been infected with a virus that contains the photoprotein NpHR will exhibit ________when illuminated with ________ light.
neuronal inhibition; yellow
Nerve cells are able to rapidly metabolize fuel because
neurons receive lactate from astrocytes. Rationale: Glial cells convert glucose to lactate, which is then supplied to the neuron.
A large, dense-core vesicle is most likely to contain a ________.
neuropeptide
Psychological problems can result from brain damage, but most often it results from
neurotransmitter imbalance
Acetylcholine acts on _______ and __________ receptor susbtypes.
nicotinic; muscarinic
Impaired movement would result from damage to the ______________ dopaminergic system.
nigrostriatal
When neurons from the ___________ dopamne system begin to degenerate, Parkinson's disease may result.
nigrostriatal
Long-term potentiation may involve the formation of ________ within the postsynaptic dendrite, which then acts on the presynaptic element to increase the release of ________.
nitric oxide; glutamate
Long-term potentiation may involve the formation of ________ within the postsynapticdendrite, which then acts on the presynaptic element to increase the release of ________.
nitric oxide; glutamate
In a myelinated axon, ions enter or leave the axon membrane only at the ________.
node of Ranvier
Learning to recognize faces, melodies, and pictures are all examples of _________.
non declarative memory tasks
Glabrous ________ skin is usually found on the ________.
non-hairy; palm of the hand
Glabrous __________ skin is usually found on the ___________.
non-hairy; palm of the hand
Learning to recognize music, learning sequences, and classical conditioning are examples of ____________ memory tasks.
nondeclarative
________ are neurons in the ______ that exhibit a high rate of firing whenever an animal is in a specific location in an environment corresponding to the cell's "place field".
none of the above (place cells; hypothalamus)
The veterinarian asks observes an abnormality on the rostral region of your pet alligator. You know the abnormality is located near the alligator's
nose
Match up the internal cell structure with the function most closely associated with that structure:
nucleolus; production of ribosomes Rationale: The nucleolus is involved in the production of ribosomes.
A collection of similarly shaped neurons within the central nervous system is termed a _______.
nucleus
Which of the following structures can be visualized with the light microscope?
nucleus
The first relay station for gustatory information en route to the cortex is the ________.
nucleus of the solitary tract
The first relay station for gustatory information en route to the cortex is the
nucleus of the solitary tract.
In which sensory system does sensory information from the left side of the body travel to the ipsilateral hemisphere?
olfaction
In which sensory system does sensory information from the left side of the body travel to the left hemisphere?
olfaction
Which sensory system below does not transmit information from the right side of the body to the left hemisphere?
olfaction
Flavor
olfaction and gustation
Olfactory receptors are located in the
olfactory epithelium
The myelin sheath surrounding axons in brain is formed by ________.
oligodendrocytes or oligodendroglia
These cells myelinate brain axonal membranes
oligodendrocytes.
These cells myelinate brain axonal membranes.
oligodendrocytes.
Myelination of brain nerve axon membranes is accomplished by
oligodendrocytes. Rationale: Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath around axons in the brain.
cochlear nuclea
one of a group of nuclei in the medulla that receives auditory information from cochlea
Vestibular sac
one of a set of two receptor organs in each inner ear that detect changes in the tilt of head responds to forces of gravity
Cutaneous sense
one of somatosenses includes sensitivity to stimuli that involves the skin
A human-sized brain that was completely smooth and had no grooves would be expected to have
one-third the amount of surface area of a normally grooved brain
The receptor potential of a hair cell is triggered by cilia movements that
open a channel to potassium in the insertional plaque
In order to produce a depolarization or hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, neurotransmitters
open ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane. Rationale: Neurotransmitters act to produce postsynaptic membrane potentials by opening or closing ion channels.
Which of the following will "neutralize" an EPSP?
opening a chloride channel Rationale: Opening a chloride channel will neutralize an EPSP.
When a ligand ____________, an IPSP will be produced.
opens a potassium channel
An IPSP will be produced when a ligand
opens a potassium channel. Rationale: Opening a chloride channel will produce an IPSP
An EPSP will be produced when a ligand
opens a sodium channel. Rationale: Opening a sodium channel will produce an EPSP.
Heroine is categorized as:
opiate drug.
The functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic symptoms are basically____.
opposite of one another
The ________ technique of takes advantage of the fact that a particular ________ can open voltage-gated ion channels in neurons.
optogenetic; light
With regard to humans, which is the most typical route for administering drugs?
oral
The ratio of the size of the amygdala to that of __________ is __________ in men with psychosis.
orbitofrontal cortex; increased
The capacity of early testosterone exposure to sensitize brain circuits for aggression is an example of a(n) ________ hormone effect
organizational
The fact that early androgen exposure in rats increases the likelihood of adult aggressive behavior is an example of a(n) ________ hormone effect
organizational
What type of hormone effect is exemplified by the ability of early testosterone exposure to sensitize brain circuits implicated in aggression?
organizational
amygdala
organizes response patterns to fear
Due to the weight of the ________________, gravity will bend the cilia of one patch of hair cells, with any position of the head.
otoconia.
According to the text, which of the following is a key factor influencing self-awareness?
our ability to communicate with others using language.
The white matter in the spinal cord is located _______, whereas that of the brain is located _______.
outside the gray matter; inside the gray matter
The footplate of the stapes fits tightly into the _________ of the bony __________.
oval window; cochlea
The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia states that schizophrenia is caused by
overactivity of dopaminergic synapses.
Which of the following belong together?
oxytocin; stimulation of milk ejection from the breast
The function of a nociceptor is to detect
pain
The case of Sara in the opening vignette makes the point that
pain is a valuable source of information to the body
Nociceptors
pain receptor
TRPV1
pain receptor that responds to extremes of heat, acids, and presence of ingrediant in hot chili peppers.
Which explanation of pain reflex withdrawl is most accurate?
pain receptor that synapses onto an interneuron, which in turn activates a motor neuron in the spinal cord.
The simplest version of a withdrawal from pain reflex is a
pain receptor that synapses onto an interneuron, which in turn activates a motor neuron in the spinal cord. Rationale: The simplest reflex involves a pain receptor that synapses onto an interneuron, which in turn activates a motor neuron within the spinal cord.
Which of the following pairs is correct?
palm of the hand; non-hairy glabrous skin
The ventral auditory stream terminates in the ________ and is involved in ________.
parabelt region of the anterior temporal region; complex sound analysis
Kelly is walking to the park with her children. When they arrive, she decides to relax on a bench while they play. Which part of the autonomic nervous system will go to work while she rests?
parasympathetic
Neurons localized within the ________ control the secretion of glucocorticoids.
paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN)
The _______ lobe houses the primary somatosensory cortex
parietal
Which cortical lobe contains the primary somatosensory cortex?
parietal
The primary somatosensory cortex is contained within the __________, and the primary motor cortex is contained within the __________
parietal lobe; frontal lobe
A drug that binds with high affinity to a receptor, but has less efficacy than the endogenous transmitter, would be termed a(n)
partial agonist
What is the term for a drug that binds to a receptor with high affinity but a lower efficacy than the endogenous neurotransmitter?
partial agonist
The risk of a child developing schizophrenia is increased by
paternal age
Which of the following increases a child's risk of developing schizophrenia?
paternal age.
An anesthetic drug injected adjacent to the dura sac surrounding axons of the cauda equina would be expected to deaden pain sensation in the
pelvic region
An anesthetic drug injected near the dura around the cauda equina would deaden pain sensation in the
pelvic region
The seasonality effect refers to the observation that
people born during the winter are more likely to develop schizophrenia.
The major finding of the study by Standing (1973), in which subjects were shown 10,000slides and then tested for recognition at various times thereafter, was that
people were able to recognize most of the slides for a time interval of weeks.
A large, dense-core vesicle found in the axon terminal is likely to contain
peptide neurotransmitters
Match up the auditory system structure with the correct music analysis function:
perception of harmony; inferior frontal cortex
Propioception
perception of the body's position and posture
An example of _________ learning would be a young child learning to recognize the letters of the alphabet.
perceptual
pitch
perceptual dimension of sound corresponds to the fundamental frequency
loudness
perceptual dimension of sound, corresponds to intensity
Your ability to recognize a series of photos that you looked at a month ago is an example of
perceptual learning
________ refers to a histological procedure in which blood is drained and replaced byanother fluid, such as a salt solution.
perfusion
The most effective site for the induction of analgesia in rats using electrical stimulation is the
periaqueductal gray matter.
Which of the following terms belong together?
periaqueductal gray matter; pain reactivity
In the _______ nervous system, the dura mater and pia mater fuse together to form a single sheath.
peripheral
In the __________ nervous system, the dura mater and pia mater fuse together to form a single sheath.
peripheral
The _______ system is that portion of the nervous system that lies outside of the brain and spinal cord.
peripheral nervous Rationale: The peripheral nervous system lies outside the brain and spinal cord.
The _______ is formed by the cranial nerves and spinal nerves plus the peripheral ganglia.
peripheral nervous system
The spinal nerves that begin at the junction of the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord are part of the
peripheral nervous system
Which of the following is made up of the cranial and spinal nerves along with the peripheral ganglia.
peripheral nervous system
A person who believes that he or she is being plotted against is most likely suffering from delusions of
persecution
A person who believes that others are plotting against them is most likely suffering from a delusion of
persecution
Deciding whether to throw a person onto a railroad track to save others is an example of a(n) ________ moral dilemma
personal
Suppose a physician investigates the influence of drug response, depending upon the administration of the drug (rectal or oral). Which of the following would best describe this study?
pharmacokinetics.
PHA-L
phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin; a protein derived from kidney beans and used as an anterograde tracer; taken up by dendrites and cell bodies and carried to the ends of the axons
Positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms are shown by humans after ingestion of
phencyclidine
____ is the original name for the field that involves the study of the physiology of behavior.
physiological psychology
Dr. Mary Walker used _______ to treat the muscle weakness associated with the disease _______.
physostigmine; myasthenia gravis Rationale: Physostigmine is used to treat the muscle weakness associated with the disease myasthenia gravis.
The PNS is covered by which of the following
pia mater and dura mater
In the peripheral nervous system, the _______ and the _______ fuse to form a single sheath that protects the autonomic ganglia as well as the spinal and cranial nerves.
pia mater; dura mater
Which of the following GABA A antagonists can cause motor convulsions?
picrotoxin
Descartes asserted that the ________ was the place in the brain where the mind controlled the physical body
pineal gland
Descartes asserted that the ________ was the place in the brain where the mind controlled the physical body.
pineal gland
Sound is funneled into the auditory canal via the
pinna
The ________ of a sound stimulus is related to the physical characteristic of frequency of vibration
pitch
The supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex are involved in the ________.
planning of movements
frontal lobe
planning; conscious motor movement; social behavior; attention; short term memory; speech production
Which of the following is used to display the changes in voltage recorded from the scalp over time?
polygraph
Which of the following is used to display the changes in voltage recorded from the scalp over time?.
polygraph
Which of the following is used to record and amplify the electrical activity of the brain from the scalp?
polygraph
The metencephalon is comprised of the
pons and cerebellum
A ___________ excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is an intracellular measurement of the EPSPs produced by the synapse of the perforant path axons with the dentate granule cells.
population
What schizophrenic symptoms are decreased by drugs that block the D2 and D3 dopamine receptors?
positive
The two major types of symptoms noted in schizophrenia include
positive symptoms and negative symptoms
Which of the following are the major symptom classes found in schizophrenia?
positive symptoms and negative symptoms.
What are the three categories of symptoms that characterize schizophrenia?
positive, negative, and cognitive
Another term for "caudal" is
posterior
The dorsal stream of the visual cortex continues into the ___________ and carries information relating to _______________.
posterior parietal cortex, object location
The functional imaging study by Soon et al (2008) provided results suggesting that the _______ appears to be involved in storing information about decisions, and transmits it to the ________ where the process of executing the response begins.
posterior parietal cortex; SMA
The posterior auditory stream starts in the ________ and is involved in ________.
posterior parietal cortex; sound localization
Intense feelings of fear, helplessness, or horror are key symptoms of
posttraumatic stress disorder
The medial zone of the cerebellum is involved with the ventromedial system and control of _______.
posture ?
What event quickly returns the axon to its normal resting state?
potassium leaving the axon
Hair cells normally have a small influx of K+ at rest, so there is some baseline activity in the afferent neurons. Bending the cilia toward the tallest one opens the ________ channels and increases _________ activity.
potassium; afferent
Which of the following is an attack by one animal on a member of another species in order to eat them?
predation. Predation, by definition, is the attack of one animal directed at an individual of another species on which the attacking animal normally preys. Therefor, An attack by one animal on a member of another species with the intent to eat them would be predation.
Electrical stimulation of the ventral periaqueductal gray matter in the cat can produce
predatory behavior
Which of the following is produced by electrical stimulation of the vental periaqueductal gray matter in the cat?
predatory behavior.
The long-term emotional component of chronic pain is mediated by pathways that project to the ________ cortex.
prefrontal
Imagine that you are suffering chronic pain from a medical condition that cannot be treated. In order to minimize the long-term emotional response to your pain, you would choose a modification of your
prefrontal cortex
The ________ plays a key role in short-term memory for all sensory systems.
prefrontal cortex
Weinberger argues that the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are related to decreased activity of the dorsolateral _______.
prefrontal cortex
Imagine that you are suffering chronic pain from a medical condition that cannot be treated.In order to minimize the long-term emotional response to your pain, you would choose amodification of your
prefrontal cortex.
There is some evidence that the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by abnormalities of the brain, especially in the _____________________________
prefrontal cortex.
Inadequate activation of the _________ and enhanced activation of the _________ together may result in excessive anger, even leading to harm to others.
prefrontal cortex; amygdala
Inadequate activation of the _________ and enhanced activation of the _________ together may result in excessive anger, even leading to harm to others.
prefrontal cortex; amygdala
The combination of inadequate activation of the ________ and enhanced activation of the ________ may result in excessive anger that results in harm to other persons
prefrontal cortex; amygdala
Sound is a series of _______ changes in the _______.
pressure; air
The pinna and external auditory meatus collect _______ waves, change them slightly, and direct them to the ___________.
pressure; tympanic membrane
Autoreceptors are located on the ________ and detect ________ .
presynaptic membrane; the transmitter released by that neuron
Autoreceptors are located on the _______ and detect _______.
presynaptic membrane; the transmitter released by that neuron Rationale: Autoreceptors located on the presynaptic membrane detect the transmitter released by that neuron and in turn dampen the release of that transmitter.
Placing neurons and their synaptic contacts into a medium containing no calcium ionswould be expected to
prevent the release of NT into the synapse
Placing neurons and their synaptic contacts into a medium containing no calcium ions would be expected to
prevent the release of neurotransmitter into the synapse. Rationale: Maintaining a neuron is a low calcium medium would be expected to prevent the release of neurotransmitter into the synapse.
core region
primary auditory cortex, located on a gyrus on the dorsal surface of temporal lobe
In 1870, Fritsch and Hitzig reported that electrical stimulation of the ________ in dogs resulted in muscle contractions of ________.
primary motor cortex; the opposite side of the body
Traumatic injuries to the _________ can leave the primitive visual system unharmed, which can __________ even if visual stimulation remains unconscious.
primary visual cortex; guide movements of the hands
"Autotopagnosia" involves _______ and is produced by damage to the _______.
problems in naming one's own body parts; left parietal lobe
"Autotopagnosia" is caused by damage to the _______ and involves _______.
problems in naming one's own body parts; left parietal lobe
The most likely consequence of damage positioned at the junction of the visual, auditory, and somatosensory association cortexes would be
problems in reading or writing.
What could be expected as a consequence of damage at the nexus of the visual, auditory and somatosensory association cortices?
problems in reading or writing.
Damage to the visual association cortex would be expected to produce
problems in recognizing an object by sight.
According to the James-Lange theory, feelings of emotions are
produced by feedback from the behaviors and physiological responses caused by emotion-producing situations.
The long-term emotional component of chronic pain is mediated by pathways that
project to the prefrontal cortex.
A drug that inactivates the enzyme acetylcholinesterase would be expected to
prolong the effects of acetylcholine in the synapse. Rationale: The effects of acetylcholine in the synapse would be prolonged by a drug that inactivates the enzyme acetylcholinesterase
olfactory bulb
protrustion at the end of the olfactory tract that receives input from olfactory receptors
The observation that a person with ________ cannot understand speech but can infer emotion from ________ suggests that word recognition and emotional vocal recognition are independent functions.
pure word deafness; tone of voice
Which brain region is NOT part of the limbic system?
putamen
The _______ extend from the ventricular zone to the pia mater
radial glia
The _______ extend from the ventricular zone to the pia mater.
radial glia
Low-pitched sounds are detected by the use of ________ by the cochlea.
rate coding
In the chapter vignette on violence and aggression, Steve
received a life sentence in prison.
dendrite
receives info from axons
hair cell
receptive cell of auditory apparatus
The amygdala is involved in ________, but not in ________.
recognition of facial expression; emotional expression
Memories can be altered or connected to newer memories through a process known as ________.
reconsolidation
The functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique is used to
record the neural activity of particular brain regions.
single unit recording
recording of the electrical activity of a single neuron
After a vesicle fuses with the presynaptic membrane and releases its contents into the synaptic cleft, the membrane is
recycled to form new vesicles. Rationale: The membrane of vesicles are recycled.
Which of the following is a main cause of stroke-induced brain damage?
reduced blood flow to a region of the brain.
Inactivation of the central amygdaloid nucleus results in
reduced blood levels of stress hormones
Tolerance, as a result of repeated drug use can be produced as a result of __________________.
reduced number of receptors for the drug.
Activation of a presynaptic autoreceptor on dendrites can produce a hyperpolarization that
reduces transmitter release by reducing the axon firing rate
You notice that your roommate has difficulty sleeping after consuming heavily caffeinated drinks. You know from your courses that caffeine can stimulate brain neurons that produce arousal (and that such arousal disturbs sleep function). If you suggest to your roommate that his/her insomnia reflects the action of caffeine on brain function, your explanation would involve the process of
reduction
The process of evolution
refers to a gradual change in the structure and function of a species
the process of evolution
refers to a gradual change in the structure and function of a species.
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
refers to nervous system outside the brain and spinal column -sensory/ motor -cranial nerves -autonomic NS
Whether ion channels open or close within the hair cell cilia
reflects tension exerted by the tip links on the insertional plaques
secondary cortex
region adjoining primary cortex that elaborates primary information and integrates it with other sensory information
primary cortex
region where primary sensory or motor information is processed
associational cortex
regions that are involved in conscious perception and abstract thought, including language
When depressed individuals are fed a diet low in tryptophan on one day and a cocktail high in amino acids (other than tryptophan) on the following day, they
relapse into depression.
The Morris water maze requires which of the following types of learning?
relational
The largest number of small vesicles would be expected to be located within the _______ of a neuron.
release zone
With regard to release of neurotransmitter in the brain, "kiss and run" refers to the situation in which the vesicle
releases most of its contents into the cleft after which the vesicle breaks away from the presynaptic membrane and is refilled. Rationale: "Kiss and run" refers to the situation in which a released vesicle releases most of its contents into the cleft after which the vesicle breaks away from the presynaptic membrane and is refilled.
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
represent a lack of normal behaviors
The negative symptoms of schizophrenia
represent the absence of normal behaviors
Aggressive behavior is most strongly related to
reproduction.
Long-lasting, long-term potentiation
requires protein synthesis.
Your textbook author views ________ as an indispensable use of animals.
research for the treatment of human disease
Study of the function of the living human brain in the past was difficult because
researchers have to wait for the natural death of a brain-damaged human.
A key problem for the use of ________ in the treatment of high blood pressure is the induction of depression.
reserpine
A key problem for the use of ________ in the treatment of high blood pressure is the induction ofdepression.
reserpine.
The functions of the hindbrain involve each of the following
respiration, heartbeat, and motor coordination
High threshold mechanoreceptors
respond to intense pressure, striking, stretching or pinching of the skin
The difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of an undisturbed axon membrane is what type of potential?
resting membrane
The _______ potential is defined as the difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of an undisturbed axon membrane.
resting membrane Rationale: The resting membrane potential is defined as the difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of an undisturbed axon membrane.
This occurs when cannabinoid receptors activated THC:
results in analgesia.
The ________ labeling method uses chemicals that are taken up by terminal buttons and are then transported back to the cell body.
retrograde
Which of the following means "moving backwards"?
retrograde
Which term below means "moving backward"?
retrograde
The ________ method can be used to identify the neural inputs to a brain region.
retrograde labeling
The postsynaptic potentials induced by most neurotransmitters are ended by
reuptake of the molecule into the axon terminal. Rationale: The reuptake process is the most common means of terminating a postsynaptic potential.
ventral tegmental area (VTA)
reward system
The ____________ is/are the neuronal site(s) of protein production.
ribosomes
Which of the following structures is the site of production of proteins?
ribosomes Rationale: Ribosomes located outside of the nucleus cause protein production.
Proteins are produced within the neuron cytoplasm by
ribosomes.
PET studies indicate that the comprehension of emotion from tone of voice increased the activity of the
right frontal cortex.
You have just become a neurologist. (Congratulations!) Your first patient is partially paralyzed on the left side of his body. You might suspect that he has suffered damage to what area of the cerebral cortex?
right frontal lobe
The ability to recognize emotions expressed by others is most likely to be impaired after damage to the
right hemisphere
The ability to recognize emotions expressed by others is most likely to be impaired afterdamage to the
right hemisphere.
In the chapter vignette, Miss S. suffered a stroke involving her _____. The key deficit was _____.
right hemisphere; unilateral neglect
On which of the following does serotonin seem to exert a controlling effect?
risky behaviors.
The text author suggests that serotonin exerts a controlling effect on
risky behaviors.
On a mouse, the eyes are more ____ than the front legs.
rostral
Deafness caused by blockage of the ________ can be treated ________.
round window; by drilling a tiny hole to create a new round window
propioception enabled by what receptor
ruffini corpuscles
Which of the following sets of terms do NOT belong together?
saltatory conduction; slower conduction speeds in smaller neurons Rationale: Saltatory conduction results in more rapid conduction speeds in smaller neurons
Sodium channels play a key role in the perception of
salts
The middle chamber of organ of Corti is the
scala media
The cochlea is a long coiled tube, with three channels divided by two thin membranes. The top tube is the _________, which is connected to the ________.
scala vestibuli; oval window
Which of the following techniques can reveal the three-dimensional detail of the cells within a brain section?
scanning electron microscopy
Chlorpromazine was initially developed to prevent surgical shock, but was later found to be an effective treatment for
schizophrenia
The term ________ refers to "split-mind."
schizophrenia
Abnormal brain levels of dopamine are associated with
schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease.
Chlorpromazine wasn't always known to be effective for ___________, but was originally developed to prevent ____________.
schizophrenia, surgical shock
The mood disorder characterized by depression, lethargy, sleep disturbances, craving for carbohydrates, and weight gain is called ________.
seasonal affective disorder
The mood disorder characterized by depression, lethargy, sleep disturbances, craving for carbohydrates, and weight gain is called
seasonal affective disorder.
parabelt region
second level of the auditory association cortex, surrounds the belt region
Neuromodulators are
secreted from neurons, but dispersed widely in the brain.
Neuromodulators are
secreted from neurons, but dispersed widely in the brain. Rationale: Neuromodulators are secreted from neurons, but dispersed widely in the brain.38
A ________ is a thin slice of brain used in histology.
section
"Paris is the capital of France" is an example of:
semantic memory.
The ________ sense sudden changes in the rotation of the head.
semicircular canals
The ________ sense sudden rotation of the head.
semicircular canals
Which of the following respond to angular acceleration (rotation of the head)?
semicircular canals
axons
send info to dendrites
If the dose-response profile of a drug shifts to the left after repeated administration, what has occurred?
sensitization
Location of cold sensors
sensors are located just beneath epidermis
According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following is most important for the subjective experience of an emotion?
sensory feedback from muscles and internal organs
organ of corti
sensory organ on the basilar membrane that contains the auditory hair cells
thalamus
sensory relay center to cortex
__________ projection neurons ___________ the prefrontal cortex.
serotonergic; activated
Elevated brain levels of the transmitter ________ function to inhibit aggression
serotonin
Tryptophan is the precursor for the synthesis of ______________.
serotonin
Which of the following neurotransmitters, when elevated, inhibit aggressive behaviors?
serotonin
Drugs that effectively reduce obsessions in OCD are
serotonin agonists
A(n) ________ allows an experimenter to determine whether a brain lesion produced a behavioral effect.
sham-lesion control group
_________ memory lasts on the order of seconds.
short-term
People with anterograde amnesia
show impairment of complex relational learning.
A female rodent exposed to high levels of testosterone while in the mother's uterus is likely to
show more interfemale aggression as an adult.
Ekman's research on the recognition of facial emotion expression
showed that all cultures are able to recognize six basic emotions
Studies by Ekman and colleagues suggest that
simulated facial emotional expression changes sympathetic activity.
glabrous skin
skin that does not contain hair palms of hands and soles of feet
pons
sleep and dreaming
Mothers who ________ show an increased risk of having a schizophrenic child.
smoke
The term "glabrous," as it pertains to skin, means
smooth
cochlea
snail shaped structure of the inner ear that contains the auditory transducing mechanisms
Movement of _______ ions _______ the axon would be induced by the force of diffusion.
sodium; into Rationale: The force of diffusion would tend to force sodium ions into the axon.
The nucleus of the nerve cell is located within the
soma.
The _______ branch of the nervous system is under involuntary, unconscious control.
somatic
The _______ branch of the nervous system is under voluntary, conscious control.
somatic
The _______ nervous system is responsible for voluntary control over the body muscles.
somatic
The sensory experience of pain involves activation of the ________ cortex.
somatosensory
A person with damage to this region might have trouble drawing maps or following them.
somatosensory association cortex
Imaging studies indicate that the ________ plays a key role in the perceived intensity of pain, while the activity of the ________ is related to the unpleasantness of pain.
somatosensory cortex; anterior cingulate cortex
Imaging studies indicate that the ________ plays a key role in the perceived intensity of pain,while the activity of the ________ is related to the unpleasantness of pain.
somatosensory cortex; anterior cingulate cortex
In the human auditory system, the analysis of "what" corresponds to ________, whereas the analysis of "where" corresponds to ________.
sound identity; location of a sound
Which of the following is a correct match between a taste receptor and the chemical sensed by that receptor?
sourness; presence of an acid
parietal lobe
spatial awareness; bodily sense perception
The right hippocampal formation is activated by
spatial information
Susceptibility to develop affective disorder is most strongly associated with
specific chromosomes linked to sleep and circadian rhythms
The spinal cord is contained within an aperture of the vertebrae called the
spinal foramens
Which of following reveals the details of neuron structure in a brain section?
stains
Low frequency sounds
stimulate the apex
photostimulation
stimulation of cells with ion channels sensitive to light of certain wavelenghts
transcranial magnetic stimulation
stimulation of the cerebral cortex by means of magnetic fields produced by passing pulses of electricity through a coil of wire placed next to the skull; interferes with the functions of the brain region that is stimulated
stapes
stirrup, last of three ossicles
John has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and has shown improvement in positive symptoms while taking chlorpromazine (CPZ). You would expect his positive schizophrenia symptoms to return if John
stops taking CPZ and takes part in a cocaine party.
Prolonged stress can result in cardiovascular disease because
stress can increase blood pressure
Due to the cable properties of axons
subthreshold signals degrade with distance from the point of stimulation.
The cable properties of axons refer to the fact that
subthreshold signals degrade with distance from the point of stimulation.
Among the cable properties of axons are the fact that
subthreshold signals degrade with distance from the point of stimulation. Rationale: Subthreshold local potentials degrade with distance from the point of stimulation.
A _______ refers to a small groove on the surface of the human cortex.
sulcus
Which of the following terms means "above" when referring to the human brain?
superior
Moving your arm in response to a threatening stimulus is affected by the
supplemental motor area.
Evidence from animal and human studies shows that most antidepressant drugs
suppress REM sleep.
Tigers and cats are unable to sense which of the following taste qualities?
sweetness
The "fight or flight" response originates in the _____ nervous system
sympathetic
The ____ portion of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for dilating the pupils of the eye.
sympathetic
The _______ comprise the autonomic nervous system.
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
The _______ make up the autonomic nervous system.
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Sympathetic nervous system motor neurons project to the __________ from the ________.
sympathetic ganglia; gray matter of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord
What is the term for the space between adjacent neurons across which neurotransmitters diffuse?
synapse
The physical gap that carries a neural message between two nerve cells is the
synapse Rationale: The synapse is the physical gap that carries a neural message between two nerve cells.
Older antipsychotic drugs such as chlorpromazine can produce a type of motor disorder known as ________.
tardive dyskinesia
Umami
taste sensation produced by glutamate identifies the presence of amino acids in foods
In the story discussed in the textbook, how was botulism contracted?
tasting the liquid from a spoiled jar of asparagus.
The midbrain is comprised of the
tectum and tegmentum
The word ___________ means "endbrain."
telencephalon
Which of the terms below means "endbrain"?
telencephalon
The _______ lobe of the cortex contains primary auditory cortex.
temporal
A transient ischemic attack involves the
temporary loss of neural function brought on by blood clots in the brain.
A key function of apoptosis is to
terminate the formation of new neurons within the developing brain.
Which of the following hormones, when introduced daily to a female mouse, will make the treated female more likely to fight with a strange female mouse than placebo?
testosterone
The sleep and awake states of consciousness are controlled by what bulb-shaped part of the limbic system?
thalamus
This structure is part of the diencephalon.
thalamus
What are the two most important structures of the diencephalon?
thalamus and hypothalamus
Johannes Müller proposed
that the brain is divided into different functional areas with each receiving signals from a different set of nerves.
A key advantage of the microdialysis technique is
the ability to sample transmitter substances in an awake living organism.
The loudness of a sound is related to
the amplitude of sound vibration
formalin
the aqueous solution of formaldehyde gas ; the most commonly used tissue fixative
Which part of the neuron sends information to the terminal buttons?
the axon
Communication of neural signals across the synapse involves
the binding of transmitter at postsynaptic receptors triggering membrane potentials. Rationale: Communication of neural signals across the synapse involves the release of a transmitter from the axon terminal, which binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
Based on the evidence cited in your text, which brain region would be considered as a key target for pharmacological modification to provide relief for a person suffering from overly intense emotional reactions?
the central nucleus of the amygdala
Imagine you receive a patient that is suffering from extremely intense emotional reactions to various stimuli. Which brain region would you want pharmacological treatment to target?
the central nucleus of the amygdala
Which brain structure has the greatest number of neurons?
the cerebellum
The precise localization of sound vibration along the basilar membrane reflects
the contractile capacity of outer hair cells.
The cerebral cortex has a grayish-tan appearance because
the cortex contains many cell bodies
Cutaneous receptors signal information about stimuli that interact with
the external surface of the skin.
If CSF is being made 24 hours a day, why doesnt the brain overflow with fluid?
the fluid drains through arachnoid granulations into the blood
overtone
the frequency of complex tones that occurs at multiples of the fundamental frequency
malleus
the hammer, one of three ossicles
The first defense within the nose, mouth, throat, and lungs against infectious microbes is
the immunoglobulin IgA.
A functional-imaging study by Iacoboni (2005) suggests that the mirror neuron system encodes not only an action, but also ________.
the intent of the action
bregma
the junction of the saggital and coronal sutures of the skull; often used as a reference point for stereotaxic brain surgery
Sensory input from the retinas travel through this structure before it is sent to the primary visual cortex.
the lateral geniculate nucleus
A mad scientist is stimulating the motor cortex on the right side of his patient's brain. Which part of the patient's body is likely to respond?
the left foot
The neuraxis is an imaginary line that extends from ______.
the lower end of the spinal cord to the front tip of the brain
Saltatory conduction is __________.
the mechanism by which an action potential is propagated along the axon of a myelinated neuron.
monism
the mind and body are one
dualism
the mind and body are separate entities
Descartes's view of the mind-body was unique in that he argued that
the mind controls the movements of the body.
An increased risk of developing schizophrenia is associated with
the mother experiencing obstetric complications.
In a myelinated axon, ions can enter and leave the axonal membrane only at
the nodes of Ranvier. Rationale: Ions enter/leave the myelinated axon only at the nodes of Ranvier
Ugo Cerletti delivered electrical shock to the brains of mental patients because he believed that
the occurrence of a brain seizure appeared to reduce symptoms in psychiatric patients.
What is the primary disadvantage of positron emission tomography (PET)?
the operating cost of the scanner.
The cerebral cortex of an embryo has formed four of the six layers it will eventually form. Which layer contains the newest cells?
the outermost layer
Melzak argues that phantom limb sensation in an amputee occurs because
the parietal cortex is programmed to perceive activity from each of four limbs.
The cochlea codes the pitch of a sound by
the place of maximal vibration.
insertional plaque
the point of attachment of a tip link to a cilium where receptor potentials are triggered contains an ion channel which opens and closes according to the amount of stretch exerted by tip links
A useful attribute of immediate early genes for neuron visualization techniques is that
the presence of the gene product in the nucleus is a marker of neuron activation.
Where would you expect pain information from a sore shoulder to be processed in the brain?
the primary somatosensory cortex
perfusion
the process by which an animal's blood is replaced by a fluid such as a saline solution or a fixative in preparing the brain for histological examination
in situ hybridization
the production of RNA that is complementary to a particular messenger RNA in order to detect the presence of the messenger RNA
Hans Selye argued that ill health noted after stress exposure reflects
the prolonged secretion of glucocorticoids.
What is the main advantage of using pseudorabies virus for tracing as opposed to anterograde and retrograde labeling?
the pseudorabies virus can identify serial connections among two or more neurons.
A key function of the right hemisphere is
the recognition of emotions.
Simple perceptual learning involves
the recognition of particular stimuli or categories of stimuli.
The process of phagocytosis involves
the removal of neuronal debris.
experimental abalation
the removal or destruction of a portion of the brain of a laboratory animal; presumably , the function that can no longer be performed are the ones the region previously controlled
You have just become a neurologist. (Congratulations!) Your first patient is partially paralyzed on the left side of his body. You might suspect that he has suffered damage to what area of the cerebral cortex?
the right frontal lobe
Which of the following identifies two ipsilateral structures?
the right knee and the right arm (same side of body)
The proposition that facial expressions of emotion are innate is supported by the observation that
the same facial expression for an emotion is observed in all cultures.
The proposition that facial expressions of emotion are innate is supported by the observationthat
the same facial expression for an emotion is observed in all cultures.
Signals are carried across the synapse by
the secretion of transmitter molecules into the synapse. Rationale: The signal from the presynaptic axon terminal is carried across the synapse by secretion of a transmitter into the synapse.
Sodium ions move out of the axon because of
the sodium-potassium transporter. Rationale: The sodium-potassium transporter acts to move sodium ions out of the axon.
Which of the following persons would be expected to take more time to heal from a cut on his orher hand?
the spouse of an Alzheimer's patient
A key disadvantage of the electrical stimulation technique is that
the stimulation does not always duplicate natural neural processes.
Which later of the meninges contains the cerebrospinal fluid?
the subarachnoid space
place code
the system by which information about different frequencies is coded by different locations on basilar membrane
Stretch receptors in the Golgi tenden organ detect _____________.
the total amount of stretch exerted by the muscle, through its tendons, on the bones to which the muscle is attached
computerized tomography (CT)
the use of a device that employs a computer to analyze data obtained by a scanning beam of x rays to produce a two dimensional picture of a slice through the brain
While investigating the speed of nerve conduction, Hermann von Helmholtz found that
the velocity of nerve conduction is slower in nerves than in wires.
A patient who suffered an injury has difficulty recognizing objects such as an apple and shovel by sight. Which of the following is the most likely location for the injury?
the visual association cortex
A major problem for the use of lithium in psychiatry is that
there is a narrow therapeutic index for lithium.
location of warmth sensors
these sensors located more deeply in the skin
Which ventricle's walls divide the surrounding part of the brain into symmetrical halves?
third ventricle
Function of Meisner's corpuscle
this receptor detects edge contours and braille like stimuli, especially by fingertips
Function of merkel's disk
this receptor detects form and roughness especially by fingerips
Hair follicle ending
this receptor detects movement of hair
function of pacinian corpuslce
this receptor detects vibration, information from end of elongated object being held such as a tool
Development of the brain begins about __ weeks after conception
three
Semicircular canal
three ringlike structures of vestibular apparatus that detect changes in head rotation responds to angular acceeration
Generally, how long is the depression that follows mania in an individual with bipolar disorder?
three times longer than the mania
The _______ is the voltage level at which an action potential is triggered in a patch of axon membrane.
threshold of excitation Rationale: The threshold of excitation is that value of membrane potential at which an action potential is triggered.
Which of the following is an example of a personal moral dilemma?
throwing another person onto a grenade in order to save a larger group
________ is an example of a personal moral dilemma
throwing another person onto a grenade in order to save a larger group
Patient G.L. suffered damage to large-diameter myelinated axons that serve her face; we would expect that she would have difficulty in detecting a(n)
tickle of her forehead
The complexity of a sound wave determines the psychological dimension known as
timbre
The cerebellum seems to play a key role in the ________ that are too rapid to adjust based on feedback.
timing of movements
The ossicles are
tiny bones located within the middle ear
Adjacent cilia on a hair cell are joined together by
tip links
Primary auditory cortex is said to be organized in a(n) ________ fashion.
tonotopic
The ________ route is the slowest way for a drug to reach the brain.
topical
The only treatment(s) that produce(s) an immediate lifting of depression is (are)
total sleep deprivation or injection of ketamine.
Meissner's corpuscle
touch sensitive end organ located in the papillae, small elevations of derms that project up in the epidermis
Merkel's disk
touch sensitive organs fond at base of epidermis, adjacent to sweat ducts
The term "rostral" means
toward the beak or snout.
An alternative to electroconvulsive shock for the treatment of bipolar disorder is the use of
transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Cross sections that resemble those of a salami and are perpendicular to the neuraxis are produced by a _______ section of the human brain.
transverse
Cross sections that resemble those of a salami and are perpendicular to the neuraxis are produced by a _______ section of the human brain.
transverse
A _______ section through the spinal cord is parallel to the ground, and a _______ section made through the human brain and is parallel to the ground
transverse; horizontal
The specific compulsion known as ________ involves hair pulling.
trichotillomania
Although the Cochlear duct seems to get smaller toward the apex, the basilar membrane actually gets wider.
true
Alzheimer's disease-related neurofibrillary pathology differs in the hypothalamus of men and women.
true
Barnes et al. found that each unit increase in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology was associated with a 3-fold increase in AD risk in men, but an over 20-fold increase in AD risk in women
true
Genetic mechanisms can induce sex differences in the brain independently of hormone action.
true
If the middle-ear apparatus (ear drum and ossicles) were absent, then sound reaching the oval and round windows would be largely reflected.
true
Physical characteristics of the basilar membrane cause different frequencies to reach maximum amplitudes at different positions.
true
The function of the semicircular canals are to detect sudden head rotations.
true
What antidepressants are monoaminergic (MAO) agonists?
trycyclic antidepressants, SSRIs, and SNRIs
Depression is nearly ______ as likely in _______.
twice; women than men
A person with ________ allele(s) of the gene for the ________ transporter is at risk for depression.
two short; serotonin
The full physical basis for learning, language, and general intelligence is put into place during the first ____ of a person's life
two years
Another name for the eardrum is the
tympanic membrane
Another name for the eardrum is the ________.
tympanic membrane
What substance is used by neurons to synthesize dopamine?
tyrosine
Which of the following is the precursor for the synthesis of dopamine?
tyrosine
The taste known as ________ allows us to detect glutamate in proteins.
umami
In the majority of situations, an individual would be ____ of the workings of the autonomic nervous system
unaware
Classical conditioning occurs when __________ stimuli and responses are transformed into ____________ stimuli and responses.
unconditional, conditional
In addition to partial paralysis after a stroke, Mr. V. showed a loss of
understanding of the long-term implications of his stroke
The inability to notice objects placed to the left side of a person is an example of:
unilateral neglect
Loss of dendritic branches on _______ would be expected to impair the ability to sense temperature and touch. If a loss of a ________'s dendritic branches were to occur, we could expect an impairment in the ability to sense temperature and touch.
unipolar neurons
Loss of dendritic branches on _______ would be expected to impair the ability to sense temperature and touch.
unipolar neurons Rationale: Damage to unipolar neurons would be expected to impair touch and temperature sensing.
sensory - afferent neurons
used to convey information about environment to the brain
interneurons
used to facilitate interactions within CNS
motor- efferent neurons
used ton control action/ movement
The form of anxiety known as panic disorder
usually appears in young adulthood
The _______ nerve is named for its wandering course in the thoracic and abdominal body cavities.
vagus
Consider the therapeutic index. Of the drugs listed below, ______________ would have the largest.
valium
Successive pages of a stereotaxic atlas refer to
various distances relative to bregma.
The ________ nuclei are the relay nuclei for somatosensation.
ventral posterior thalamic
To send information to the nucleus accumbens, the _________ uses _________.
ventral tegmental area; dopamine
The mesolimbic pathway projects from the ________ to the ________.
ventral tegmental area; nucleus accumbens and amygdale
In the visual cortex, the ________ stream is involved with object recognition, whereas the ________ stream is involved with perception of the location of objects.
ventral, dorsal
The anterior end of the neural tube will eventually form 3 interconnected channels called the
ventricles
The rostral end of the neural tube at 28 days will eventually form 3 interconnected channels known as the
ventricles
The four hollow and interconnected spaces within the brain form the
ventricles.
The _______ is the origin of the cells that form the central nervous system
ventricular zone
Damage to the ________ cortex impairs the extinction of a conditioned emotional response.
ventromedial prefrontal
Which of the following cortical regions plays a role in analyzing social situations?
ventromedial prefrontal
Inputs originating from which of the following structures inhibit emotional responses?
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
The expression of emotional responses is inhibited by inputs from the
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Which of the following regions show strong activation due to personal moral dilemmas?
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
After being injured by a steel rod driven through his skull, Phineas Gage exhibited emotional, uninhibited behavior as a result of damage to which of the following structures?
ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
Functional imaging studies of the brain during decision-making suggest that personal moral dilemmas strongly activate the
ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
Phineas Gage, who was injured when a steel rod was accidentally driven through his skull, exhibited capricious, emotional behavior (in part) as a result of widespread damage to his
ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
Movement of the basilar membrane farthest away from the oval window is maximal for a
very low pitch
The term ________ is derived from the word meaning "little bladder."
vesicle
The term _______ is derived from the word meaning "little bladder."
vesicle Rationale: The term vesicle means "little bladder."
The utricle and saccule are components of the
vestibular sacs
Two components of vestibular system
vestibular sacs, semicircular canals
The labyrinths of the inner ear are comprised of the cochlea, the ________, and the ________.
vestibular sacs; semicircular canals.
The _______ senses send information to primary sensory cortex on the contralateral side of the brain.
vision, audition, somatosensory
occipital lobe
vision; motion and color perception
Persons who have damage to their _______ association cortex would have difficulty in recognizing objects by sight.
visual
The _______ system is the only sensory system for which the cell bodies of the incoming axons are located inside the CNS.
visual
Which sensory system's afferent cell bodies are located within the CNS?
visual
Functional-imaging studies have shown that specific types of short-term visual memories involve activity of specific regions of the
visual association cortex.
superior calliculus
visual tracking
The perception of odors begins with the inhalation and transport of ________ aromas to the olfactory mucosa.
volatile
Individuals who have ________ have difficulty in moving the facial muscles voluntarily.
volitional facial paresis
The NMDA receptor is unusual in that it is ________-dependent and ________- dependent.
voltage; neurotransmitter
In a giant squid physiology __________ experiment, the primary function is to ______________.
voltmeter; compare the electric charge of the interior with that of the exterior
The function of a _______ in a giant squid physiology experiment is to _______.
voltmeter; compare the electric charge of the interior with that of the exterior Rationale: The voltmeter compares the electric charge of the interior with that of the exterior.
People with volitional facial paresis are unable to
voluntarily move the facial muscles.
___________ could be expected to be caused by the activation of cells within the __________ by a poison in the blood.
vomiting; area postrema
The unique aspect of Patient S.P. is that after removal of her right amygdala, she
was unable to recognize her own facial emotional expressions.
fenestration
when individuals have middle ear disease, creates a round window
With regard to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
women are more likely than men to develop PTSD
________ is an example of an obsession.
worrying about cleanliness
Identical, long stretches of DNA found in mice, rats, and humans
would not occur by chance
Which of the following is an example of a lateralized function of the brain?
writing
