PSB 3002- Final

Which of the following is true of the evolution of the human brain?

Comparisons of brain size within the primate family require an adjustment for body size.

________ is considered the father of modern philosophy.

D. René Descartes

Studies suggest that schizophrenia may be associated with an increased number of ________ receptors within the brain.

D2

Studies suggest that schizophrenia may be associated with an increased sensitivity of ________ receptors within the ________.

D2; cortex

A drug company seeking to develop a new antischizophrenic drug would want to develop a drug that reverses both positive and negative symptoms but that avoids blocking ________receptors within the ________ of the schizophrenic brain.

D2; striatum

Which of the following is true of hair cells?

Damage to the inner hair cells impairs hearing

________ argued that human emotional expression evolved from similar expressions in other animals

Darwin

Declarative memory is _______ and nondeclarative memory is _________.

"knowing what" ; "knowing how"

A key function of the autonomic nervous system includes the control of a. the striatal muscle.

"vegetative" processes

The Pacinian corpuscle is

(All of the above) the largest cutaneous receptor. the most deeply positioned cutaneous receptor. fast adapting.

Which of the following disorders demonstrate sex differences in incidence and/or nature?

(All of the above) Alzheimer's disease Irritable bowel syndrome Autism

What treatment, used to relieve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, shows promise as a therapy for treatment resistant depression?

Deep-brain stimulation

What causes Huntington's disease?

Degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen

________ are beliefs that are contrary to fact.

Delusions

Microdyalisis

Detect transmitter substances and metabolites; can be chronically implanted

in situ hybridization (ISH)

Determines NT-producing level and location by radioactively labeling mRNA or DNA

The normal resting membrane potential of a giant squid axon is about ________.

-70 mV with the inside of the cell negative to the outside.

Immunocytochemistry (ICC)

-Allows one to visualise enzyme amount and location within particular cells by tagging primary and secondary antibodies -Can be used to determine where and how much NT-producing ability neurones have

forebrain

-basial ganglia -thalamus -hypothalamus -hippocampus -amygdala

midbrain

-inferior colliculus -superior colliculus -substantia nigra -ventral tegmental area (VTA)

hindbrain

-medulla -reticular formation -pons -cerebellum

The incidence of schizophrenia in the world population is approximately ________ percent.

1

3 ways to detect location of sound sources

1) phase difference for low frequencies 2) intensity differences - used for high frequencies 3) Timbre analysis to determine height of sound or infront of or behind us

3 types of meninges

1)dura mater (protects CNS tissue from rubbing the bones of skull and spine) 2)arachnoid (filled with csf) 3)pia mater (filled with blood vessels; brain surface)

The limit of magnification at which a light microscope can resolve the fine details of brain structure is X___

1,500

The minimum movement of the hair-cell tips that will generate a perceptible sound is

1-100 picometers

3 Tract-Tracing Techniques

1. Anterograde 2. Retrograde 3. Transneuronal

Which steps are involved in release of neurotransmitter into a synapse?

1. Depolarization 2. Entry of calcium 3. Opening of fusion pore 4. Release of neurotransmitter

Three landmarks used for stereotaxic surgery

1. Dura 2. Bregma 3. Midlinesutra

About _____ percent of human DNA contains genes; the remainder is referred to as ____ DNA.

1.5; junk

Three devices used in stereotaxic surgery

1.electrode 2.cannula 3.knife-holder

Which of the following is a principal function of the spinal cord?

Distribute motor fibers to the effector organs of the body and to collect somatosensory information to be passed on to the brain

Monozygotic twins may not have the same prenatal environment if they are____________________

Dizygotic

IPSP hyperpolarizing currents

Do carry neural information

The adult human brain weighs about _______ grams.

1400

When does development of the nervous system begin in humans?

18 days after conception

The ratio of inner to outer hair cells in the human cochlea is approximately

1:4

Recording the brain's metabolic and synaptic activity

2 deooxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiography, postiron emission tomography (PET) scan, fos protein stains,fMRI

Functional MRI studies show that the decision to make a spontaneous movement often occurs in the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) ______ the subject becomes aware of the decision.

2 to 3 seconds before

Which of the following techniques uses photographic emulsions to record the activity of discrete neurons.

2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiography

Which of the following techniques uses the necessity of active neurons needing more fuel in order to identify neural activity?

2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiography

The brain receives this portion of the blood that is pumped out of the heart

20 percent

The majority of schizophrenia cases will develop between the ages of

20-24.

spinal cord

24 vertebrae 31 pais of nerves

When would you first expect to see a structure in a human embryo that could be called a brain?

28 days after conception

When would you expect to be able to identify the telecephalon in a developing embryo?

28 days after conception?

Skilled movements such as those involved in playing the trombone would be handled primarily in this part of the brain.

282

About how long does it take for half the CSF to be replaced by fresh fluid?

3 hours

What kind of drug is Thorazine (chlorpromazine)?

Dopamine antagonist

Which of the following is true of dopamine receptors?

Dopamine receptors are metabotropic.

Recent studies indicate that humans may possess as many as ________ different olfactory receptor genes.

300-350

Humans can detect sound pressure waves that cycle between ________ and ________ times per second.

30; 20,000

Congenital amusia is found in about ________ percent of the population.

4

Which of the following is correct regarding CSF?

Drainage of CSF would result in compression of brain tissue onto the ventral skull surface.

Which of the following statements about drug effects is false?

Drugs continue to show increases of effect even with super-large doses

Low levels of brain ________ are correlated with risky behavior in males

5-HIAA

The ________ serotonin receptor subtype is classified as ___________ receptor.

5-HT3; an ionotropic

Which of the following is an outcome related to the discovery by Olds and Milner of "pleasure centers" in the brain?

Drugs of abuse appear to act via the same circuits discovered by Olds and Milner.

Which of the following is an outcome related to the discovery by Olds and Milner of "pleasurecenters" in the brain?

Drugs of abuse appear to act via the same circuits discovered by Olds and Milner.

Gustatory pathway

7th, 9th, 10th cranial nerves to nucleus of solitary tract in medulla, then to ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus, then to primary gustatory cortex.

A major difference between electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) and treatment using antidepressant drugs is that

ECT lifts depression faster than do antidepressant drugs.

Explain what is meant by decremental conduction.

: A subthreshold local potential degrades in size as it sweeps along the axon membrane(non-myelinated).

Which of the following is a similarity between hair cells of the cochlea and those of the vestibular sacs?

Each hair cell is activated by a shearing force exerted on the cilia

Which of the following is true of the neural coding of gustation?

Each odorant produces a different pattern of activity in the glomeruli.

Which of the following is true of the neural coding of olfaction?

Each odorant produces a different pattern of activity in the glomeruli.

Explain how a few hundred types of olfactory receptors can code for thousands of different odorants.

Each olfactory cilium contains one type of receptor and each glomerulus receives information from one type of receptor. An odorant molecule can bind to and activate, in varying intensity, different receptor types, which would generate a different pattern of firing within the olfactory system.

What kind of cells are produced during asymmetrical division?

Each progenitor cell produces one brain cell and one additional progenitor cell

How vestibular sacs work

Each sac contains a patch of receptive tissue, when orientation of head changes, otoconia small crystals produces a shearing force on cilia

Explain how the presence of myelin on an axon speeds up conduction velocity.

: In saltatory conduction, the axon is wrapped in a fatty membrane called myelin, which insulates the membrane from the extracellular fluid. In this case, the action potential does not have to depolarize every segment of membrane, only those at the widely separated nodes of Ranvier (gaps between the myelin segments).

Which kind of neuron has only one dendritic tree?

A bipolar neuron.

Knife-Cuts

A brain distraction technique used to disconnect brain regions from one another ~ sever fiber connections ~ investigate neurocircuitry underlying behavior

Caroline believes the government has agents following her twenty-four hours a day. What symptom of schizophrenia is Caroline exhibiting?

A delusion of persecution

How do the responses of the muscle spindle and tendon receptors differ in response to one's arm abruptly dropping?

A drop of the arm does not increase the strength by which the muscle is pulling so tendon receptors do not respond. The drop does change the length of the muscle, so muscle spindle receptors do not respond.

Which structure widens to allow neurotransmitter to exit a postsynaptic cell into a synapse?

A fusion pore.

Explain the significance of Hohman's (1966) study of spinal cord transection for the James-Lange theory of emotion

A key piece of support for James-Lange theory comes from Hohman (1966), who assessed the impact of spinal cord injury on emotional experience: the higher the level of the transection, the greater the interruption of sensory information to the brain, and the greater the decrement in the intensity of experienced emotion

Which of the following would be problematic for conclusions regarding the behavioral effects of brain lesions?

A lesion may change behavior due to the alterations to the function of other brain structures.

The article discusses a sex-dimorphic difference regarding the hemisphericlateralization of amygdala function in relation to memory for emotional material.What do such studies consistently indicate?

A preferential involvement of the LEFT amygdala for women, but a preferentialinvolvement of the RIGHT amygdala for men

Which of the following is true of embryonic neuron formation?

A progenitor cell forms a neuron and another progenitor cell during asymmetrical division

A medical researcher is doing muscle studies on various individuals. Which of the following would the researcher be most likely to find in the finger muscles of a professional violin? player

A ratio of about 1 alpha motor neuron axons to 8 muscle fibers in a single motor neuron.

A medical researcher is doing muscle studies on various individuals. Which of the following would the researcher be most likely to find in the finger muscles of a professional violin player?

A ratio of about 1 alpha motor neuron axons to 8 muscle fibers in a single motor unit.

A magician wants to slice a trusting volunteer along a sagittal plane. How will he proceed?

A sagittal plane is parallel to the neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground.

Which of the following would be most likely to provoke the strongest response of mirror neurons?

A skilled twelve-year old baseball player viewing the batting technique of a professional baseball player

Which of the following devices best captures the function of the midbrain?

A switchboard

Perfusion

A technique that involves saline being pushed through followed by a formaldehyde-based solution -prevents enzymatic degradation -makes brain hard enough to cut

Which is true of anterograde amnesia?

A. Patients with anterograde amnesia quite often show normal memory for events prior to the incident responsible for the memory deficit. B. Patients with anterograde amnesia have severely impaired ability to recall information about events occurring after the incident.

Which is true of anterograde amnesia?

A. They may not recognize people they met just moment's before. C. It results from a failure of memory encoding and storage.

ABA design

A: baseline behavior B: manipulation & record behavior A: return to baseline behavior Allows for animals to serve as their own control

The effects of acetylcholine are prolonged by drugs that inactivate the enzyme ________.

ACHe or acetylcholinesterase

An increased number of ______ receptors in the postsynaptic membrane strengthens the synapse.

AMPA

Long-term potentiation is associated with the movement of ________ to the _______.

AMPA receptors; tip of dendritic spines

LH (lateral hypothalamus)

ARC (arcuate nucleus) neurons project to the LH- connection essential for normal eating habits

ARC (arcuate nucleus)

ARC neurons project to the LH- important for normal eating habits

________ is the neurotransmitter released by the taste receptor cells.

ATP

Which of the following is the primary neurotransmittered secreted by motor axons in the central nervous system?

Acetylcholine

_______ is the transmitter secreted from both preganglionic and postganglionic axons of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Acetylcholine

Neurons are placed in a medium that contains all of the essential ions except calcium. What will occur when axons are stimulated?

Action potentials will occur, but no neurotransmitter will be released.

Short-term stimulation and recording

Acute

What noun refers to feelings and emotions?

Affect

This type of neuron carries information toward the brain

Afferent

_______ axons bear toward the brain.

Afferent

_______ axons conduct sensory information toward the brain

Afferent

_______ axons conduct sensory information toward the brain.

Afferent

Which of the following terms describes the ability of a particular drug moleculate to bind to a specific action site?

Affinity

After an action potential has begun and ended, by how much does the concentration of sodium in the cell change?

After a single action potential the sodium concentration in the cell stays largely unchanged

Which of the following is true of metabotropic receptors?

All of the above are correct.

Which statement is false about semantic dementia?

Although patients can no longer speak fluently, they remember the words and the meaning of words.

Why might it be problematic to demonstrate that amino acids can act like neurotransmitters?

Amino acids play a role in protein synthesis for all nerve cells.

Describe the types of emotional stimuli that activate cells within the amygdala.

Amygdala cells change their firing rate in response to the presentation of emotionally relevant stimuli. These responses cut across sensory domains (vision, audition) and can be conditioned (the sight of a syringe that was previously used to inject bitter substances in the mouth of the subject

Which of the following is true of the role of the amygdala for the recognition of emotion?

Amygdala damage impairs the ability to use facial expressions for emotion recognition.

What does the all-or-none law state?

An action potential always remains the same size.

What does the term "neuraxis" signify?

An imaginary line drawn through the spinal cord up to the front of the brain.

c-Fos

An immediate, early gene product -high c-Fos ICC levels in brain region means that brain region was active

Braun et al. exposed rodent pups to the stress of temporary separation from their mother as well as the mother's call. Which of the following was found?

An increase of serotonin receptors in the basomedial amygdala of male pups and a decrease of serotonin receptors in the same area of female pups

Lordosis

An increased curving of the spine- essential for female sexual receptivity in mice

A neuron releases neurotransmitter in a synapse that binds with receptors in the postsynaptic cell. The receptors cause potassium channels to open. What will result?

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential.

Which type of neuron is located entirely within the central nervous system (CNS)?

An interneuron.

The idea that natural events are the result of spirits would be most consistent with which view?

Animism

_______ are negatively charged particles.

Anions Rationale: A negatively charged particle is defined as a cation.

Which of the following outcomes strongly supports the notion that a place code is involved in detecting medium to high-pitched sounds?

Antibiotics can kill hair cells in a basal to apical direction and produce corresponding deficits in pitch perception.

_______ involves genetically-programmed cell death.

Apoptosis

Macroelectrodes

Apply large electrodes to someone's scalp to record cortical brain activity ie. in a sleep lab one could record cortical brain waves to differentiate sleep stages

Midlinesutra

Approximates the imaginary midline

Which is an example of a structural sex difference?

Areas of the cortex being thicker in females than males

____ argued that the function of the brain was to cool the passions of the heart.

Aristotle

Afferents

Arriving fibers

Which of the following is important for the acquisition of complex behaviors that become routine?

As a person becomes proficient in the behavior, the control of the process is transferred to the basal ganglia.

________ is a pervasive developmental disorder that involves deficient social interactions,stereotyped behavior, and obsessive interest in a narrow field.

Asperger's syndrome

What process may be at the root of a successful classical conditioning experiment?

Associative long-term potentiation Associative LTP is the increase of a weak synapse due to association with a strong synapse. Thus, an unrelated, neutral stimulus can come to trigger a specific response.

Which nerve cells do not transmit or receive information?

Astrocytes

Where is an action potential retriggered as it travels down a myelinated axon?

At each node of Ranvier.

Explain how changes in ion movements can result in an action potential

At rest, the interior of the axon membrane has more negative charges relative to the exterior. Movement of positive charges (sodium) into the axon results in the action potential (a rapid reversal of the membrane potential).

Sodium moves across the axon membrane during an action potential because of

Concentration forces and electrical forces

Which is true of the Morris Water Maze?

Conceptually, the task derives from place cells. It is often used as a general assay of cognitive function.

Explain how the brain codes for the spatial location of sound.

Auditory neurons are sensitive to the differences in the arrival times of an auditory stimulus (low frequency). A sound that occurs directly in front will arrive at the left and right ears at the same time; a sound that occurs to the left will arrive at the left ear sooner than at the right ear. High frequency sounds may be detected using differences in sound intensity.

________ are metabotropic receptors located in the presynaptic membrane that provide negative feedback onto transmitter release.

Autoreceptors

. Explain how autoreceptors dampen neuronal activity

Autoreceptors are sensitive to the transmitter released by a particular neuron. Activation of the autoreceptor produces negative feedback -- either reduced cell firing or reduced synthesis/release of the transmitter. The net effect is to modulate the amount of transmitter in the synapse (and at the postsynaptic receptors).

A research scientist investigating muscle structure is having a difficult time distinguishing alpha motor neuron axons from gamma motor neuron axons. What is the difference?

Axons from gamma motor neurons form synapses with intrafusal muscle fibers. Axons from alpha motor neurons form synapses with extrafusal muscle fibers on a skeletal muscle.

Which is true of the Morris Water Maze?

B. Conceptually, the task derives from place cells. C. It is often used as a general assay of cognitive function.

Which of the following is consistent with Blest's study of the impact of background pattern on consumption of worms by birds?

Backgrounds that contained eyespot patterns were avoided by the birds.

Stimulation and Recording Techniques

Based on the idea of the brain working electrically and chemically Can be: Short-term; long-term; in vito; in vitro

Which of the following is not a common feature of semantic and episodic memory?

Behavioral expression of what is retrieved is obligatory.

________ is the common name used today for the area that involves the study the physiology of behavior.

Behavioral neuroscience

Which of the following is a coordinated limb movement?

Bicycle pedaling

________ refers to alternating episodes of elation and sadness.

Bipolar disorder

Which is true of anterograde amnesia?

Both A and C.

Which statement is true?

Both: Taste buds contain each type of taste receptor cell. AND Taste buds are located on papillae and distributed on the surface of the tongue.

Injections of ________ can inhibit facial muscle movement and facial emotional expression.

Botox

Which of the below statements provides the best support for lesion studies?

Brain lesions may provide insight into the function of a specific area of the brain because of behavioral changes.

Stereotaxic Atlas

Brain map used in stereotaxic surgery for 3D accuracy

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

Brain scan that indicates brain activation while someone is engaging in a mental process

________ is (are) a common landmark or reference point used for stereotaxic surgery.

Bregma

How does decreased activity of the frontal cortex contribute to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

By increasing dopamine release from the nucleus accumbens.

Pyramidal cells of ____ send their axons to ____.

CA3; CA1

Which of the following is true of clozapine (CL)?

CL is less likely than chlorpromazine to produce tardive dyskinesia

Which of the following is true of CSF?

CSF flows from the lateral ventricles toward the fourth ventricle.

Describe the production, circulation, and reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid.

CSF is produced within the choroid plexus that lines the ventricles. CSF flows from the lateral ventricles through the third ventricle and through the fourth ventricle. CSF is eventually reabsorbed into the blood.

Why is saltatory conduction relatively rapid?

Cable properties carry the signal under the myelin sheath.

How do muscles cause movement in the body?

Calcium entering the muscle fiber releases energy from ATP and allows myosin molecules to "row" forward by attaching first to one actin, then bending toward the next actin in the strand, causing the entire section to shorten, or contract.

Which is true of NMDA receptors?

Calcium flux through NMDARs is thought to be critical in synaptic plasticity.

Which of the following is NOT consistent with the proposition that consciousness is a physiological function?

Consumption of food changes our ability to communicate.

Autoradiography

Can radioactively tag either NT receptors (hormone receptors ie. DA/testosterone) or glucose (brain uses for energy; 2-DG autoradiography used to quantify brain activity)

Which of the following is true of the impact of testosterone on aggressive behavior in males?

Castration of sex-offenders may reduce aggressive sexual attacks

_______ are positively charged ionic particles.

Cations Rationale: A positively charged particle is defined as a cation

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is also referred to as the__________.

Craniosacral system

Where are protein molecules and ion channels or pores imbedded?

Cell membrane

Which of the following is a feature of the central nervous system (CNS) but not the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Central nervous system nerves are encased in bone.

What does the viral hypothesis of schizophrenia predict?

Children born a few months after a flu outbreak are more likely to develop schizophrenia.

Why is there no net force on the chloride ion in a typical neuron?

Chloride has a concentration gradient leading into the cell but an electrostatic force leading out of the cell

Long-term stimulation and recording

Chronic

Which of the following is a structural sex difference?

Chronic stress causing more damage to the hippocampus in male than female rats and monkeys

Which ion has the greatest concentration outside the axon?

Cl-

Assume that the delay of reinforcement gradient is steeper in children with attention- deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD). Which of the following best explains the symptoms of ADHD?

Classroom behaviors have a long interval between behavior and reinforcement.

This type of cell carries information away from the brain

Efferent

_______ axons "bear away from" the brain.

Efferent

Which of the following agrees with the doctrine of specific nerve energies?

Electrical stimulation of a sensory nerve can evoke a specific sensation.

Brain Destruction Techniques

Electrolytic lesions Excitotoxic lesions NT-specific lesions Knife-cuts

How does enzymatic deactivation of a neurotransmitter occur?

Enzymes destroy molecules of the neurotransmitter

How does enzymatic deactivation occur?

Enzymes destroy molecules of the neurotransmitter.

VMH (ventramedial hypothalamus)

Essential for female sexual receptivity in mice (lordosis)

A scientist who holds a monistic philosophy would be comfortable with which of thefollowing statements?

Everything is made of matter and energy.

Which of the following, if true, would provide the strongest evidence that intellectual learning actually changes the structure of the brain?

Evidence of neurogenesis is seen in the hippocampus, the area of the brain involved in learning.

Efferents

Exiting fibers

A mutation that resulted in the loss of outer hair cells within the organ of Corti would be expected to result in total impairment of hearing.

False

According to Shors and colleagues, a brief exposure to a stressful learning situation (e.g., a series of tail shocks) decreases the density of hippocampal dendritic spines in male rats, but increases spine density in female rats

False

Barnes et al. found that each unit increase in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology was associated with a 3-fold increase in AD risk in women, but an over 20-fold increase in AD risk in men

False

Current glutamate drug research focuses on ionotropic glutamate receptors.

False

Despite recent technical advances in neurophysiology, it is still impossible to identify the physiological mechanisms of signal transduction for the detection and discrimination of various taste stimuli by the taste receptor cells.

False

GABA has been shown to have the same effect on neurons located in the substantia nigra of male and female rat pups

False

Humans can detect sound pressure waves that cycle between 20 and 30,000 times per second.

False

If no sex difference exists in a behavior, then it can be assumed that the neural substrates of that behavior are identical for the two sexes.

False

In rats and monkeys, chronic stress causes damage to the amygdala differently for males and females

False

In rats and monkeys, chronic stress causes damage to the hippocampus relatively similarly for males and females

False

Lalumiere and McGaugh suggest that stimulation of the left but not right hemisphere amygdala modulates memory storages in male rats.

False

Male patients with schizophrenia display marked facial hemispheric asymmetries that are absent in male healthy controls.

False

Men are more sensitive than women to the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants

False

Metabotropic receptors act as all-or-nothing signaling systems

False

Several studies consistently demonstrated a preferential involvement of the right amygdala in memory for emotional material in women.

False

Sex differences are confined to sexual behaviors, hormones, and the hypothalamus

False

Sex differences in the brain are thought to be relatively small

False

The branch of the eighth cranial nerve that conducts auditory signals to the brain is called the auditory lemniscus.

False

The differences within a sex are much more substantial than those between the sexes.

False

The laterality of the sexually dimorphic nature of the amygdala is not observed while men and women simply rest with the eyes closed.

False

The patterns of myelination in the hemispheres of male and female brains are relatively similar, suggesting that the cerebral asymmetry does not need to be analyzed separately for each sex.

False

The traveling wave causes the tympanic membrane and hence the Organ of Corti to move up and down.

False

The utricle and pinna are vestibular sacs.

False

Whether ion channels open or close within the hair cell cilia reflects tension exerted by the tip links on the ionotropic membrane receptors.

False

Women with Turner syndrome (who lack an X chromosome) show heightened responsiveness of the left hemisphere amygdala to emotional material.

False

Describe the three components of an emotional response.

Feelings are distinct from the responses that accompany an emotion. The three components are behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal. Behavioral responses include motor movements, facial expressions, posture, and tone of voice. Autonomic responses include specific changes in the sympathetic nervous system that provide energy for responding. Hormonal responses that reinforce the autonomic responses include release of norepinephrine and epinephrine as well as glucocorticoids

________ involves ________ of joints as in ________. ________ is ________ of joints as in ________.

Flexion, bending, drawing in a limb Extension, straightening, using antigravity muscles to stand

________ is a drug that can reduce symptoms of irritability and aggressiveness

Fluoxetine (or any serotonin agonist)

________ are a component of the somatosenses

Free nerve endings in the skin

Suppose you are performing a classical conditioning experiment on rats in which you paired a tone stimulus and an aversive stimulus, such as an intense electrical shock. What would you expect to observe in the animal if you presented the tone without the shock?

Freezing behavior

Suppose you are performing a classical conditioning experiment on rats in which you paired a tone stimulus and an aversive stimulus, such as an intense electrical shock. What would you expect to observe in the animal if you presented the tone without the shock?

Freezing behavior

Which of the following is true of rate coding along the basilar membrane?

Frequencies lower than 200 Hz are coded by a rate of firing that is cued to the movement of the apical end of the basilar membrane.

Juraska and colleagues found that female rats raised in an enriched environment displayed greater dendritic structure of dentate gyrus cells compared to males. This is an example of a ___________ difference.

Functional

Which of the following is false of GABA in the brain?

GABA is involved in Parkinson's disease.

Which of the following is a neurochemical sex difference?

GABA stimulation of substantia nigra cells in rat pups depolarizing the cells in males but hyperpolarizing them in females

Which pair of transmitters are the primary inhibitory and excitatory (respectively) transmitters in the brain?

GABA; glutamate

________ represent explanations used by all scientists.

Generalizations

Which kind of DNA codes for proteins?

Genes.

With regard to the treatment of addiction, why is it important for neuroscience to consider the sex of the individual?

Given that men and women do not undergo identical processes, identical therapeutics would subsequently not apply.

With regard to the treatment of addiction, why is it important for neuroscienceto consider the sex of the individual?

Given that men and women do not undergo identical processes, identical therapeutics would subsequently not apply.

How does glucose enter the brain from the capillaries?

Glucose transporters carry glucose across the blood-brain barrier to the brain.

The________ states that a weak synapse will be strengthened if its activation occurs at thesame time that the postsynaptic neuron fires.

Hebb rule

This might explain how neurons are changed by experience in a way that would cause changes in behavior.

Hebb rule

How did the neurosurgeons find out that clamping off Mrs. F.'s left common carotid artery produced insufficient blood flow to her brain?

Her EEG record showed slow wave activity.

Which of the following is false of opioid effects in brain?

Heroin is an example of an opioid receptor antagonist.

The __________ is larger in women than in men, this is an example of a ___________ difference

Hippocampus; structural

The philosopher ________ linked the brain to thought and emotion, whereas ________thought the function of the brain was to cool the heart

Hippocrates; Aristotle

Which of the following is correct with regard to the relation between brain size and body size?

Human brains are larger than other species when expressed relative to total body weight.

Explain how experience can affect brain development

Humans are unable to walk without being taught by parents as models?

________ of the frontal cortex contributes to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia by increasing the release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens.

Hypoactivity

Damage to this nerve might result in difficulty swallowing.

Hypoglossal nerve

Historically, which region of the brain was most notably associated with sex differences inthe brain?

Hypothalamus

Excitotoxic chemicals

Ibotenic acid (IBO) Quinolinic acid Kainic acid

In Vitro

In a dish; brain tissue kept to experiment on it

In Vito

In live, behaving animals

A "mad"scientists is interested in creating human beings with larger brains. Which stategy might he employ?

Increase the length of time in symmetrical and assymetrical division

Which of the following sex differences was found by Kilts et al. in their study of brain activation in response to drug cues?

Increased left amygdala activity in men, decreased left amygdala activity in women

Which of the following sex differences was found by Kilts et al. in their study of brain activation in response to drug cues?

Increased right amygdala activity in men, decreased right amygdala activity in women

Why are some antipsychotic drugs able to produce tardive dyskinesia?

Increased sensitivity of dopamine receptors

A sports scientist has a theory that top professional athletes get injured because they lack inhibitory input from Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) to reduce muscle contraction when contraction endangers the health of the muscle and joint itself. The scientist is looking for a drug that will beef up inhibitory input from GTOs to prevent athletes from exceeding their limit. Which of the following, if true, identifies the most serious flaw in the scientist's scheme?

Increasing GTO inhibition should cause a decrease in injuries by preventing over-exertion of muscles. However, it is probably this ability to contract muscles more intensely than other humans that gives these athletes an edge over rivals. So the performance of the athletes is likely to decline just as their injuries decline. In general, they will simply move more slowly overall.

Which of the following would produce an EPSP?

Influx of calcium

Excitotoxic lesions

Infuse certain chemicals using a cannula that over excite neurons so they die ~ cell body lesions~ spare axons of passage

IBO (ibotenic acid)

Infused into the VMH (through Excitotoxic lesions) to decrease lordosis without effecting eating habits of mice Infused in either the LH or ARC to cause eating issues in mice

6-OHDA

Infused into the striatum (through NT-specific lesions) to destroy Substantia Nigra to deplete the basal ganglia of its source of DA - animal modeled of Parkinson's Disease

3 Temporary Inactivation Techniques

Infusion of NT antagonist Local lidocaine TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)

Which of the following suggests the existence of the blood-brain barrier?

Injection of dye into the bloodstream stains all cells but those of the brain and spinal cord.

Identify two species-typical forms of aggression and the hormones that modulate these behaviors.

Intermale aggression occurs between two members of the same sex and species. It is dependent on early testosterone exposure and later adulthood levels of testosterone. Interfemale aggression is less common but can occur in primates just prior to menstruation

Which of the following is true of fuel used by the brain?

Interruption of blood flow for even a few seconds impairs brain function.

Long term emotional component of pain

Involves prefrontal cortex.

_ _____ receptors involve the direct opening of an ion channel, whereas metabotropic receptors involve the action of second messenger molecules inside the postsynaptic cell.

Ionotropic

________ receptors involve the direct opening of an ion channel, whereas metabotropic receptors involve the action of second messenger molecules inside the postsynaptic cell.

Ionotropic

How do metabotropic effects compare to ionotropic effects?

Ionotropic effects have more rapid onset and briefer duration than metabotropic effects

How do metabotropic effects compare to ionotropic effects?

Ionotropic effects have more rapid onset and briefer duration than metabotropic effects.

Contrast ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

Ionotropic receptors directly control ion channels, whereas metabotropic receptors use a series of intermediate steps, involving G-proteins, to modulate distant ion channels.

_______ are charged particles formed when an electrolyte dissolves in water.

Ions Rationale: A charged particle is known as an ion.

What makes an atypical antipsychotic drug atypical?

It can reverse schizophrenic symptoms without causing tardive dyskinesia

Which of the following statements aligns most closely with the mind body question?

It examines the relationship between consciousness and the brain.

The electrical charge on an axon is known as the membrane potential. Why is it called "potential"?

It represents stored energy.

What effect on behavior would you expect a drug that decreases dopaminergic activity witin the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to have?

It would induce both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

What could we expect of a drug that blocks the action of acetylcholinesterase?

It would prolong the effects of synaptic acetylcholine.

What would be the probable effect of a drug that decreases the flow of potassium through the voltage-gated potassium channels of the axon?

It would slow the return of the membrane to its resting potential.

The doctrine of specific nerve energies is attributed to _________________.

Johannes Müller

This scientist was one of the first to use experimental techniques in the study of physiology:

Johannes Müller

_________________ proposed the doctrine of specific nerve energies.

Johannes Müller

John has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and has shown improvement in positive symptoms while taking chlorpromazine (CPZ). Which of the actions below, if taken by John, would be expected to speed up his recovery from schizophrenia?

John takes reserpine in addition to CPZ.

Which of the following is true of long-term depression (LTD)?

LTD is associated with a decrease in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neuron.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is effective, but has some risks. What can be caused by excessive use of ECT?

Lasting memory impairment

People born during what time of year are more likely to develop schizophrenia?

Late winter, early spring

Students were debating how the supplementary motor area (SMA) studies of Lau relate to the philosophical idea of "free will" — whether or not humans have a free choice when they make decisions or whether their choices are predetermined in some way. Which of the following provides the strongest argument that Lau's experiment does not contradict the idea of free will?

Lau's study allows the individual to be "free" to choose any alternative he or she likes, but the choice originates in the unconscious, not the conscious part of the mind. Lau's results don't negate freedom to choose. They simply require that the there is a 2-3 second time lag between making the unconscious decision and conscious awareness of that decision.

Which statement best illustrates the James-Lange theory of emotion

Laugh and you will be happy

How do reflexes help a person regain balance when he leans forward too far?

Leaning forward stretches the calf muscle, causing muscle spindle afferents to fire. Motor neurons in the spinal cord receive this information and increase their firing rate to cause calf muscle shortening, which in turn pushes down the toes. Pushing down the toes corrects the balance of the person. ?

______________ refers to the process by which experiences change our nervous system and hence our behavior.

Learning

Which of the following is true of learning?

Learning involves the modification of the nervous system by experiences.

________ is an example of motor learning.

Learning to swing a golf club

Which of the following statements about neurochemical sexual dimorphisms is incorrect?

Levels of monoamine oxidase are significantly lower in several brain regions in women than in men.

Which of the following is a subcortical structure?

Limbic system

What is the most effective treatment for bipolar disorder?

Lithium

________ is (are) an effective treatment for bipolar depression.

Lithium

Stimulation techniques

Lower an electrode or cannula into the brain to stimulate endogenous signal

What were the first effective drugs used for the treatment of depression?

MAO inhibitors

Transneuronal Tract Tracing

Makes use of a virus that moves both forward and backwards from the infusion site -used to identify circuits

Imagine that all members of your class have been tested to determine the level of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in their cerebrospinal fluid. Which of the following would you predict using this information?

Male classmates with low 5-HIAA levels are unlikely to be alive ten years from now.

Imagine that you are doing a largescale longitudinal study in which you measure the levels of 5-HIAA (a serotonin metabolite) in the subjects' cerebrospinal fluid. Which would you predict about the data you gather?

Male classmates with low 5-HIAA levels are unlikely to be alive ten years from now.

Which of the following is structural difference between male and female schizophrenics?

Males demonstrating enlarged ventricles while females do not

________ involves feelings of intense elation.

Mania

_______ detect skin vibration

Mechanoreceptors

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding sex differences in addiction?

Men are more sensitive than men to the reinforcing effects of amphetamine and cocaine.

Which of the following is a persistent sex difference associated with schizophrenia?

Men with schizophrenia show significantly larger ventricles than do healthy men,whereas no such enlargement is seen in women with schizophrenia.

Rat research demonstrated that activating ________________ could reverse the effects of PCP

Metabotropic glutamate

Which of the following is NOT true of metabotropic receptors?

Metabotropic receptors control a single ion channel

Which of the following is NOT true of metabotropic receptors?

Metabotropic receptors control a single ion channel.

Which of the following is true of metabotropic receptors?

Metabotropic receptors expend energy. Metabotropic receptors are slower than ionotropic receptors. Metabotropic receptors control distant ion channels. Metabotropic receptors are closely associated with G proteins in the membrane. *All of the above are correct.

Brain areas activated in determining what a sound source is

Middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, and superior temporal gyrus ANTERIOR stream

Stimulation on a range

Minor - chemical and electrical activation Medium - transcranial magnetic stimulation Major - Excitotoxic lesions

________ are bead-like structures that extract energy from nutrients.

Mitochondria

Which of the following is a function of the autonomic component of an emotional response?

Mobilizing energy for vigorous movement

Which of the following is true of the action potential?

More sodium channels are opened at a lower voltage level than are the potassium channels. Rationale: The upswing of the action potential occurs because more sodium channels are opened at a lower voltage level than are the potassium channels.

Which of the following is an argument made by the text author regarding the use of animals by humans?

More suffering occurs with pet owning than with research.

Which of the following neurons serve to contract muscles?

Motor

_______ neurons function to contract muscles.

Motor Rationale: Motor neurons function to contract body muscles.

Which of the following is true of motor learning?

Motor learning involves changes in the motor pathways.

The axon of a motor neuron A fires a burst of action potentials a rate that have a 50 msec gap between impulses. A similar cell, motor neuron B, fires with a 20 msec gap between impulses. Which neuron is likely to produce a stronger muscular contraction?

Motor neuron B.

Which of the following is true of the human genome?

Much of the genome contains "junk" DNA. Rationale: Much of the genome contains "junk" DNA that does not code for specific proteins.

Which of the following best explains how genetic duplication might be responsible for the development of complex brains?

Multiple genes are duplicated. This means that the offspring will have one gene to perform the important functions and the other one to "experiment" with.

What causes the rigidity seen in a cat that has had its brainstem severed?

Muscle excitation is no longer opposed by inhibition.

________ was the primary symptom shown by Kathryn D

Muscle weakness

________ speeds up the velocity at which an axon can conduct an action potential.

Myelin

Which of the following was suggested as an advantage associated with myelination?

Myelin speeds up axon conduction speed. Rationale: Myelin makes for more rapid communication of nerve signals

Which is an advantage afforded by saltatory conduction?

Myelin speeds up the velocity at which an axon can conduct an action potential.

Which of the following is an important advantage associated with saltatory conduction?

Myelin speeds up the velocity at which an axon can conduct an action potential. Rationale: Myelin and saltatory conduction speed up the velocity at which an axon can conduct an action potential.

Why is the conduction velocity of an extremely large giant squid axon much slower than the velocity of a much smaller myelinated axon in a cat's spinal cord?

Myelination dramatically increases conduction velocity.

_______________ receptors are glutamate receptors found in the hippocampal formation that control calcium ion channels.

NMDA

CER is blocked by AP5 (_______) in the __________.

NMDA antagonist; amygdala

Which of the following is a false of NMDA receptors?

NMDA receptors are metabotropic.

When a neuron is at resting potential, where are the ions concentrated?

Na+ is concentrated externally; Cl- is concentrated externally; K+ is concentrated internally.

Amanda, a top tennis player, claims she can make a decision about how and where to return a serve after the ball has made contact with her racquet. Film studies show that this decision is made within a window of time of 20 milliseconds. Amanda claims that her decisions are conscious, requiring that thought be involved, meaning that the brain is also involved. Amanda's rival, Natasha, says that Amanda's claim is impossible. Who is right?

Natasha is right. Neural information needs more than 50 milliseconds to travel from the arm to the brain and back again, so Amanda is deceiving herself about how quickly she makes her decisions.

________ symptoms of schizophrenia represent the absence of normal behaviors.

Negative

________ refers to the concept that human brain maturation takes a long time relative to thatof other species.

Neoteny

Which of the following may produce the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Neural damage

Brain-slice preparation

Neural tissue removed and artificially maintained to permit recordings

Sex differences in the analgesic effectiveness of opioid peptides would be considered what kind of difference?

Neurochemical

Which of the following is NOT true of embryonic neuron formation?

Neuron formation begins in the spinal cord.

Which of the following is true of neurons?

Neurons have a high metabolic rate.

Which of the following is true of neurons?

Neurons have a high metabolic rate. Rationale: Neurons have a high metabolic rate, which requires a dedicated source of oxygen and nutrients.

Neurons that are formed during embryonic development are likely to die if they

Neurons that are formed during embryonic development are likely to die if they do not form synaptic

How does neurotransmitter cause a postsynaptic change using the indirect method?

Neurotransmitter binds with the receptor. The receptor activates a G protein. The G stimulates production of the second messenger, which then causes the ion channels to open.

Which of the following is true of receptors?

Neurotransmitters act on binding sites on receptors to exert their effects. Rationale: Neurotransmitter molecules act on binding sites on receptors to exert their effects on the postsynaptic membrane.

The RNA, DNA, and associated proteins in cell bodies are collectively referred to as

Nissl substance.

________ is a strong candidate to act as a retrograde messenger from the dendrite to the terminal button.

Nitric oxide

A researcher correctly determines that a neuron uses voltage-dependent ion channels for both sodium and potassium ions. If depolarization occurs, the researcher hypothesizes that the ions will move in opposite directions and cancel each other out-- sodium moving in one direction and potassium in the other direction-- producting no change in membrane potential. Is this hypotheses correct? explain.

No, the hypothesis is not correct. The outflux of potassium requires a larger depolarization to activate, so it occurs later in the action potential process than the influx of sodium. So sodium first rushes in to make the cell more positive, then potassium rushes out to restore the cell to a negative charge.

Suppose a Huntington-like disease caused input from the caudate nucleus and putamen to be excitatory both into the external globus pallidus and into the subthalamic nucleus in the indirect pathway. Would this disease be likely to produce the same symptoms as Huntington's disease?

No, this affliction might cause problems, but it would not knock out the inhibitory effect of the indirect pathway. So the wild movements of Huntington's due to loss of inhibition would not be seen in this case.

Differentiate among the receptors that have been identified as responding to pain stimuli.

Nociceptors are pain receptors. Three nociceptor types include free nerve endings that respond to intense pressure; free nerve endings that respond to intense heat, to acids, and to the chemical capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor); and ATP-sensitive receptors.

In a myelinated axon, ions enter or leave the axon membrane only at the ____

Node of Ranvier

How does non-coding DNA typically function?

Non-coding DNA is involved in the production of non-coding RNA, which has functions of its own.

Children of older men have an increased chance of developing schizophrenia. What do most investigators believe causes this increase?

Older men are more likely to have an increased incidence of mutations in the spermatophytes.

Compare and contrast the general functions of the three glial cell types in the brain.

Oligodendrocytes form CNS myelin, which speeds up neural conduction speed. Astroglia provide support and nutrition for neurons. Microglia are involved in brain immune function.

Where can a synapse be located on a neuron?

On a dendrite, an axon, or a soma.

________________ is the _______________ technique.

One of the oldest methods used in neuroscience; experimental ablation.

Where are sodium ions allowed to flow into a large myelinated axon after it has been depolarized?

Only at the nodes of Ranvier.

What effect does the opening of chloride channels have in a postsynaptic cell that has already been excited?

Opening chloride channels neutralizes EPSPs.

What mechanisms are involved in long-term potentiation (LTP)?

Opening of NMDA channels, post-synaptic depolarization, rise in post-synaptic calcium concentration

Which of the following drugs first drew researchers to investigate glutamate's role in schizophrenia?

PCP

Imagine that prior research has suggested that neurons from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) project to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to control eating behavior. To confirm this suggestion, your next step might be inject fluorogold into the ________ and confirm its transport to the ________.

PFC; PVN

A recently developed method for tracing efferent axons involves

PHA-L.

______, a protein made by kidney beans, is used in neuroscience to __________.

PHA-L; label neuronal pathways by anterograde transport.

Inactivating ______ in the amygdala would be likely to _______ fear memory in rats.

PKMzeta; impair

The formation of long-term potentiation requires the production of the protein

PKN-zeta.

Schwann cells.

PNS

Imagine that prior research has suggested that neurons from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) project to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to control eating behavior. To confirm this suggestion, your next step might be inject fluorogold into the ________ and confirm its transport to the ________.

PVN; PFC

Which of the receptors below are used by the body to detect vibration?

Pacinian corpuscles

________ are the largest sensory organs of the skin.

Pacinian corpuscles

Which of the following is true of the functions of pain?

Pain can be triggered by tissue damage within the body

Describe the biological actions by which certain stimuli are able to lower reactivity to pain.

Pain signals are transmitted to the spinal cord and from there to the thalamus and to various cortical regions (anterior cingulate, primary and secondary somatosensory cortex). Pain reactivity can be diminished by interrupting the ascending pain pathways, by reducing the activity of the anterior cingulate cortex (reduced aversiveness), or by activating a descending neural circuit from the PAG to the spinal cord (summarized in Figure 7-31 on page 240).

Differentiate among the three components of pain.

Pain stimuli produce a sensory component that involves the primary and secondary somatosensory cortex, and an intermediate emotional component that involves the anterior cingulate and insular cortex. The long- term component of pain that represents the emotional implications of pain is related to activity of the prefrontal cortex. Hypnotism reduces the activity of the anterior cingulate and the unpleasantness of a pain stimulus.

A patient is found to have muscular rigidity, slowness of movement, a resting tremor, and postural instability. Once he is seated, he finds it difficult to stand. Which of the following is a likely diagnosis?

Parkinson's disease

Research by Owen (1992) and Koroshetz (1993) demonstrate the importance of the basal ganglia in the learning of automatic responses. The subjects were patients with _______ and ________, both of which are degenerative diseases of the basal ganglia.

Parkinson's; Huntington's

Damage to the substantia nigra would be expected to produce

Parkinson-like motor symptoms

How was the blood-brain barrier discovered?

Paul Ehrlich injected dye in the bloodstream of an animal and saw that the CNS did not turn color.

Which of the following results from studies of people with spinal cord injuries supports the James-Lange theory of emotion?

People who could not feel reactions from most of their bodies reported that they no longer felt intense emotions.

Kinesthesia

Perception of body's own movements

Recognizing people by the shape of their faces and recognizing objects by how they feel or smell are examples of

Perceptual learning

A nerve cell is killed. Stumps grow from the defunct axon and reconnect with nearby cells. What kind of nerve cells are involved in this situation?

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) cells must be involved because they don't have astrocytes to create scar tissue which prevents reconnection.

Which of the following is NOT true of the functions of pain?

Persons who lack pain receptors lead a full, happy life.

Damage to the vmPFC caused by a railroad accident caused ________ to be childish, irresponsible, and whimsical.

Phineas Gage

________ is the original name for the field that involves the study of the physiology of behavior

Physiological psychology

Which of the following is responsible for returning the membrane potential to its resting level after the peak of an action potential?

Potassium ions move out of the cell.

Which of the following events restores the membrane potential from the peak of the action potential back down to the resting level?

Potassium ions move out of the cell. Rationale: The movement of potassium ions out of the axon moves the membrane potential back to resting levels.

Imagine that you have been handed a list of drugs and that beside each drug name is a number that represents the potency of that drug for blocking dopamine receptors (where a low number means a greater potency at blocking). Which drug would you choose for the treatment of schizophrenia?

Potency value = 0.1

Which of the following is an attack by one animal on a member of another species in order to eat them?

Predation

________ involves an attack by one animal on a member of another species in order to eat them.

Predation

Which of the following is NOT true of predation?

Predation is accompanied by sympathetic activation in the predator.

__________ cortex neurons play a key role in short-term memory for all sensory systems.

Prefrontal

A defect in development causes a mistake in the timing of apoptosis in cerebral cortex development. Which of the following would be most likely to be true?

Premature apoptosis would result in a smaller, less complex brain with fewer cortical layers.

Histology

Preparing the brain so that one can later visualize & quantify "something" to compare different groups of animals ~ neural tissue examination -tissue perfusion, slicing tissue using a microtome, staining brain sections, microscopically inspecting tissue & computer use to quantify relative densities or damage

The first psychology text was entitled _________________ and was written by ________________

Principles of Physiological Psychology; Wilhelm Wundt

The first psychology text was entitled _________________ and was written by ________________.

Principles of Physiological Psychology; Wilhelm Wundt

Describe the changes in personality in Phineas Gage that occurred after his brain injury

Prior to the injury of his frontal lobes, Gage was a railway track supervisor. His injury involved the passage of a iron rod through his cheek, thus damaging his ventromedial prefrontal cortex bilaterally. After his injury, Gage was thoughtless and irresponsible, and prone to outbursts of temper. He was unable to make or carry out plans, and was unable to continue as a supervisor.

What occurs during symmetrical division?

Progenitor cells produce more progenitor cells

Which of the following is a key a function of the glial cells?

Protection of the outer surface of the brain

Which field investigates the study of how drugs influence behavior and the nervous system?

Psychopharmacology

Which family of drugs does the article specifically mention as demonstrating a highersensitivity in women than in men?

Psychostimulants

Why is it important for neuron stimulation to be rapid for LTP to occur?

Rapid stimulation depolarizes the dendritic spine of the postsynaptic neuron, allowing for strengthening of weak synapses.

Eyewitness accounts of crimes have sometimes been found to vary after more is learned about an incident. What mechanism is most likely responsible for this phenomenon?

Reconsolidation

Single-unit

Record electrical activity of individual neurons, often with brain-slice preparation technique

_______ are located only within the central nervous system.

Relay interneurons Rationale: Relay interneurons are located only within the central nervous system.

Which of the following is a key a function of the glial cells?

Removal of physical debris from the brain.

________ is considered the father of modern philosophy.

René Descartes

what is a process by which postsynaptic potentials are terminated?

Reuptake

What prevents a released neurotransmitter such as acetylcholine from staying in a neuromuscular junction and continuing to stimulate a muscle until it wears out?

Reuptake by transporter molecules in the presynaptic membrane forces the neurotransmitter back into the terminal button.

Which of the following typically ends a postsynaptic potential?

Reuptake of neurotransmitter.

Which of the following ends neurotransmitter-induced postsynaptic potentials?

Reuptake of the molecule into the axon terminal

Which of the following about the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is incorrect?

Right hemisphere PFC lesions are associated with deficits in a decision-making task in women but not men,

Which class of antidepressant agents have the effect of increasing activity in both serotonin andnorepinephrine synapses?

SNRIs

Two vestibular sacs

Saccule and utricle

Which disease has been linked to too much dopamine in the brain?

Schizophrenia; too litte= parkinsons

Which of the following supports the notion that impairment of the prefrontal cortex is related to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Schizophrenic patients do poorly on neuropsychological tests that are sensitive to damage of the prefrontal cortex.

Which of the following supports the relationship between prefrontal cortex impairment and the negative symptoms of shizophrenia?

Schizophrenic patients do poorly on neuropsychological tests that are sensitive to damage of the prefrontal cortex.

Which of the following is true of brain development and schizophrenia?

Schizophrenics show rapid neuron loss that occurs in early adulthood, but not continuous neuron loss.

How do Schwann cells aid in the regrowth of damaged neurons?

Schwann cells arrange themselves in cylinders that act as guides for regrowth.

Regrowth of a damaged axon can occur more readily in the peripheral nervous system than in the brain because

Schwann cells form cylinders through which new axons can grow and reinnervate a target cell nerve cell. Rationale: Regrowth of a damaged axon can occur more readily in the peripheral nervous system than in the brain because Schwann cells form cylinders through which new axons can grow and reinnervate a target cell nerve cell.

NT-Specific lesions

Selectively destroying neurons that produce a particular neurotransmitter ~ NT-specific cell death ~ cell bodies selectively destroyed; axons spared

___________ memories can be acquired gradually, whereas ___________ memories must be learned all at once.

Semantic, episodic

Suppose you have a friend who consumes marijuana. Over time, they experience an increased behavioral response to repeated use. Which of the following best describes that scenario

Sensitization

_______ neurons gather information from the environment related to light, odors, and contact of our skin with objects.

Sensory Rationale: Sensory neurons gather information from the environment.

Three compenents of pain

Sensory component, immediate emotional component and long term emotional component

Explain the distinction between primary motor cortex, sensory cortex, and association cortex.

Sensory fibers arrive at the primary cortex, and damage to these regions greatly impairs sensory function. The primary motor cortex is most directly involved in motor control. The association cortex serves to integrate signals from various senses.

In the article, "Why sex matters for neuroscience," the author compiled a list of common misconceptions relevant to sex influences on the brain. Which of the following was NOT considered a misconception? (In other words, which of the following statements is TRUE?)

Sex differences cannot be completely explained by the action of sex hormones.

Which of the following is NOT a structural sexual dimorphism?

Sex hormones altering the excitability of hippocampal cells

Which of the following statements best describes hormonal influences on the brain and behavior?

Sex hormones influence learning processes and interact with stress hormones to do so.

New notions of taste maps, describing differences in sensitivity to different tastants as a function of place on the tongue ______________

Show transduction of each taste is done in each region of the tongue

Which of these was a finding by fMRI studies on emotional reactivity to happy facial expressions?

Significant sex differences in laterality of amygdala activation

Microelectrodes

Single unit recording; you can record the activity of individual neurones firing

Which of the following best describes the changes in sleep that occur during depression?

Slow-wave sleep stages 3 and 4 are reduced and stage 1 sleep is increased.

________ skin is also known as glabrous skin.

Smooth

What causes the concentration gradient for sodium ions in a nerve cell?

Sodium ions are actively pumped out of the cell, causing a larger number of sodium ions outside of the cell than inside of the cell.

Which of the following is true of ion distribution across the axon membrane?

Sodium ions are more concentrated outside the axon membrane. Rationale: Sodium ions are more concentrated outside the axon membrane

What causes the rush of sodium ions in an action potential to be so strong?

Sodium ions have both an electrostatic and a diffusion force causing them to enter into the cell.

A tank with a semipermeable membrane contains a higher concentration of sodium ions on the left side and a higher concentration of chloride ions on the right side. The right side also contains large cations that are not permeable to the membrane. What is likely to occur?

Sodium will move left to right making the right side more positive. Chloride will move right to left making the right side more positive. The large cations will stay in place adding to the positive charge on the right side. Since all three forces make the right side more positive it will have a positive potential with respect to the left side.

Which ion is actively pumped out of the axon?

Sodium.

How is the primary motor cortex organized?

Somatopically, by body position

Retrograde Tract Tracing

Some chemicals, when infused in a brain region, move backwards for the injection site (ie. fluorogold aka FG) -used to identify afferents

Anterograde Tract Tracing

Some chemicals, when infused in a brain region, move forward from the injection site (ie. PHA-L) - used to identify efferents

Korsakoff's Syndrome causes deficits in _______ memory in most patients, but keeps ______ functioning intact.

Sorry, we couldn't play that audio. Try checking your language settings or send us some feedback if this happens frequently.

Describe the physical and psychological properties of sound.

Sound represents vibrations of air molecules produced by objects in the environment. These are waves that vary in frequency and intensity. Sound pitch corresponds to wave frequency, loudness to the sound intensity, and timbre corresponds to the complexity of the sound wave.

This type of learning involves learning about relationships among many stimuli.

Spatial learning

Pacinian corpuscle

Specialized encapsulated somatosensory nerve ending that detects mechanical stimuli, especially vibrations

Which cells begin the process of the development of the cerebral cortex?

Stem cells that line the inside of the neural tube

The phenomenon of blindsight illustrates which of the following points?

Stimuli don't have to enter awareness in order to influence behavior.

Describe evidence supporting the involvement of the amygdala in emotional behavior

Stimuli that convey threat activate the central nucleus (CE) of the amygdala. Electrical stimulation of the CE induces signs of fear and anxiety and can induce ulcers. Damage to CE diminishes the behavioral and hormonal responses to fear stimuli. The CE appears to integrate the behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal components of fear

Temporary Inactivation Techniques

Stopping neutral activation in a reversible way; using ABA design

Which of the following is not a unique feature of episodic memory?

Storage of information is highly sensitive to context.

Which of the following is not a unique feature of episodic memory?Which of the following is not a unique feature of episodic memory?

Storage of information is highly sensitive to context.

________ is one type of behavior that serves to prevent an attack by another animal

Submissive

Brain activity involved in determining where sound sources are located

Superior Parietal lobule, inferior parietal lobule, superior frontal gyrus and inferior frontal gyruswhere activating when determining this about the source of sound POSTERIOR stream

_____________ strengthening occurs when synapses are active while the membrane of the postsynaptic cell is depolarized.

Synaptic

What enables structural or biochemical changes at synapses?

Synaptic plasticity Synaptic plasticity enables structural and biochemical changes at synapses.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can disrupt neural circuits in awake humans. Thenotion that short-term memory (STM) for a visual stimulus involves continued activation ofthe appropriate visual association cortex is supported by studies in which

TMS applied to the ventral stream disrupted STM for a visual pattern.

The presence of chemicals that induce inflammation is uniquely detected by

TRPA1 receptors

The pain associated with bone cancer is partly caused by activation of ________ receptors.

TRPV1

The pain associated with bone cancer is partly caused by activation of

TRPV1 receptors

c-Fos ICC

Tagging c-Fos using ICC in an effort to provide evidence of neural activation (brain region is active)

Microdialysis

Take out or put in fluids

Describe the transduction process for gustatory signals.

Taste receptors code for five qualities (sweetness, bitterness, sourness, saltiness, and umami). Each receptor type involves a different transduction process. Hydrogen ions generate a sour taste, which controls a potassium channel. Bitter and sweet tastes are coded for by receptors containing gustducin and that reduce cyclic AMP. Sweet receptors also are coded by gustducin receptors but increase cyclic AMP. The umami signal involves a specific glutamate receptor (mGluR4). The pleasant taste of fat seems linked to receptors that detect free fatty acids in foods.

Transducion of taste

Tasted molecule binds with receptro and produces change in membrane permeability that causes receptor potentials

A PET scan study showed significantly different levels of opioid receptor binding in men and women in which, among others, of the following regions?

Thalamus and amygdala

What would you expect to happen if the enzyme AChE were to be disabled in your body?

The ACh activity in your body would greatly increase, because AChE normally serves to degrade ACh. Later, this would lead to overstimulation of cholinergic receptors.

Which of the following statements about the action potential (AP) is true?

The AP is an all-or-none electrical event

Which of the following is true regarding the action potential (AP)?

The AP is an all-or-none electrical event Rationale: The action potential is an all-or-none event.

Which of the following is a genetic sex difference?

The APOE*E4 allele being linked with greater hippocampal atrophy and memory disruption in women than in men

ATP is carried from the cell body of a neuron to the terminal button at the same time that a protein is carried from the terminal button to the cell body. Which substance will reach its destination first?

The ATP will reach the terminal button first because anterograde transport is faster than retrograde transport.

Discuss the James-Lange theory of emotion and cite evidence that supports this theory

The James-Lange theory argues that environmental events trigger patterns of visceral responding and that our brains subsequently decode the pattern to arrive at an emotional experience. A key piece of support for the theory comes from Hohman (1966), who assessed the impact of spinal cord injury on emotional experience. The higher the level of the transection, the greater the interruption of sensory information to the brain and the greater the decrement in the intensity of experienced emotion.

Which statements follows from the "all or none" law?

The action potential is produced whenever the membrane potential reaches threshold

Which of the following is consistent with the "all-or-none" law?

The action potential is produced whenever the membrane potential reaches threshold. Rationale: The fact that an AP occurs when threshold is reached but not below the threshold is consistent with the notion of all-or-none.

A neuron is exposed to EPSP's, but the neuron does not fire. What happened?

The activity of IPSP's cancelled out the effect of the EPSP's.

Which of the following distinguishes predation from most types of aggression?

The aim of a predatory attack is to kill and consume a food source

What is the difference in charge between a squid axon and its environment?

The axon is negatively charged with respect to its environment.

Why are the spinal nerves not considered to be part of the central nervous system if the connect with the spinal cord?

The axons of the spinal nerve neurons are located in the spinal cord, but the dendrites of spinal nerve neurons are located in the distant parts of the body, not the spinal cord.

Which of the following is true of the blood-brain barrier?

The barrier functions to regulate the chemical composition of the extracellular fluid surrounding the brain cells.

Describe the structures that comprise the basal ganglia and explain the significance of this system for motor function.

The basal ganglia include the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus. Damage to this system results in motor movement problems (e.g., Parkinson's disease). Motor symptoms include weakness, tremors, difficulty in starting a movement and limb rigidity. Much of this reflects loss of input from the substantia migra.

A 16-year-old boy has failed to go through puberty. The boy seems normal in every way. Doctors check the boy's gonads and find that they are fully functional and should be capable of producing the sex hormones that initiate the changes that occur during puberty. Which part of the brain might be the source of the problem?

The boy is likely to have problems in his anterior pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary sends out gonadotrophic hormones that stimulate the gonads to begin producing their own sex hormones.

Examination of the brain of an individual shows almost twice as many neurons as are typically found in an adult human brain. Which of the following is likely?

The brain belonged to an embryo.

A capillary is viewed under the microscope. How can you tell whether it is a brain capillary or a capillary that serves body cells?

The brain capillary will have no gaps to prevent free diffusion of chemicals.

Describe two features that function to protect the brain from external injury.

The brain is encased in a layer of bone (the skull). Several layers of meninges form a solid sheath around the brain. The brain floats within a pool of CSF, which cushions the brain against rapid acceleration/deceleration.

Explain the significance of the process of apoptosis for brain development.

The brain overproduces neurons. Apoptosis serves to eliminate neurons that cannot make appropriate synaptic contacts.

Which of the following comments on the function of the brain would most likely be made by Aristotle?

The brain serves to cool the passions of the heart.

Which of the following is true of learning and memory?

The capacity to learn allows an organism to profit from experience.

Which of the following is true of the spinal nerves?

The cell bodies of efferent axons lie in the spinal cord gray matter.

Imagine that feeding behavior was eliminated when a radio-frequency lesion was used to damage the lateral hypothalamus of a rat, which suggested that cells within this region initiate feeding. If a subsequent study failed to observe a change in feeding after injection of kainic acid into the lateral hypothalamus, what conclusion would be appropriate?

The changes in eating noted in the first study are due to fibers that are passing through the lateral hypothalamus.

Which factor below normally prevents the calcium channel of the NMDA receptor from opening in response to only glutamate?

The channel is blocked by Mg2+ ions.

Which of the following is NOT true of the cerebral hemispheres?

The corpus callosum interconnects structures within one hemisphere but not between hemispheres.

Why does the cerebral cortex appear gray to tan?

The cortex contains many cell bodies.

Why is the corticobulbar tract the only cortical tract that does not synapse on the spinal cord?

The corticobulbar tract serves the face and tongue so it never reaches the level of the spinal cord.

Dura

The depth (from dorsal to ventral)

Which of the following supports the notion that brain development can be modified by experiences?

The development of the neural circuits for depth perception require input from both eyes during a critical period.

Which is an example of a functional sex difference?

The difference in receptor affinity for glucocorticoids between males and females

Compare and contrast the anatomy and function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

The divisions emerge from different levels of the spinal cord (thoracic and lumbar versus cervical/sacral), the sympathetic fibers terminate in ganglia just outside the spinal cord, use different transmitters (ACh for parasympathetic, ACh and norepinephrine for sympathetic), and show differing functions (parasympathetic is involved in increasing energy stores, sympathetic is involved in energy expenditure).

What causes the deficits in Parkinson's disease?

The dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra degenerate and remove an inhibitory link from the pathway to the VA/VL thalamus. This results in causing the overall pathway to be more inhibitory than it would normally be, upsetting the input balance between direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways.

How is an endplate potential different from a postsynaptic potential between two different neurons?

The endplate potential is larger in magnitude of hyperpolarization and never inhibitory. ?

Which of the following is an advantage of the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique?

The fMRI scan has a higher resolution relative to the PET scan

Describe the role of the right hemisphere in the recognition of emotions. Identify two strategies that have been used to study this topic.

The facial displays of emotion are more intense on the left side of the face, suggesting an important role of the right hemisphere for producing emotional displays. People show a left-ear and left visual field advantage for the recognition of emotional expressions. One strategy is to compare the ability of persons with right hemisphere damage to judge facial expressions for emotional content (they are impaired). Another is to examine the changes in brain activity within the hemispheres using a PET scanner as people judge the emotional content of words (right hemisphere is more activated).

Which of the following is false of fuel used by the brain?

The flow of blood to the brain can be suspended for at least 5 minutes.

Define the three major sections of the human brain.

The frontal section divides the brain like a salami; the horizontal section is parallel to the ground; and the sagittal section is perpendicular to the ground and parallel to the neuraxis.

In an experiment, the primary motor cortex is stimulated to produce a hand waving motion in the left hand of the subject. Which parts of the system are involved?

The hand and arm section of the right primary motor cortex form the corticorubral tract that leads to the red nucleus, then crossing over to left side through the cervical spinal cord and on to the hand to create a waving motion, aided by cerebellar input.

Which of the following is true of stereotaxic surgery?

The head-holder is designed to fix the skull in a rigid position.

Psychologists note that people learn better and remember better when there is an emotional component to their learning. WHy?

The hippocampus, involved in learning and memory, is part of the limbic system, controlling motivation and emotion in the brain. thus they are closely connected.

How does the homunculus reflect the sophistication of various body parts with respect to movement?

The homunculus devotes much more neural space to parts of the body that need fine motor control, such as the hands, fingers, and lips.

Which of the following is true of the human cerebral cortex?

The human cortex is about 3 mm in thickness

A single motor unit in the leg muscle of a cat can raise a 100-gram weight. What is this an example of?

The incredible strength of the contractile mechanism of muscles.

Bregma

The junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures of the skull; often used as a reference point for stereotaxic brain surgery

Which of the following is true regarding the functions performed by the left and right hemispheres?

The left hemisphere is adept at the analysis of information.

Describe the primary functions performed by the left and right hemispheres and give an example of each function.

The left hemisphere is specialized for the serial analysis of information while the right hemisphere is adept at the synthesis of information. Reading and writing would be an example of serial analysis, whereas reading a map would be an example of synthesis.

The corpus callosum of a patient is cut. The person is shown the word "apple." Which of the following explains what she will perceive?

The left side of brain would be able to read the word and say it out loud. The right side of the brain would be able to draw a picture of an apple.

What is the function of the less sensitive afferent axons from the Golgi tendon organs?

The less sensitive Golgi tendon organ afferents provide inhibitory input to alpha motor neurons to decrease the force of contraction when the load is excessive and could cause muscle damage.

pattern recognition

The means in which the auditory system identifies sound sources

Which statement aligns most closely with the monistic view regarding the mind-body question?

The mind is generated through the physical actions of the brain.

A male mouse housed alone in a home cage will readily attack a male mouse placed into the home cage, but will not attack a female mouse. Which of the following is a key factor as to whether the resident male mouse decides to attack or not attack the strange male mouse?

The mouse must be able to detect male pheromones

A male mouse housed alone in a home cage will readily attack a male mouse placed into thehome cage, but will not attack a female mouse. Which of the following is a key factor as towhether the resident male mouse decides to attack or not attack the strange male mouse? Which of the following is a key characteristic used by male mice to decide whether or not to attack an intruding mouse? Note: male mice will attack intruding males, but not females.

The mouse must be able to detect male pheromones.

Which neurons in the arm muscle will be activated when a heavy weight is dropped into a person's hand?

The muscle spindle stretch receptors and the Golgi tendon organ receptors

A neurologist stimulating a muscle via motor units wants to create a maximum contraction of the entire muscle. She stimulates motor units at a maximum action potential frequency, yet still is able to produce only a weak contraction of the muscle. What should she do to increase the strength of muscle contraction?

The neurologist should focus on stimulating a greater number of muscle fibers.

Which of the following is true of the neurons of the cochlear nerve?

The neurons of this nerve are of the bipolar type

Which of the following is correct regarding neurons?

The number of neurons in the human nervous system is estimated at more than 100 billion Rationale: The number of neurons in the human nervous system is estimated at more than 100 billion.

Describe the organelles that comprise the neuron soma

The organelles lie within the cytoplasm of the neuron. The soma organelles include Ribosomes produce proteins. Endoplasmic reticulum: Rough ER contains the ribosomes (produces proteins). Smooth ER synthesizes lipids. Microtubules: Responsible for transport around the interior of the neuron. Mitochondria: Provide energy to the neuron. Lysosomes: Degrade surplus cellular materials. Golgi apparatus: Package the products of a secretory cell.

A scientist is using a simple worm to model learning in higher organisms. In measuring behavior of a single synapse, he notices that the worm gives a startle reaction when first poked. However, as poking continues and the animal is not injured, it appears the as if the animal "learns" to ignore the non-threatening stimulus. Which of the following is most likely to be a mechanism for this type of learning?

The organism carries out a change in its genome, modifying its DNA to be able to create new proteins that are able to ignore non-threatening assaults.

A patient's heart stops pumping blood for 10 seconds. What is likely to occur?

The patient will lose consciousness

A patient with damage to the lateral zone of his cerebellar cortex sitting with his palms on the table is asked to raise his right hand six inches up off the table. Which of the following will likely occur?

The patient's right hand will rise but it will keep rising far past six inches before it finally stops. ?

Two ape species have the same brain size but Ape A has a thicker cerebral cortex than Ape B. Which of the following is likely to be true?

The period of asymmetrical division lasts longer in Ape A than Ape B

Explain why the termination step of the neural communication process is a key target for therapeutic drugs.

The postsynaptic action of many neurotransmitters is terminated via reuptake of the molecule through the membrane transporter or through enzymatic inactivation. A drug that blocks such a transporter would be expected to raise the synaptic levels of that neurotransmitter, as would a drug that blocks the enzymatic degradation step. For a disease or disorder that is thought to result from a low synaptic activity of that transmitter, blockade of the reuptake or enzymatic process would generate a beneficial effect.

How is an action potential propagated down a myelinated axon?

The potential travels passively down the myelinated portion of the axon. When it reaches each node of Ranvier, the depolarization allows sodium to rush in and trigger a new action potential.

Which of the following is a functional sex difference?

The preferential involvement of the left amygdala in emotional memory for women but preferential involvement of the right amygdala in emotional memory for men

Which statement is false?

The primary contrast between episodic and semantic memory is that episodic memories are memories which can be implicitly described and stated, while semantic memory is concerned with concepts and ideas.

What is special about the location of the primary somatosensory cortex?

The primary somatosensory cortex is located just caudal to the central sulcus, and it recieves information from the body senses.

Which of the following is true of confocal laser scanning microscopy?

The procedure can be used to visualize living brain cells.

The article mentions an assortment of opposite sex differences associated with Alzheimer's disease. Which of the following conclusions is false?

The rate of Alzheimer's disease is disproportionately higher in males

The article mentions an assortment of opposite sex differences associated with Alzheimer's disease. Which of the following conclusions is false?

The rate of Alzheimer's disease is disproportionately higher in males.

Explain the rate law.

The rate of firing of a neuron is proportional to the strength of the stimulus that caused that firing.

A scientist observes that a neurotransmitter in a synapse binds with a receptor but fails to open any ion channels directly on its own. Sodium ions eventually enter the postsynaptic cell and initiate firing of the postsynaptic cell. How is this possible?

The receptor was metabotropic, causing the release of a second messenger which in turn caused influx of sodium.

What causes a muscle to contract?

The release of neurotransmitter from a motor neuron.

How did Lau's study prove that individuals had made decisions unconsciously before they were aware of what decision they had made?

The researchers were able to identify the decision from fMRI patterns 2-3 seconds before the subject was aware of the decision.

Which of the following most accurately describes the general functions performed by the left and right hemispheres?

The right hemisphere is adept in the synthesis of information.

Which of the following does NOT support blindsight?

The right hemisphere is important for language function.

Which of the following anatomical differences are found in identical twins discordant for schizophrenia?

The schizophrenic twin had larger lateral and third ventricles.

Which of the following is true of the seasonality effect?

The seasonality effect rarely occurs in rural settings

Which of the following is true of receptors involved in the detection of warm and cold?

The six known thermal receptors are members of the TRP family

Which of the following is true of receptors involved in detection of warm and cold?

The six known thermal receptors are members of the TRP family.

The membrane of an axon is depolarized, yet sodium ions do not flow across the membrane. Why not?

The sodium channels are refractory.

Damage to which brain area causes Parkinson's disease?

The substantia nigra in the midbrain

A brain damaged patient is having trouble executing such actions as tying his shoes and opening an aspirin bottle. Which of the following might be the patient's problem?

The supplementary motor cortex is probably damaged because it is involved in sequential movements like tying shoes

An underwater swimmer's oxygen tank is empty and he is trying to swim to safety without a source of oxygen. Which of the following will likely happen first?

The swimmer will pass out because his brain is deprived of oxygen from the blood.

Which of the following is offered in the textbook as an explanation of the difference in brain size between humans and chimpanzees?

The symmetrical and asymmetrical periods of division are longer in the human brain.

You encounter an angry bear while walking in the woods. How will your nervous system respond?

The sympathetic nervous system activates the adrenal medulla, which secretes epinephrine to increase blood flow to the muscles.

Describe the structures that comprise the limbic system and briefly discuss the function of this system.

The system includes limbic cortex, the amygdala, hippocampus, and the mammillary bodies. Emotional experience and memory are the primary functions of the limbic system.

The forebrain consists of which components?

The telencephalon and the diencephalon

Which of the following is true of schizophrenia?

The term means "split mind."

How is the supplementary motor area (SMA) involved in actions that have not yet occurred?

The transfer of a memorized piano note finger sequence from the SMA brain area that controls a subject's right hand to the SMA area that controls his or her left hand is destroyed if electrical disruption occurs before the transfer of each note, but not if the disruption occurs during the playing of the note itself. This, suggest that the SMA is controlling a movement that has not yet occurred.

What determines the nature of a postsynaptic potential in a synapse?

The type of ion channel that the receptor opens.

Which of the following statements would least likely be made by an animal rights activist?

The use of animals in research can be justified by the benefits of such research.

Which of the following is incorrect regarding sex differences in the hippocampal structures?

The volume of the CA1 region and the number of pyramidal cells it contains are significantly larger in female than in male rats.

Which of the issues below are serious problems for the use of antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia?

These drugs may reverse the positive but not the negative symptoms.

Somatosenses

These senses provide infomration about what is happening on surface of our body and inside it

According the textbook, which of the following describes a key component of drugs?

They are exogenous chemicals.

Which of the below statements provides the best support for the function of neural circuits?

They contribute to a behavior.

Describe the neural pathways by which auditory signals for audition reach the cortex.

This answer is summarized in Figure 7.9 (page 215). The cochlear nerve projects afferent fibers to the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei, then to the superior olivary complex, and then through the lateral lemniscus to the inferior colliculus—then to the thalamic medial geniculate nucleus, and then to the primary auditory cortex.

Sensory component of pain

This component of pain is mediated by by pathway from spinal cord to ventral posterolateral thalmus, to primary and secondary somatosensory cortex.

Immediate emotional component of pain

This component of pain is mediated by pathways that reach the anterior cingulate cortex and insular cortex.

In the case of an individual rendered blind following a stroke, they may still be able to touch the end of a cane presented by a doctor. How would this be possible?

This is possible because the primitive visual system remains intact.

Taste

This sense is ipsilaterally represented in the brain

Which of the following is true of threat behaviors?

Threat behaviors resolve conflicts without causing injury.

Why is the blood-brain barrier weak in the postrema section of the brain?

To detect poisons.

What is the main function of specialized lipid molecules in the neuron?

To form the membrane

Recording Techniques

To investigate neural activity; can be chronically implanted, or in a dish

What is the goal of neuroscience research?

To understand how the brain works

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

Tom studied hard for his physiological psychology exam. He can now draw a detailed diagram of a neuron.

A person showing muscular and vocal tics, squatting, grunting, and vulgar speech is most likely tohave

Tourette's syndrome.

__________ is/are involved in the acquisition of episodic memories and complex behaviors that involve deliberation or instruction.

Transcortical connections

David is severely depressed and suicidal. His doctors feel he needs immediate relief from his depression to prevent a suicide attempt. Which should they use?

Tricyclic antidepressamts

David is severely depressed and suicidal. His doctors feel he needs immediate relief from his depression to prevent a suicide attempt. Which treatment should they use?

Tricylclic antidepressants?

A person with retrograde amnesia can recall what they had for breakfast today.

True

Adjacent cilia on the endolymph are joined together by tip links.

True

Afferents are generally distributed bilaterally so unilateral damage at any level does not usually result in deafness in either ear.

True

Alzheimer's disease-related neurofibrillary pathology differs in the hypothalamus of men and women.

True

Barnes et al. found that each unit increase in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology was associated with a 3-fold increase in AD risk in men, but an over 20-fold increase in AD risk in women

True

GABA has been shown to have opposing effects on neurons located in the substantia nigra of male and female rat pups

True

H.M. could learn parts of new motor skills.

True

Humans can discriminate 100,000 different odors.

True

Memory for skills and habits are not formed in the hippocampus.

True

Sex differences in neural activity can be observed in the absence of behavioral difference between the sexes.

True

Sex differences in the brain are similar in effect size to other areas of neuroscience

True

Some bilateral (existing on both sides of the brain) structures are preferentially activated in different hemispheres between the sexes.

True

The perceived loudness of a sound is related to its intensity.

True

There are more outer hair cells than inner hair cells.

True

There is evidence that behavioral tasks can be carried out equally well by the two sexes, but different areas of the brain are activated

True

Women are more sensitive than men to the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants

True

Memory for skills and habits are not formed in the hippocampus.

True; Hippocampal damage produced by anoxia releases glutamate, which in turn activates NMDA

Describe the processes that produce cortical neurons during embryonic development.

Two major processes are involved in brain embryonic development. During symmetrical division, founder cells divide into two cells. During asymmetric division, the founder cells divide into another founder cell and a new neuron. Longer periods of division can produce a larger brain.

________ delivered electrical shock to the brains of mental patients because he believed that the occurrence of a brain seizure appeared to reduce symptoms in psychiatric patients.

Ugo Cerletti

Nonspecific electrolytic lesions

Use electricity (electrodes) to destroy a brain region in order to figure out if such a brain region is Esdras tail for some particular behaviour of interest ~ nonspecific because it is burning a hole in the brain (axons of passage are also damaged by accident)

Microtome

Used to cut brains (like a deli slicer) -can be set to cut at different microns (thickness)

Stereotaxic device

Used to ensure 3D accuracy during surgery; immobilises and orients the head

Tract-Tracing Techniques

Used to establish neural connections (neural connectivity investigation)

Cannula

Uses chemicals

Electrode

Uses electricity

Knife-holder

Uses knife

Consider the therapeutic index. Of the drugs listed below, ______________ would have the largest.

Valium

Odorants are ________ molecules.

Volatile

The prominent physiologist ________ strongly criticized the James-Lange theory of emotion.

Walter Cannon

Where is the amygdala located?

Within the temporal lobes

excitotoxic lesion

a brain lesion produce by intracerebral injection of an excitatory amino acid, such as kainic acid

olfactory glomerulus

a bundle of dendrites of mitral cells and the associated terminal buttons of the axons of olfactory receptors

The NMDA receptor controls ________ and is normally blocked by ________.

a calcium channel; magnesium ions

fixative

a chemical such as formalin; used to prepare and preserve body tissue

stereotaxic atlas

a collection of drawings of sections of the brain of a particular animal with measurements that provide coordinates for stereotaxic surgery

functional imaging

a computerized method of detecting metabolic or chemical changes in particular region of the brain

stereotaxic apparatus

a device that permits a surgeon to position an electrode or cannula into specific parts of the brain

The membrane of a nerve cell is comprised of

a double layer of lipid moleculues

The induction of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus would be blocked by

a drug such as AP5 that blocks NMDA receptors.

fluorogold

a dye that serves as a retrograde label; taken up by terminal buttons and carried back to the cell bodies

The likelihood of developing schizophrenia increases to 31 percent for a person with ________ and ________.

a family history of schizophrenia; physical anomalies

The incidence of schizophrenia may vary as a function of season because

a fetus born in late winter may be exposed to a viral infection during the second trimester.

An example of a negative symptom of schizophrenia is __________________

a flattened emotional response.

herpes simplex virus

a form of herpes virus used for anterograde transneuronal tracing, which labels a series of neurons that are interconnected synaptically

positron emission tomography (PET)

a functional imaging method that reveals the localization of a radioactive tracer in a living brain

functional MRI (fMRI)

a functional imaging method; a modification of the MRI procedure that permits the measurement of regional metabolism in the brain, usually by detecting changes in blood oxygen level

cupula

a gelatinous mass found in ampulla of the semicircular canals move in response to flow of fluid in canals triggers receptor potentials

retrograde labeling method

a histological method that labels cell bodies that give rise to the terminal buttons that form synapses with cells in a particular region

anterograde labeling method

a histological method that labels the axons and terminal buttons of neutrons whose cell bodies are located in a particular region

immunocytochemical method

a histological method that uses radioactive antibodies bound with a dye molecule to indicate the presence of particular proteins of peptides

Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus is stimulated by

a learning experience

______________ stimulates neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus.

a learning experience

Which of the following chemicals can be used to create a reversible lesion in brain tissue?

a local anesthetic

What is a typical conditioned stimulus used in experiments on classically conditioned emotional responses in rats?

a loud tone.

n experiments on classically conditioned emotional responses in rats, the conditioned stimulus is

a loud tone.

The ability of ketamine to induce symptoms of psychosis requires

a mature brain

basilar membrane

a membrane in cochlea of the inner ear contains organ of corti

tectorial membrane

a membrane located above the basilar membrane, serves as a shelf against which the cilia of the auditory hair cells move

transmission electron microscope

a microscope that passes a focused beam of electrons through thin slices of tissue to reveal extremely small details

confocal laser scanning microscope

a microscope that provides high-resolution images of various depths of thick tissues that contains fluorescent molecules by scanning the tissue with light from a laser beam.

scanning electron microscope

a microscope that provides three dimensional info about the shape of the surface of a small object by scanning the object with a thin beam of electrons

targeted mutation

a mutated gene (also called a knockout gene) produced in the laboratory and inserted into the chromosomes of mice; fails to produce a functional protein

Mitral cell

a neuron located in the olfactor bulb that receives infornation from olfactory receptors, axons of miltra cells bring information to rest of the brain

vestibular ganglion

a nodule on vestibular nerve that contains the cell bodies of the bipolar neurons that convey vestibular information to the brain

TRPA1

a pain receptor that is sensitive to pungent irritants

Immunocytochemical techniques take advantage of the specific affinity of antibodies for

a peptide or protein molecule.

timbre

a perceptual dimension of sound, corresponds to complexity

Which of the following would not be covered with an arachnoid membrane?

a peripheral nerve

sham lesion

a placebo procedure that duplicates all the steps of producing a brain lesion except the one that actually causes the brain damage

microdialysis

a procedure for analyzing chemicals present in the interstitial fluid through a small piece of tubing made of a semipermeable membrane that is implanted in the brain

magnetoenchephalography

a procedure that detects groups of synchronously activated neurons by means of the magnetic field induced by their electrical activity; uses an array of superconducting quantum interference devices, or SQUIDS

autoradiography

a procedure that locates radioactive substances in a slice of tissue; the radiation exposes a photographic emulsion or a piece of film that covers the tissue

fos

a protein produce in the nucleus of a neuron in response to synaptic stimulation

organic sense

a sense modality that arises from receptors located within the inner organs of the body

The phrase "split mind" as it refers to schizophrenia means

a separation of thoughts and feelings.

After a few years of treatment with chlorpromazine, Larry developed

a serious motor problem involving his tongue

The capacity to detect whether a high-frequency sound comes from the left or right of a person reflects an analysis of

a sonic shadow that reflects differences in loudness

The capacity to detect whether a high-frequency sound comes from the left or right of aperson reflects an analysis of

a sonic shadow that reflects differences in loudness.

2-deoxyglucose (2-DG)

a sugar that enters cells along with glucose but is not metabolized

deiter's cell

a supporting cell found in the organ of corti; sustains the auditory hair cells

lesion study

a synonym for experimental ablation

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

a technique whereby the interior of the body can be accurately imaged; involves the interaction between radio waves and a strong magnetic field

tonotopic representation

a topographically organized mapping of different frequences of sound that are represented in a particular region of the brain

microelectrode

a very fine electrode, generally used to record activity of individual neurons

Ruffini corpuscle

a vibration-sensitive organ located in hairy skin

The stimulus for olfaction is

a volatile substance

pseudorabies virus

a weakened form of a pig herpes virus used for retrograde transneuronal tracing, which labels a series of neurons that are interconnected synaptially

An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate. What is the unconditioned response?

accelerated heart rate

Mutations involve

accidental changes in the genetic information of chromosomes.

A person suffering from unilateral neglect would

accurately label the hours on a clock drawing.

_______________ induces muscle movement and is the primary transmitter secreted by _______ axons of the CNS

acetylcholine; efferent

The postsynaptic action of ________ is terminated by ___________.

acetylcholine; enzymatic destruction via acetylcholinesterase.

Match up the transmitter substance below with the appropriate behavioral role or action of that transmitter:

acetylcholine; facilitation of perceptual learning

The neurotransmitter at the efferent terminal buttons secrete _______, while the afferent synapses of the auditory nerve is _______.

acetylcholine; glutamate

The transmitter _______ is secreted by the terminal buttons of preganglionic sympathetic fibers, whereas most postganglionic sympathetic fibers secrete _______.

acetylcholine; norepinephrine

What is it called when the membrane potential of a nerve cell exceeds threshold?

action potential

A(n) _______ will be recorded from a nerve cell whose membrane potential rises above threshold.

action potential Rationale: An action potential is initiated when the resting membrane potential reaches threshold.

The prefrontal cortex is ________ by ________ projection neurons

activated; serotonergic

The magnitude of depression is related to

activation of the amygdala.

The inhibitory action of stress on immune function is associated with

activation of the central amygdaloid nucleus and, in turn, the PVN.

Which of the following would be expected to induce pain?

activation of the insular cortex

Aggressiveness is reduced in adult rodents by castration whereas injections of testosterone reinstate adult male rodent aggression. These effects are an example of a(n) ________ hormone effect

activational

Castration reduces aggressiveness in adult rodents, while testosterone injections reinstate aggression. What kind of hormone effect does this demonstrate?

activational

The key function(s) of the parasympathetic division of the ANS relate to

activities that increase stored energy within the body.

The key function of instrumental conditioning is to allow the organism to

adjust behavior according to its consequences.

The connection of the vestibular system with the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves allows the vestibular system to

adjust eye movements to compensate for head movements

The connection of the vestibular system with the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves allowsthe vestibular system to

adjust eye movements to compensate for head movements.

What is located on top of the kidneys?

adrenal medulla

Ketamine is used as an anesthetic in children but not adults because

adults but not children experience an episode of psychosis when recovering from ketamine anesthesia.

Drugs that facilitate the postsynaptic receptor effects are termed

agonists.

An intense fear of being away from home or other protected places is known as

agoraphobia

The Pacinian corpuscle is ____________________.

all of the above

Administration of high doses of drugs such as ________ would be expected to produce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

amphetamine

SWhich of the following would not result from heroin withdrawl?

amphetamine cravings

Which of the following would not result from heroin withdrawl?

amphetamine cravings

Which of the following is a physical dimension of sound perception?

amplitude

_______ is the maximum extent of a vibration or oscillation, measured from the position of equilibrium.

amplitude

The traveling wave increases in _________ as it moves, and reaches a peak at a place that is directly related to the ________ of the sound.

amplitude; frequency

Alzheimer's disease patients who show degeneration of the ________ are more likely to forget emotionally traumatic events such as the Kobe earthquake in 1995.

amygdala

Damage to the ________ would be expected to disrupt the integration of fear.

amygdala

Feelings of fear in humans are produced by electrical stimulation of the ________.

amygdala

The ____________ is part of an important system involved in classically conditioned emotional responses.

amygdala

The small, almond-shaped component of the limbic system is known as

amygdala

Which of the following is not part of the limbic cortex of the medial temporal lobe?

amygdala

Humans report fear upon electrical stimulation of the

amygdala.

The emotional components that comprise fear are integrated by neurons within the

amygdala.

Daily exposure to dangerous situations can lead to emotional burnout, which has consequences for people in dangerous careers. Damage to the ______________ would confer an advantage to someone with a career as a _____________.

amygdala; bomb disposal technician

tip link

an elastic filament that attaches the tip of one cilium to the side of the adjacent cilium

electroencephalogram

an electrical brain potential recorded by place electrodes on in the scalp

macroelectrode

an electrode used to record the electrical activity of large numbers of neurons in a particular region of the brain; much larger than a microelectrode

The term "neuraxis" refers to

an imaginary line drawn through the spinal cord up to the front of the brain.

With regard to glucocorticoids,

an inability to secrete glucocorticoids results in greater reactivity/toxicity to stressors.

microtome

an instrument that produces very thin slices of body tissues

Cable properties are due to membrane capacitance resulting from

an interaction of charges seperated across the cell membrane

round window

an opening in the bone surrounding the cochlea of the inner ear that permits vibrations to be transmitted via the oval window, into the fluid in the cochlea

oval window

an opening in the bone surrounding the cochlea that reveals a membrane against which the baseplate of stapes presses transmitting sound vibrates into fluid of the cochlea

The viral hypothesis of schizophrenia is supported by the observation that

analysis of stored serum from mothers whose children later developed schizophrenia showed evidence of maternal infection.

The ear is considered to be a(n) ________ organ.

analytical

The aggression levels in both males and females is increased by exposure to ________.

androgen

Most of the research on emotions has focused on

anger and fear.

High-threshold free nerve endings are sensitive to

angina or migraine

The semicircular canals respond best to _______ of the head.

angular acceleration

A(n) ________ is a drug that blocks or inhibits postsynaptic receptor effects.

antagonist

Imaging studies indicate that the activity of the ________ is related to the unpleasantness of pain.

anterior cingulate cortex

Imaging studies suggest that the unpleasant aspect of pain involves the

anterior cingulate cortex

he muscular movements that are involved in laughter are controlled by neurons within the

anterior cingulate cortex

The muscular movements that are involved in laughter are controlled by neurons within the

anterior cingulate cortex.

The _______ is considered to be the body's "master gland."

anterior pituitary

The three numbers listed on a page of a stereotaxic atlas refer to

anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medal-lateral coordinates

Damage to the hippocampus or to regions of the brain that supply its inputs and receive its outputs, causes ________ amnesia.

anterograde

A person with ___________ may be able to remember or learn how to do things, such as talking on the phone or riding a bicycle, but they may not remember what they had eaten for lunch earlier that day.

anterograde amnesia

Methods for tracing efferent axons

anterograde labeling method and immunocytochemical methods

The ________ technique would be used to trace efferent axons from a brain region.

anterograde labeling method with PHA-L

Semantic dementia is caused by degeneration of the neocortex of the _______.

anterolateral temporal lobe

Toxins have been tagged to specific ___________ that will kill specific types of neurons

antibodies

________ are produced by some white blood cells and act to destroy invading microorganisms in the body. Some white blood cells produce ______________ that destroy exogenous microorganisms in the body.

antibodies

An alternative to lithium for the treatment of bipolar disorder is the use of

anticonvulsant drugs.

What happens when neurogenesis is suppressed while a patient is being treated with antidepressants?

antidepressant drugs lose their effectiveness.

incus

anvil second of three ossicle

The end of cortical development occurs with _________ of the progenitor cells.

apoptosis

The process of _______ refers to the controlled death of neurons

apoptosis

CSF is reabsorbed into the blood supply via the

arachnoid granulations

The _______ is the middle layer of the brain meninges.

arachnoid membrane

The middle layer of the meninges is the

arachnoid membrane

Drugs that inhibit the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO)

are an effective treatment for depression.

Delusions

are beliefs that are contrary to fact

Glucocorticoid receptors

are found within almost every cell of the body.

Autoreceptors

are metabotropic. Rationale: Autoreceptors are of the metabotropic type.

Traits that are alterable via genetic mutations

are physical

Traits that are alterable via genetic mutations

are physical.

The malleus, incus, and stapes

are small bones that transmit vibrations from the ear drum to the oval window.

Neurons that are formed during embryonic development are likely to die if they

are unable to form synaptic contacts with other neurons.

Activation of cells within the _______ by a poison in the blood would be predicted to produce _______.

area postrema; vomiting Rationale: Cells within the area postrema control emesis; blood-borne poisons can thus trigger vomiting which can evacuate the stomach.

reticular formation

arousal

Cortical regions not primarily concerned with movement or sensation are called the __________ cortices.

association

Regions of the cortex that are NOT primarily concerned with sensation or movement are termed the _______ cortex.

association

________ is a type of _______ memory.

associative learning; nondeclarative

Radial glial cells involved in new neuron formation eventually are transformed into

astrocyes

A drug that specifically killed the _______ cells would be expected to alter the physical and nutritional support of brain cells.

astrocyte Rationale: Damage to astrocytes would be expected to alter the physical and nutritional support of brain cells.

The _______ are the key supply source of energy for neurons.

astrocytes

The _______ are the key supply source of energy for neurons

astrocytes Rationale: Astrocyes are the key supply source of rapid energy for neurons

Which pair of drugs below are antagonists for the muscarinic and nicotinic (respectively) receptors?

atropine; curare

The drug ________ causes pupil dilation by blocking ________ receptors.

atropine; muscarinic

The ________ sensory system is most likely to be involved in a schizophrenic hallucination.

auditory

inferior calliculus

auditory tracking

Although hallucinations can occur in any sensory modality, the most common one is ________ and involves __________.

auditory; hearing voices

The _______ branch of the nervous system is under involuntary, unconscious control.

autonomic

The sympathetic nervous system is part of the

autonomic nervous system

A stimulus that predicts an ______ outcome will change neural transmission in the ______ to produce the somatic, autonomic and endocrine signs of _______, as well as increased attention to that stimulus.

aversive; amydala; fear

A ____ connection consists of a synapse between two terminal buttons.

axoaxonic

Nicotinic receptors are found in ________ in the brain and ________ in the periphery.

axoaxonic synapses; muscle fibers

Presynaptic facilitation is associated with _______ synapses and involves a(n) _______ in the amount of transmitter released per action potential.

axoaxonic; increase Rationale: Presynaptic facilitation is associated with axoaxonic synapses and involves an increase in the amount of transmitter released per action potential

The pyramidal cells of hippocampal field CA1 are unique in that

axon firing results in action potentials along the dendrites.

Action potentials are generated at the _______ and are conducted along the _______.

axon hillock; axon Rationale: Actions potentials are conducted along the axon after initiation at the axon hillock.

. Neurotransmitter molecules are most commonly secreted from the

axon terminal Rationale: The axon terminal secretes neurotransmitter molecules into the synapse.

Synapses are most commonly formed between a(n) _______ and a(n) _______.

axon terminal; dendrite Rationale: Synapses are most commonly formed between an axon terminal and a dendrite.

Movement of cargo from one end of the axon to the other involves _______ along the _______ .

axoplasmic transport; microtubules

Movement of cargo from one end of the axon to the other involves _______ along the _______ .

axoplasmic transport; microtubules Rationale: The axoplasmic transport of molecules between the soma and the axon terminals is handled by the microtubules.

An injury on the dorsal surface of a man's body could be located on the man's

back

The term "dorsum" means _______, while the term "ventrum" means _______.

back; belly

function of vestibular system

balance, maintenance of head position, adjustment of eye movements to compensate for head movements

lateral lemniscus

band of fibers running rostrally, through medulla and pons, carries fibers of auditory system

Damage to the ________ would be expected to impair instrumental learning in rats.

basal ganglia

There is considerable evidence that when learned behaviors become automatic and routine, they are transferred to the ______.

basal ganglia

The symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder that occur after an infection are likely to be theresult of autoimmune-associated damage to the

basal ganglia.

To successfully retain information in short term memory, two processes are required. The first is to filter out irrelevent information, involving the __________, and the second is to maintain relevant information, involving the ________.

basal ganglia; right prefrontal cortex

The property of adjustable sensitivity of the game motor neurons refers to the observation that when gamma motor neurons are active, they ______.

become shorter, and more sensitive to change in muscle length

Anterior stream of audition

begin in anterior parabelt region involved with analysis of complex sounds

posterior stream of audition

begin in posterior parabelt region involved in sound localization

The major components of an emotional response include

behavior, autonomic activity, and hormonal secretions.

What are some of the major components of an emotional response?

behavior, autonomic activity, and hormonal secretions.

Rats previously exposed to a tone followed by a brief intense electrical shock will show ________ when subsequently exposed to the tone (without shock).

behavioral arrest (freezing)

______ is the common name used today for the area that involves the study the physiologyof behavior.

behavioral neuroscience

Infusion of excitatory amino acid glutamate into the central nucleus of the amygdala of a rat would be expected to elicit

behavioral signs of fear.

A _________ neuron's key function is to transmist sensory information

bipolar

A _________ neuron's key function is to transmist sensory information.

bipolar

A key function of the _______ nerve cell is to transmit sensory information.

bipolar Rationale: An important function of bipolar cells is to transmit sensory information to the brain.

Alternating episodes of elation and sadness are referred to as

bipolar disorder

Lithium is an effective treatment for ________ but not ________.

bipolar disorder; unipolar depression

which kind of neuron has one axon and one dendrite

bipolar neuron

Pathway of vestibular information in brain

bipolar neurons to the vestibular nerves to cerebellum and medulla. Medulla relays to cerebellum, spinal cord, medulla, pons, and temporal cortex

6 qualities of taste

bitterness, sourness, sweetness, saltiness, umami and fat

Inactivation of type II calcium calmodulin kinase would be expected to

block the formation of long-term potentiation.

The capacity of tricyclic antidepressant drugs to ________ is why these drugs function

block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into the terminals

Drugs that _________________ are used to treat __________.

block the reuptake of serotonin; depression.

What produces the excitatory caffeine effects?

blockade of adenosine receptors.

Withdrawal from alcohol may lead to seizures. This is because alcohol:

blocks NMDA receptors.

The drug reserpine

blocks the storage of monoamines in vesicles.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures changes in ________to image metabolic activity.

blood oxygen level

Some chemicals are excluded from the brain due to selective permeability of the ________ barrier.

blood-brain

The kinesthesia system provides information about

body movement and position

Human brains are about three times larger than chimpanzee brains when corrected for

body size

Chimpanzee brains are about one-third of the size of human brains when normalized by

body size.

The risk of a person developing schizophrenia is higher for a person

born in a northern latitude during the late winter months.

The limbic system is centered in the ____

brain

stereotaxic surgery

brain surgery using a stereotaxic apparatus to position an electrode or cannula in a specified position of the brain

The central nervous system consists of the ________ and the ________.

brain; spinal cord

cochlear nerve

branch of the auditory nerve that transmits auditory information from cochlea to brain receives 95% of information from INNER hair cells

______ is (are) a common landmark or reference point used for stereotaxic surgery.

bregma

In a typical long-term potentiation (LTP) study, a stimulating electrode is inserted into theperforant path, while a recording electrode is inserted into the dentate gyrus. LTP isproduced in this preparation by delivering a(n) ________ via the stimulating electrode.

burst of 100 electrical pulses in a few seconds

Saltatory conduction is rapid because

cable properties carry the signal under the myelin sheath. Rationale: Saltatory conduction is rapid because the membrane potential does not have to depolarize each successive patch of membrane.

The ion ________ is required for the release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal.

calcium

Associative long-term potentiation reflects increased ________ produced by changes in ____ ____.

calcium entry; NMDA receptors

A sound source that is located directly in front of a person

can be easily detected.

The physiological mechanisms of an organism that give rise to certain behaviors

can be understood in terms of whether the behaviors produce useful functions.

Because the amygdala receives input from cortical and subcortical sources, a person made blind by cortical damage ________.

can recognize facial emotional expressions

Because the amygdala receives input from cortical and subcortical sources, a person madeblind by cortical damage ________.

can recognize facial emotional expressions.

Clozapine is referred to as an "atypical" antischizophrenic drug because it

can reverse schizophrenic symptoms without producing the motor disorder tardive dyskinesia.

Most scientists believe that the ________ allowed certain mammals to survive the mass extinction produced by dust clouds some 65 million years ago

capacity to maintain their body temperature

Another term for "posterior" is

caudal

The _______ is the key structure of the basal ganglia

caudate nucleus

The _______ is the main structure of the basal ganglia.

caudate nucleus

The neostriatum consists of the

caudate nucleus and the putamen.

A problem for using benzodiazepine drugs as long-term anxiety treatment is that these drugs

cause sedation

middle ear disease

causes severe hearing loss and is caused by bone to grow over round window making basilar membrane not able to flex back and forth

Which of the following is stained most intensely by cresyl violet?

cell bodies

soma

cell body

Which of the following is NOT true of the surface of the human cortex?

center for coordinating certain reflexes

The ________ amygdaloid nucleus is important for the expression of emotional responses to aversive stimuli

central

The ________ amygdaloid nucleus is important for the expression of emotional responses to aversive stimuli.

central

The ________ nucleus of the amygdala is the most important part of the brain for the expression of emotional responses provoked by aversive stimuli

central

The _____________ nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord.

central

The brain and spinal cord comprise the ______ nervous system.

central

The _______ system is defined as comprised of the brain and spinal cord.

central nervous Rationale: The brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system.

Which of the following is made up of the brain and spinal cord?

central nervous system

The brain and spinal cord form the

central nervous system.

Activation of which of the following structures elicits the hormonal, autonomic, and behavioral components of an emotional response?

central nucleus of the amygdala.

Behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal emotional responses are elicited by activation of the

central nucleus of the amygdala.

CSF flows from third ventricle to the fourth ventricle via the _______.

cerebral aqueduct

CSF flows from third ventricle to the fourth ventricle via the

cerebral aqueduct.

Relative to same-age control subjects, schizophrenics show a more rapid loss of gray matter in the

cerebral cortex

The brain floats within ________ fluid, which is contained within the ________ .

cerebrospinal; subarachnoid space

Sound can best be thought of as

changes in air pressure produced by the vibration of an object

Damage to the hypothalamus would be expected to produce

changes in eating

Hypothalamic damage would likely produce

changes in eating.

The "cable" properties of axons are produced by

charges on the opposite sides of the neural membrane interacting

Neurons can be activated by

chemical stimulation.

A key prediction of the viral hypothesis of schizophrenia is that

children born a few months after a flu outbreak are more likely to develop schizophrenia.

In the opening vignette of the schizophrenia and affective disorders chapter, the psychiatric problem experienced by Larry was treated using

chlorpromazine

The production of acetylcholine occurs when _________ accepts an acetate ion from coenzyme A and transfers it to ______________.

choline acetyltransferase; a choline molecule

Brain CSF is secreted by the

choroid plexus

CSF is secreted by the _______ of the cerebral ventricles.

choroid plexus

The CSF is supplied to the brain by

choroid plexus

The _____________ allow(s) CSF to flow from the third ventricle to the fourth.

choroid plexus

The hair-like appendages that extend from the ends of the auditory receptors are known as

cilia

The hair-like appendages that extend from the ends of the auditory receptors are known as ________.

cilia

Instrumental conditioning involves strengthening connections between

circuits that detect a stimulus and motor control circuits that produce a response.

The recognition of auditory patterns is accomplished by

circuits within the auditory cortex

One of Toms friends has a night of boozing on many Vodka screwdrivers, and eating much pizza and salad with bacon bits. After becoming sick, she refuses to eat bacon bits. This is an example of which type of memory?

classical conditioning

Models such as the gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia and the eyeblink reflex in the rabbit have been used to study

classical conditioning.

The susceptibility of hippocampal cells to chronic stress has been associated with ________ and post-traumatic stress disorder.

clinical depression

What drugs produce the positive effects of schizophrenia?

cocaine

Which drug inhibits the reuptake of dopamine by the neuron's terminal buttons?

cocaine

Hearing loss due to hair cell damage can be restored by a(n) ________ implant.

cochlear

The ____ is the branch of the eighth cranial nerve that conducts auditory signals to the brain

cochlear nerve

The branch of the eighth cranial nerve that conducts auditory signals to the brain is called the

cochlear nerve

The TRPM8 receptor is key for our ability to sense ________.

cold

Smell and taste

combine to produce the sensation of flavor.

The anterior auditory stream involved in ________.

complex sound analysis

The anterior stream of the human auditory system performs analyses of ________, while the posterior stream provides analyses of ________.

complex sounds; perception of form

Methods of studying the living brain

computerized tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

Which of the following techniques for visualizing the living brain was first developed?

computerized tomography.

Twins that share a particular trait are ________ for the trait.

concordant

Relational learning involves changes in

connections between different regions of sensory association cortex.

A key function of the giant squid axon is the

contraction of the squid mantle, which propels the squid away from danger. Rationale: The giant squid axon controls the contraction of the squid mantle, which moves the squid away from sources of danger.

Assume that electrical stimulation of the right motor cortex elicits arm movements on the left side of the body. In this instance, we would describe this as a(n) _______ organization of the motor cortex and the muscles of the body.

contralateral

Assume that electrical stimulation of the right motor cortex elicits limb movements on the left side of the body. In this instance, we would describe this as a(an) _______ organization of motor cortex and the muscles of the body.

contralateral

Which term below refers to structures that are found on opposite sides of the body?

contralateral

Your textbook claims that the primary function of the brain is to

control movement.

autonomic nervous system ANS

controls smooth muscles, cardiac tissue and glands -sympathetic: energy expenditure -parasympathetic: energy creation

An important function of monoamine oxidase is to

convert catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms.

Which of the following would be a likely result if glycine receptors were inactivated?

convulsions.

A function attributed to the cerebellum is the

coordination of motor movements

An example of a survival behavior that is accompanied by the release of endogenous opiates would be ________.

copulation

The possible painful aspect of ________ is offset by the release of endogenous opiates.

copulation

In which view of the brain would one be able to observe a specific structure in both hemispheres?

coronal

The _____________ connects the association cortices of the two hemispheres

corpus callosum

The association regions of the left and right hemispheres are interconnected via axons that travel within the

corpus callosum

The two halves of the cerebral cortex are interconnected by the _______.

corpus callosum

The _____________ connects the association cortices of the two hemispheres.

corpus callosum.

James Olds and Peter Milner reported that electrical stimulation of rat brain

could have reinforcing effects.

The stereocilia of the hair cells are embedded in the gelatinous ___________.

cupula.

________ signal information regarding _________.

cutaneous receptors; events that damage the skin

Which of the following procedures may be implemented to minimize seizures?

cutting the corpus callosum.

hertz

cycles per second, measure of pitch

A human male who has a long record of assault, arson, and murder would be expected to show ________ levels of ________ in his cerebrospinal fluid.

d. reduced; 5-HIAA

The most common treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder involves

daily administration of methylphenidate.

The negative symptoms of schizophrenia may be related to

damage to cells of the brain

A general function of the prefrontal cortex may be to

dampen or inhibit emotional reactions.

A person with severe depression is at greater risk for

death by suicide

Semantic memory is a type of ________, whereas classical conditioning is a type of _________ memory.

declarative; nondeclarative

Depolarizations of the axon membrane that are below the threshold of activation

decrease in size as they sweep along the membrane. Rationale: Local potentials decrease in size as they sweep along the membrane.

Neural circuits that contain memories are established by strengthening some synapses and weakening others; the low-frequency stimulation of synaptic inputs to a cell can __________ their strength in a phenomenon known as ________________.

decrease, long-term depression

Weinberger argues that the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are related to

decreased activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

As it conducts along the axon membrane toward the terminal buttons, a subthreshold depolarization _ _________ in size.

decreases

As it conducts along the axon membrane toward the terminal buttons, a subthreshold depolarization ________ in size.

decreases

As it conducts along the axon membrane toward the terminal buttons, a subthreshold depolarization __________ in size.

decreases

Which is not a property of the action potential?

decremental

Electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter in the cat produces

defensive rage behavior

Which of the following behaviors can be elicited by electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter in the cat?

defensive rage behavior

Which of the following behaviors can be elicited by electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter in the cat?

defensive rage behavior.

A key function of lysosomes is to

degrade surplus cellular materials Rationale: Lysosomes degrade surplus cellular material within the neuron cytoplasm.

The portion of a neuron that carries information toward the cell body is the

dendrite Rationale: The dendrite carries information from the synapse toward the cell body.

In neuronal transmission, an individual neuron activates according to which order?

dendrite --> cell body --> axon --> terminal button.

The normal order of activation during neuronal transmission is

dendrite --> cell body --> axon --> terminal button. Rationale: Neuronal transmission starts with the dendrite and in turn involves the cell body, the axon, and then finally the axon terminal button.

The process by which the brain is wired for learning is known as

dendritic branching

An action potential that occurs in some type of pyramidal cells, and plays a role in learning, is called a

dendritic spike

A neuron membrane potential moves from -90 mV to -80 mV in response to a brief stimulation. We would term this change in potential as a(n)

depolarization. Rationale: A depolarization refers to a movement of the resting membrane potential in a more positive direction (towards 0 mV).

The ability of fluoxetine (Prozac) to function as an effective treatment for ________ is related to its capacity to ________.

depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder; block serotonin reuptake

Three primary functions of hearing

detect sounds, determine location of sources of sound and recognize the identity of these sources

A transmitter such as acetylcholine can be localized in the brain by

detecting the enzyme that produces acetylcholine.

Neurons within the amygdala are activated by

detection of emotionally relevant stimuli.

free nerve ending

detection of thermal stimuli, both cool or warmth, noxious stimuli, tickle. and pleasurable touch from gentle stroking with soft object

What does the therapeutic index measure?

difference between the desirable and toxic effects of a drug

phase difference

difference in arrival times of sound waves at each of the eardrums way to detect place of low frequuencies

If a person experienced damage to the large-diameter myelinated axons to the face, would would be the likely outcome?

difficulty detecting a tickle of the forehead.

Which of the following could you expect to occur after cortical damage just anterior to the central sulcus?

difficulty in controlling the muscles of the body

Which of the following would be expected following damage to the cortex that lies just in front of the central sulcus?

difficulty in controlling the muscles of the body

Which of the following would be expected as a result of damage to the somatosensory association cortex?

difficulty in naming an object the person can touch (but not see)

After damage to her somatosensory association cortex, Patient E.C. experienced

difficulty in recognizing common objects by touch

Neuromodulators

diffuse widely to affect many neurons

Neuromodulators

diffuse widely to affect many neurons.

A scientist wishing to locate small bundles of axons in the human brain would be advised to use the _______ technique.

diffuser tension imaging

The process of ________ ensures that ions will distribute themselves evenly through a solvent.

diffusion

A cup of sugar is dumped into a gallon of hot water. After 30 minutes, we will expect that the process of _______ will ensure that the sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the water.

diffusion Rationale: Molecules are distributed evenly throughout a medium via the process of diffusion.

Which of the following techniques can be used to visualize axon bundles in a living brain?

diffusion tensor imaging

Sodium ions will be pushed into a resting neuron by the forces of

diffusion; electrostatic pressure.

In metabolically active regions of the brain, nitric oxide _______________ blood vessels.

dilates

The earliest mammals

dined on insects

The earliest mammals

dined on insects.

A drug that binds with a postsynaptic receptor, but does not open ion channels would be termed a(n)

direct antagonist.

A key feature for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in Dr. C. was

diverse neurological symptoms that appeared at different times

A key feature for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in Dr. C. was

diverse neurological symptoms that appeared at different times.

The key benefit of genetic diversity for a species is that

diversity allows the species to adapt to different environments

IPSP hyperpolarizing currents

do carry neural information

Studies by Schultz and colleagues suggest that release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens

does not occur for an expected reinforcing stimulus (fruit juice).

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are reversed by drugs that are ________ receptor antagonists.

dopamine

Which neurotransmitter plays a role in motivation?

dopamine

The research by Knecht in 2004 demonstrated that __________ is an essential part of long-lasting, long-term potentiation.

dopamine (specifically L-DOPA)

The final synthesis step for norepinephrine requires the presence of ___________ and occurs in the _______.

dopamine and DBH; vesicle

The amino acid tyrosine is the synethsis precursor for ____________ and ____________.

dopamine and norepinephrine

The dopamine schizophrenia hypothesis is supported by the finding that

dopamine antagonists relieve the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Drugs that block MAO-B are ________ agonists, whereas MAO-A blockers are ________.

dopamine; norepinephrine agonists

Drugs that inactivate monoamine oxidase B would be expected to increase the release of ____________ in response to the arrival of an action potential at the terminal buttons.

dopmaine

The membrane of a nerve cell is comprised of

double layer of lipid molecules

Hydrocephalus is treated by

draining CSF from the ventricles using a shunt

_______ is the belief that mind and body are separate entities.

dualism

René Descartes, on the mind-body problem, would be considered a ____________.

dualist

The _______ is a tough protective sheath that covers the brain and that lies closest to the skull.

dura mater

In the peripheral nervous system, the _______ and the _______ fuse together to form a single sheath that protects the spinal and cranial nerves and the autonomic ganglia.

dura mater; pia mater

Stains such as methylene blue and cresyl violet were originally developed to

dye cloth

Which of the following specifically describes the state of agitation and misery experience brought about by withdrawal from abusive drug use?

dysphoria

The key advantage of a reversible lesion is that

each animal can serve as its own control.

tympanic membrane

eardrum, vibrates sound

Complications of prenatal development and delivery are more likely to result in

early-onset schizophrenia

The primary function of the Meissner corpuscle is to detect

edge contours

Of the following, which term does not belong with the other four terms?

electrical stimulation of the brain

Which of the following terms does not belong with the others?

electrical stimulation of the brain B. staining the brain C. cutting the brain D. visual examination of a stained section E. fixing the brain

When a substance creates oppositely charged particles when dissolved in water, this is referred to as ______________________.

electrolyte.

A substance that forms oppositely charged particles when dissolved into water would be termed a(n)

electrolyte. Rationale: An ion is a charged particle.

cochlear implant

electronic device, surgically implanted, enables a deaf person to hear consists of electrodes stimulating different parts of basilar membrane

Cholinergic neurons are thought to ________ within the ________.

elicit most of the aspects of REM sleep; dorsolateral pons

Damage to the amygdala would be expected to alter

emotion

The text author asserts that ________ have key consequences for survival and reproduction.

emotional behaviors

Which disorder would greatly impair the capacity of a person to succeed in acting

emotional facial paresis

Which disorder would greatly impair the capacity of a person to succeed in acting?

emotional facial paresis

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic forms of learning?

emotional learning

The process of vaginal self-stimulation in human women induces analgesia through

endogenous opiate release

A general finding is that the brains of autistic children exhibit

enlarged brain size

ampulla

enlargement in a semicircular canal contains cupula and crista

Upon _______, _________ will occur.

entry of a negative ion; hyperpolarization

Match the ion channel action with its resulting change in membrane potential:

entry of a negative ion; hyperpolarization Rationale: Hyperpolarization is produced by the entry of a negative ion into the axon.

Acetylcholine-induced postsynaptic potentials are abolished by

enzymatic degradation via acetylcholinesterase.

The postsynaptic potentials induced by acetylcholine are ended via

enzymatic degradation via acetylcholinesterase. Rationale: The postsynaptic action of ACh is ended by enzymatic degradation via acetylcholinesterase.

Termination of the postsynaptic potential would be expected from a drug or process that acts to

enzymatically degrade the neurotransmitter molecule.

Transection of the corpus callosum is useful in reducing the symptoms of __ ________ .

epilepsy

When nerve cells become excessively overactive in the brain, this is typically referred to as:

epilepsy

The memory loss experienced by the famous case of H.M. was the result of surgery for his ______.

epilepsy speech disorder brain tumor

Olfactory epithelium

epithelial tissue of he nasal sinus that covers the cribiform plate, contains cilia of olfactory receptors

Why isn't microdialysis done in humans for research purposes?

ethical problems because the procedure is invasive.

Cutaneous receptors signal information regarding

events that damage the skin.

A scientist who holds a monistic philosophy would be comfortable with which of thefollowing statements?

everything is made of matter and energy

Darwin argued that the expression of emotion in humans

evolved from similar expressions in other animals.

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia may be caused by

excessive activity in dopamine circuits in the brain

In the basal ganglia pathway, the VA/VL thalamus is ______ by direct the pathway, and _______ by the indirect pathway.

excited; inhibited

A key advantage of ________ lesions is that they affect only neural cell bodies and do not damage axons passing through the region.

excitotoxic

Stimulus-response learning involves the ability to

exhibit a specific behavior in the presence of a specific stimulus.

The term "opiates" refers to ________, while the term "opioids" refers to ________.

exogenous drugs; endogenous chemicals

If a person experienced damage to their right parietal cortex, which of the following could result?

experience unilateral neglect

Which of the following is the oldest method of studying brain function?

experimental ablation

Declarative memory is synonymous for __________.

explicit memory

The symptoms of seasonal affective disorder are reduced by

exposing people to bright light every day.

Mania involves feelings of

extreme elation

Damage to the amygdala can impair recognition of ________ but not ________.

facial emotion expression; recognition of emotion using tone of voice

According to Shors and colleagues, a brief exposure to a stressful learning situation (e.g., a series of tail shocks) decreases the density of hippocampal dendritic spines in male rats, but increases spine density in female rats.

false

Action potentials in the taste receptor cells lead to an increase K+ influx through voltage-gated membrane channels with the release of K+ from intracellular stores

false

Antibiotics can kill hair cells in an apical to basal direction and produce corresponding deficits in pitch perception

false

Barnes et al. found that each unit increase in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology was associated with a 3-fold increase in AD risk in women, but an over 20-fold increase in AD risk in men

false

Damage to fibers containing the TRPM8 receptor would be expected to impair sensing of extreme heat

false

Early-maturing children performed significantly better than late-maturing children of the same sex on spatial measures, suggesting that spatial abilities in male and female adults may be related to different maturation rates.

false

Hue is what makes a particular musical sound different from another, even when they have the same pitch and loudness.

false

Male patients with schizophrenia display marked facial hemispheric asymmetries that are absent in male healthy controls

false

Sodium channels play a key role in the perception of acids.

false

Some areas of skin lack warm receptors.

false

The ossicles are tiny bones located within the inner ear.

false

The resulting movements of the eardrum are transmitted through the three middle-ear ossicles (malleus, incus and scala tympani)

false

Tolerance is less common that sensitization.

false

TThe traveling wave causes the tympanic membrane and hence the Organ of Corti to move up and down.

falsse

The detection of ________ involves the detection of fatty acids on the tongue.

fat

The amygdala is involved in the recognition of ________communicated via ________.

fear; facial expression

basal ganglia

feedback to the cortex about motor movement

_______ is controlled, at least in part, by the hypothalamus.

feeding

You are listening to a song on the radio while doing your homework. The phone rings. Your mother has called to tell you that your favorite uncle has died after being hit by a car. Three months later, you again hear the same song and suddenly feel very sad. In this example,the unconditional response is

feeling sad when your mother calls with the bad news.

Research has shown that memories older than approximately ____ years are relatively intact in people with __________ amnesia.

fifteen, retrograde

Identical twins who are mirror images in terms of their ________ are more likely to be ________.

fingerprints; monochorionic

The nervous system codes for variation in the intensity of incoming sensory stimuli by variations in the _______ of a neuron

firing rate Rationale: More intense stimuli produce a faster rate of firing in a given sensory neuron.

belt region

first level of auditory association cortex, surrounds the primary auditory cortex

A _______ is a large groove found in the surface of the human cortex.

fissure

Methods of retrograde labeling

flouorogold, psuedorabies virus and herpes simples

Which classicial conditioning pair is correct?

flu sickness is the US; new food is the CS

The chemical ________ can be used to trace the paths of afferent axons.

fluorogold

The drug ________ would be expected to inhibit aggression

fluoxetine (Prozac

The most effective drug treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder involves the administration of

fluvoxamine and clomipramine.

An example of a natural reinforcer is

food for a hungry rat.

In experiments by LeDoux and others on classically conditioned emotional responses in rats, the unconditional emotional response is elicited by

foot shock.

Pierre Flourens is known

for his use of the experimental ablation technique to examine brain function.

Rate coding

for low frequencies system by which information about different sound waves is coded by the rate of firing of neurons in the auditory sytem

A study of suicides in Hungary suggests that the risk of suicide is greatest for

for people born in July

Early anatomists named observable brain features

for the similarity of the structure to everyday objects.

The usefulness of pseudorabies virus for histological analyses is

for the tracing of serial synaptic connections.

Neurons that are formed during embryonic development are likely to die if they do not

form synaptic contacts with other neurons.

A key function of specialized lipid molecules located in the nerve cell is to

form the membrane Rationale: The neuron membrane is formed by specialized lipid molecules.

Which of the following is the most common nerve tissue fixative?

formalin.

Which of the following is a key function of the hormonal secretions that accompany an emotion?

formation of glucose within the muscles

An example of relational learning is

forming a mental map of a room based on your experience in the room.

Which of the following terms and shapes are not a correct match?

fornix, "breastshaped"

Which of the following terms and shapes are not a correct match?

fornix; "breast-shaped"

An adult human brain undergoes a ______-fold increase in weight relative to that of the newborn brain.

four

Tickle, thermal activation, and noxious stimuli are detected by ________ in the skin.

free nerve endings

________ detect changes in temperature and pain.

free nerve endings

A species-typical defensive response for a rat would include

freezing of motor movements

Lesions of the periaqueductal gray matter interfere with the ________in rats.

freezing response

The fact that adjacent regions of the basilar membrane and of the primary auditory cortex appear to respond best to different sound _____ can be displayed in a _____ map.

frequencies; tonotopic

The fact that adjacent regions of the basilar membrane and of the primary auditory cortex appear to respond best to different sound ________ can be displayed in a ________ map.

frequencies; tonotopic

The fact that adjacent regions of the basilar membrane and of the primary auditory cortexappear to respond best to different sound ________ can be displayed in a ________ map.

frequencies; tonotopic

The traveling wave increases in amplitude as it moves, and reaches a peak at a place that is directly related to the _________ of the sound.

frequency

The pitch of a sound stimulus is related to the physical characteristic of

frequency of vibration

In which view of the brain would one be able to note the presence of a specific structure in both hemispheres?

frontal

The association cortex in the _______ lobe performs the planning and execution of movements.

frontal

The planning and execution of movements is a function performed by the association cortex within the _______ cortical lobe.

frontal

In the _______view of the brain, the brain is sliced like a salami.

frontal and or transverse

function of Ruffini corpuscles

function of this receptor is detection of static force against skin, skin stretching and propioception

The lowest and usually most intense frequency of a complex sound is its

fundamental frequency.

Imagine that you currently experience such an overly strong fear of flying that you refuse to go near an airport for fear of exposure to anything related to flying. A learning theorist would suggest that the roots of your fear can be attributed to past classical conditioning, in which you associated the sight and sound of an airplane with some aversive experience. This type of explanation would involve the process of

generalization

With regard to the genetic basis of schizophrenia

genes impart a susceptibility to develop schizophrenia

Twin studies suggest a major role for ________ in antisocial behavior.

genetics

Which of the following is implicated in antisocial behavior by twin studies?

genetics

________ is a biological factor associated with autism

german measles during pregnancy

CNS neurons receive nutrients, structural support, and oxygen from ________ cells.

glial or neuroglial

________ cells provide oxygen, nutrients, and structural support to CNS neurons

glial or neuroglial

________ cells provide oxygen, nutrients, and structural support to CNS neurons.

glial or neuroglial

Neurons of the central nervous system are provided nutrients, oxygen, and physical support by _______ cells.

glial or neuroglial Rationale: Neuroglial cells provide nutrients, oxygen, and physical support to neurons.

Which of the following is not one of the most common neurotransmitters in the CNS?

glucose

Infusion of ________ into the central nucleus of the amygdala would be expected to promote fear and agitation.

glutamate

The NMDA-type _______ receptor is critical for some forms of long term potentiation, in particular longterm potentiation at the ______ synapse in the _________.

glutamate; CA3-CA1; hippocampus

Which of the following produces Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)?

glutamic acid.

A delusion of _____________ is when someone believes that they are a godlike or messianic figure, or are vastly more wealthy or famous than they are.

grandeur

A person who believes that he or she is President of the World is most likely suffering from a delusion of

grandeur

A person who believes that he or she is President of the World is most likely suffering from a delusion of ________.

grandeur

In the brain, clusters of neuron cell bodies are referred to as _______

gray matter

The motor neurons of the sympathetic nervous system project from the _______ to the _______.

gray matter of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord; sympathetic ganglia

Secretion of glucocorticoids results in

greater availability of fatty acids as sources of energy.

PET studies indicate that schizophrenic patients treated with amphetamine show ________ from the striatum and a corresponding ________.

greater release of dopamine; increase in positive symptoms

superior olivary complex

group of nuclei in medulla involved with auditory functions including localization of source of sounds

A _______ is a bulge of tissue located between grooves in the cortical surface of a human brain

gyrus

A _______ refers to a bulge of tissue located between the adjacent grooves in the surface of the human cortex.

gyrus

A _______refers to a large bulge located between adjacent grooves on the surface of the human cortex.

gyrus

What is a bump or protuberance on the surface of the brain called?

gyrus (gryi)

In MRI studies of brain anatomy in identical twins discordant for schizophrenia, the schizophrenic twin usually

had larger lateral and third ventricles

Cochlear-implant paitents have lost ________ function.

hair cell

cilium

hair like appendage of a cell involved in movement or in transducing sensory information found on the receptors in the auditory vestibular system

Which of the following transforms sound into action potentials?

hair-cell cilia

Formalin is useful in the histology laboratory because it

halts the enzyme process that breaks down brain tissue after death.

The trigger zone or axon Hillock

has many volatage-gated sodium channels to accumulate graded potentials and determine threshold

An example of a neurological symptom evident in schizophrenia would be

having poor problem solving and problems in learning and memory.

Ancient Greek culture before Hippocrates considered the ________ to be the seat of thought and emotion.

heart

The________ states that a weak synapse will be strengthened if its activation occurs at thesame time that the postsynaptic neuron fires.

hebb rule

Adoption and twin studies suggest that schizophrenia is a ________ trait.

heritable

Select the best pair.

high frequency sounds; stimulate the base of the cochlea

select the best pair

high frequency sounds; stimulate the base of the cochlea

Three types of pain receptors

high threshold mechanoreceptors, TRVP1, TRPA1

Some careers involve daily exposure to dangerous situations, which can lead to emotional burnout. A person with damage to the amygdala would have a selective advantage for

high-wire artist working on the 4th of July in a rainstorm

Damage to which part of the neural tube might result in damage to the cerebellum?

hindbrain

From an evolutionary perspective, the ______ developed earliest.

hindbrain

The midbrain rests above and surrounds the

hindbrain

Damage to the ______ would be expected to produce a memory disorder.

hippocampus

Damage to the ______ would be expected to produce memory disorder.

hippocampus

The _______ is named for its resemblance to a seahorse.

hippocampus

Individuals who survive an hypoxic (hypoxia) episode often sustain damage to the ________ and __________.

hippocampus; anterograde amnesia

Procedural memory does not rely on the _______ and ________ memory system in the same way as ________ memory.

hippocampus; medial temporal lobe; declarative

The key event that resulted in the treatment of Larry's schizophrenia was

his attack on his mother

On the 28th day of embryonic development, the human brain resembles a

hollow tube

The surviving members of the _____ family include humans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans.

hominid

A _______ section is made through the human brain and is parallel to the ground, and a _______ section through the spinal cord is parallel to the ground.

horizontal; transverse

Most _______ are secreted into the extracellular fluid from endocrine glands or tissues.

hormones Rationale: Most hormones are secreted into the extracellular fluid from endocrine glands or tissues.

An example of an adverse stress effect on immune function is when

husbands whose wives died from breast cancer show reduced immune response.

What is a result of a stoppage of CSF flow?

hydrocephalus

Interruption of the flow of CSF through the brain ventricles results in

hydrocephalus.

___ will decrease the rate of firing of a neuron

hyperpolarization

A change in the axon membrane potential from -70 mV to -90 mV would be termed a(n)

hyperpolarization. Rationale: A hyperpolarization refers to a movement of the resting membrane potential in a more negative direction.

Activation of dendritic autoreceptors produce ________; a drug that is an agonist at theseautoreceptors would be classified as an ________ for the synapse

hyperpolarizations; antagonist

Weinberger (1988) suggested that _______, decreased activity of the frontal lobes, is a significant contributor to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

hypofrontality

Circadian rhythms of sleep and wakefulness are controlled by activity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the _________.

hypothalamus

In addition to the amygdala, the ________ may be influenced by both the variables of sex and hemisphere (i.e., sex-related hemispheric differences).

hypothalamus

The primary function of perceptual learning is to

identify and categorize objects.

Determination of sound ________ is carried out by the posterior auditory stream.

identity

Functional imaging studies of human association cortex indicate that judgments of sound ________ activate the ________.

identity; posterior stream

The pons is located

immediately ventral to the cerebellum

Imagine you are studying an animal model of myasthenia gravis, a disease in which acetylcholine transmission is disrupted, and wanted to determine if synaptic acetylcholine was reduced in this disease. Which of the following techniques would you be most useful for your study?

immunocytochemistry aimed at choline acetyltransferase

Peptides or proteins can be localized in the brain using

immunocytochemistry.

Damage to the caudate nucleus/putamen in rats would be expected to

impair instrumental conditioning.

Damage to fibers containing the TRPM8 receptor would be expected to

impair sensing of extreme cold

Damage to the auditory association cortex can

impair the understanding of sound meaning but not hearing.

__________ may be the cause of impulsive aggression, which can be treated with _________.

impaired serotonin prefrontal activity; fluoxetine

The acquisition of specific behaviors and skills is the most important form of __________ memory.

implicit

Studies using primates suggest that alcohol promotes aggression but only

in dominant male monkeys during the mating season when testosterone levels are high.

where is the majority of the CSF stored?

in the ventricles

A unique aspect of the loss of function shown by Patient I.R. after aneurysm surgery involved her

inability to read sheet music.

A formal definition of aggressive behaviors

includes those behaviors involved in predation.

formal definition of aggressive behaviors

includes those behaviors involved in predation.

The atypical antipsychotic clozapine produces a(n) ________ activity within the ________.

increase in dopamine; prefrontal cortex

Natural selection proposes that characteristics that ________ will become more prevalent in a species.

increase reproductive success

Administering a molecule that is a precursor for the synthesis of a synaptic neurotransmitter would be expected to

increase the rate of synthesis and release of that neurotransmitter

If a particular drug were to block acetylcholinesterase, what might be occur?

increase the synaptic levels of acetylcholine.

A person is administered a placebo "pain-relieving" skin cream just before receiving a painful electric shock. Imaging studies suggest that the placebo analgesic effect is due to

increased activity within the prefrontal cortex and PAG

All but ________ are a symptom of depression.

increased appetite for sex

Persistence of long-term potentiation for more than an hour requires

increased protein synthesis within the postsynaptic dendrite.

Prenatal exposure to androgens

increases aggressive behavior in all studied species

Prenatal exposure to androgens

increases aggressive behavior in all studied species.

Hypoactivity of the frontal cortex contributes to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia by

increasing the release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens

Single-unit recordings

indicate that serotonergic neuron activity is nil during REM sleep

A drug that binds at a postsynaptic site different from that of the neurotransmitter andfacilitates the opening of ion channels would be termed a(n)

indirect agonist.

A(n) ________ is defined as drug that binds at a postsynaptic site different from that of theneurotransmitter and that prevents the opening of ion channels by the neurotransmitter.

indirect antagonist

PCP acts as a(n) ________ at ________ receptors.

indirect antagonist; NMDA

A drug that decreases the activity of dopamine within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex would be expected to

induce both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Curare is used in medical clinics to

induce relaxation in muscles that are to be cut during a surgical procedure.

The ventral stream of visual association cortex continues into the ________ and carries information relating to ________.

inferior temporal cortex; object recognition

Which of the following would produce an EPSP?

influx of calcium

Neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic membrane is triggered by the

influx of calcium ions into the axon terminal.

Neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic membrane is triggered bythe

influx of calcium ions into the axon terminal.

Which of the following routes of administration will produce the most rapid effects of a drug on brain function?

inhaled

Low doses of the drug apomorphine

inhibit the synthesis and release of dopamine.

The neurotransmitter serotonin typically ________ aggression

inhibits (or suppresses)

The presence of a barrier between the bloodstream and the brain is suggested by the observation that

injection of dye into the bloodstream stains all cells but those of the brain and spinal cord. Rationale: The presence of a blood-brain barrier was inferred from the observation injection of dye into the bloodstream stains all cells except those of the brain and spinal cord.

Which of the following methods cannot reveal the metabolic activity of regions of the brain?

injection of kainic acid

Damage to the ________ hair cells results in deafness in mice.

inner

The cochlea is located within the

inner ear

The white matter of the brain is located __________, whereas that of the spinal cord is ___________

inside the gray matter; outside the gray matter

Providing a drink of water to a thirsty animal is an example of ___________ conditioning

instrumental

Damage to the basal ganglia or infusion of a drug that blocks NMDA receptors there can disrupt

instrumental conditioning

The monoamine hypothesis states that depression is caused by

insufficient activity of monoaminergic neurons.

What is the technical term most applies to snorting cocaine?

insufflation

The _______ cortex receives primary inputs regarding taste.

insular

Disgusting stimuli activate the activity of cells in the ________.

insular cortex

Electrical stimulation of the ________ in humans produces painful burning and tingling sensations.

insular cortex

The emotion of disgust involves activation of neurons within the

insular cortex

The _______ region of cortex lies buried within a fissure between the _______ and the _______ lobes.

insular; frontal; temporal

myelin sheath

insulates the neuron

An example of a positive benefit associated with a manic episode would be

intense effort at completing a project

Episodes of mania are characterized by

intense euphoria

The posterior parietal cortex may be involved in monitoring one's own plans and__________rather than directly forming these intentions.

intentions

Which of the following is a critical function of the corpus callosum?

interconnect the cerebral hemispheres.

The perforant pathway

interconnects the entorhinal cortex with the granule cells of the dentate gyrus.

As a consequence of the activity of the sodium-potassium transporters,

intracellular sodium concentrations are kept low. potassium-high

Which of the following routes for drug administration have the benefit of bypassing the blood brain barrier?

intracerebroventricular

Which of the following methods for administering a drug are typically used in rodent research?

intraperitoneal

Suppose your neighbor inadvertently injested a poisonous substance. He has passed out and the poison may be fatal. If you needed to administer an antidote to counteract the poison, which would be the quickest administration?

intravenous

The autonomic nervous system regulates_____

involuntary actions

A reflex is a(n) ________ movement elicited by a(n) ________

involuntary; external stimulus

A reflex is a(n) ________ movement elicited by a(n) ________ .

involuntary; external stimulus

The specific compulsion known as trichotillomania

involves hair pulling

What is the term for specialized protein molecules that can open or close and are embedded in the neuronal membrane?

ion channels

The specialized protein molecules located in the axon membrane that can open or close are termed

ion channels. Rationale: Ion channels are proteins located in the axon membrane that open or close thus allowing ions to enter or leave the neuron

The GABA A receptor is a(n) ____________ channel and controls _______________.

ionotropic; chloride

Match the correct receptor type and effect:

ionotropic; direct opening of an ion channel

Match up the correct receptor type and effect:

ionotropic; direct opening of an ion channel

Match up the correct receptor type and effect

ionotropic; direct opening of an ion channel Rationale: Activation of an ionotropic receptor results in the direct opening of a single ion channel.

The term _______ refers to structures that are found on the same side of the body.

ipsilateral

_______ refers to feaatures on the same side of the body.

ipsilateral

The ability to estimate the elevation of a sound

is a function of experience

A drug such as aripiprazole counters the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia because this drug

is a partial agonist at dopamine receptors in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens.

Although obsessions are seen in schizophrenia and in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), aperson with OCD

is aware of the obsession and would like it to stop.

The surface of human cortex

is convoluted by grooves and bulges.

A chimeric face

is created by pasting different facial images to form a single unit.

Women seeking to reduce the risk of their offspring developing schizophrenia would do well to seek a mate who

is in his early twenties

The effect of total sleep deprivation on depression

is lost after even a short nap.

A person who has been subjected to long-term stress

is more likely to suffer poorer health later in life.

Which best describes the interior of a resting neuron?

is negatively charged relative to the outside.

The major advantage of chemical stimulation using glutamate infusion is that

it activates cell bodies but not axons.

Female rhesus monkeys are more likely to engage in fights with other females

just prior to menstruation.

The motor association cortex is located

just rostral to primary motor cortex

The ________ technique overstimulates neurons, killing them and creating a lesion.

kainic acid

_____________ infusions into the brain result in ______________ through the process of _____________.

kainic acid; destroy cell bodies; overstimulation

______________is an effective, short-term treatment for severe depression.

ketamine

Drugs a removed from the body by passing through the _________________.

kidneys.

Damage to left parietal lobe would be expected to cause difficulty in

knowing the position of the person's body parts.

Damage to left parietal lobe would be expected to produce a persistent difficulty in a. controlling the left arm and leg.

knowing the position of the person's body parts.

temporal lobe

language; speech comprehension; hearing

A ________ myelinated fiber will conduct action potentials more rapidly than will a thin myelinated fiber.

large

What did the studies by Weinberger and others of brain abnormality in schizophrenic patients demonstrate?

larger lateral ventricles in schizophrenia patients.

Studies by Weinberger and others of brain abnormality in schizophrenic patients report

larger lateral ventricles in schizophrenic patients.

Which of the following represents the correct pairing of a thalamic nucleus with its projection to the cortex?

lateral geniculate nucleus; projects to primary visual cortex

Which of the following structures is necessary for an emotional response to alter blood pressure?

lateral hippocampus

Which of the following participate in audition?

lateral lemniscus

When a rat encounters a painful stimulus, somatosensory input activates strong synapses in the

lateral nucleus

Neurons that use binaural differences in loudness as a cue to the source of a sound are located within the

lateral superior olivary complex.

The size of the ________ increases in schizophrenic patients.

lateral ventricles

Which statement best illustrates the James-Lange theory of emotion?

laugh and you will be happy

hippocampus

learning and memory

The ________ half of the face is more expressive than is the other half.

left

PET studies indicate that the comprehension of emotion on the basis of word meaning increased the activity of the

left and right frontal cortex

Pure word deafness is produced by damage to the ________ cortex

left temporal

Damage to the ________ parietal hemisphere causes apraxia of ________ hand.

left, both the right and left.

The incidence of schizophrenia in the world population is approximately _______%.

less than 50%

medulla

life support systems

Which of the following regions of the limbic system surrounds all of the other regions?

limbic cortex

The _______ system is comprised of the amygdale, hippocampus, and anterior thalamus.

limbic system

The __________ is comprised of the amygdala, hippocampus, and anterior thalamus.

limbic system

A person experiences a great deal of fear during a cataclysmic event. Which part of the brain might show changes?

limbic system?

The cell membrane is formed by a dual layer of ________ molecules.

lipid

The best evidence that there is a difference between bipolar affective disorder and unipolar depression is that:

lithium is effective in treating only bipolar disorder.

ossicles

little bones of middle ear which are set into motion by tympanic membrane

Metabolism of a drug is predominantly via the _________________.

liver.

Which of the following chemicals can be used to create a reversible lesion in brain tissue?

local anesthetic

The amygdala is

located within the temporal lobes.

Outputs from the ________ mediate the increased vigilance noted during fear.

locus coeruleus

An increase in the magnitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials in postsynaptic neurons over the long term is known as

long-term potentiation

An example of an environmental effect on testosterone secretion would be when

losing a tennis match results in lowered blood levels of testosterone.

Which of the following exemplifies an environmental effect on testosterone secretion?

losing a tennis match results in lowered blood levels of testosterone.

amusia

loss or impairment of musical abilities

Exposure to ________ will automatically produce a fear reaction in most species

loud unexpected noises

The ________ of a sound stimulus is related to the intensity of the sound.

loudness

Studies of hormone status and antisocial behavior in U.S. military veterans suggest that higher levels of antisocial activity are noted in

low socioeconomic status men with high testosterone levels

Studies of hormone status and antisocial behavior in U.S. military veterans suggest thathigher levels of antisocial activity are noted in

low socioeconomic status men with high testosterone levels.

fundamental frequency

lowest, and usual most intense frequency of a complex sound, most often perceived as the sound's base pitch

_________ degrade(s) surplus substances within the neuron's cytoplasm.

lysosomes

Surplus substances within the cytoplasm are degraded by

lysosomes. Rationale: Lysosomes degrade surplus structures within the cell cytoplasm

The ________ technique uses a radio frequency wave to excite hydrogen atoms in the brain to create an image of the living human brain.

magnetic resonance imaging

Which of the following of the below techniques assists in visualizing differences white matter and gray matter in a living brain?

magnetic resonance imaging

Rapid recognition of facial emotional expression is mediated by signals carried by the ________ system.

magnocellular

Rapid recognition of facial emotional expression is mediated by signals carried by the ________ system.

magnocellular

Which of the following would be found in the middle ear?

malleus and incus

Because the arm of the ______ to which the tympanic membrane is attached is longer than the arm of the _______ to which the stapes is attached, there is a slight amplification of the sound pressure by a lever action.

malleus; incus

Which type of visual system is responsible for our ability to perceive our surrounding environment?

mammalian

Analysis of timbre

means to detect the elevation of a sound and perceive whether infront of us or behind utilizes the pinna (outer ear) it examines the angle of the sound coming in on the unique folds and ridges of an individual's pinna, thus changing timbre

Intensity differences

means to locate source of sound for high frequencies due to phenomenon of "sonic shadows"

By implanting testosterone into the ____________, intermale aggression in castrated male rats can be reinstated.

medial preoptic area

Intermale aggression will be reinstated in castrated male rats after implants of testosterone into the

medial preoptic area.

In the opening vignette, Ryan B. undergoes neurosurgery to remove a portion of his _______ in order to treat his worsening epilepsy.

medial temporal lobe

Cessation of respiration would be expected following damage to the

medulla oblongata

The _______ is the most caudal portion of the brain stem

medulla oblongata

The _______ is the most caudal portion of the brain stem.

medulla oblongata

_______ potential is characterized by a difference in electrical charge between the outside and inside of the axon membrane

membrane

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of the axon membrane is defined as the _______ potential.

membrane Rationale: The membrane potential is defined as the difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of the axon membrane.

The _______ comprise three layers that encase the central nervous system.

meninges

The ________ pathway connects the ventral tegmental area with the nucleus accumbens.

mesolimbic

When a neurotransmitter binds with a(n)_____, the post-synaptic effects occur quickly and are short-lasting.

metabotropic or ionotropic receptors idk

Match up the correct receptor type and effect.

metabotropic; G protein activation leads to activation of a second-messenger

The _______ consists of the pons and cerebellum.

metencephalon

The term _______ means "afterbrain."

metencephalon

The term __________ means "afterbrain."

metencephalon

Which of the following is comprised of the pons and the cerebellum?

metencephalon

The observation that ________ is an effective treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suggests that ADHD results from ________.

methylphenidate; understimulation of dopamine transmission

Intermale aggression is reduced in

mice whose vomeronasal nerves have been surgically damaged.

Which cell type mediates inflammation following brain damage?

microglia

The _______ mediates the inflammatory reaction that follows brain damage.

microglia Rationale: The inflammatory reaction that follows brain damage results from the action of microglia.

Which of the following is used to cut the brain into thin slices?

microtome

Match the correct function with the neuronal organelle:

microtubules; transport of molecules between the soma and the axon terminals Rationale: The transport of molecules between the soma and the axon terminals is handled by the microtubules.

The ossicles are found within the

middle ear

A _______ section made through a human brain is parallel to the neuraxis, perpendicular to the ground, and divides the brain into two symmetrical halves.

midsagittal

A _______section made perpendicular to the ground and parallel to the neuraxis through a human brain divides the brain into two symmetrical halves.

midsagittal

How do the authors of the mirror neuron studies explain the function of mirror neurons?

mirror neurons help us to understand the actions and intentions of others

Which of the following provides energy in the form of ATP Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) for a storage reservoir and transport channel within the cell?

mitochondria

Which of the following represents a correct match between a neuronal organelle and its function?

mitochondria; extraction of energy

The autonomic component of an emotional response functions to a. mobilize energy for vigorous movement.

mobilize energy for vigorous movement

antisense oligonucleotide

modified RNA or DNA that binds with a specific molecule of mRNA and prevents it from producing its protein

An important function of ________ is to convert catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms.

monoamine oxidase

Suppose you were enjoying a lovely piece of cheese and then experienced a fatal blood pressure increase. Which drug might you have been taking in combination with the cheese?

monoamine oxidase inhibitor

What term describes a reflex in which a muscle contracts in response to its being quickly stretched?

monosynaptic stretch reflex

The major affective disorders are also known as

mood disorders

Recent research suggests that emotions may play the most important role in the formation of

moral judgments.

Analysis of the childhood behavior of schizophrenics have found that these children show ________ than do their normal siblings or normal peers.

more negative affect in their facial expressions

The increase in synaptic strength that occurs in long-term potentiation is due to amodification of the cell that includes

more postsynaptic AMPA receptors

The symptoms of schizophrenia are more likely in a person whose

mother experienced obstetric complications

hypothalamus

motivation and emotion - ANS regulation

A key function of the right hemisphere relates to the

motor control of the left side of the body

cerebellum

motor coordination and learning

substantia nigra/basal ganglia

motor movement

Damage to the basal ganglia would be expected to produce difficulties in

motor movements.

Hair cells within the semicircular canals are activated by

movement of the cupula

The mechanical stimulus that induces movements of the hair cells is the

movement of the stapes against the oval window

It is important to recognize that the primary motor cortex is organized in terms of particular__________of particular parts of the body.

movements

Hair cells within the vestibular sacs are activated by

movements of the otoconia

When the axons become coated within myelin, messages received by a baby will travel

much faster

The _______ neuron is the most common type of neuron within the central nervous system.

multipolar

________ neurons are the most common type in the central nervous system.

multipolar

The most common neuron type in the central nervous system is the _______ neuron.

multipolar Rationale: The multipolar neuron is the most common neuron in the central nervous system.

The intrafusal muscle fibers detect ________ while the Golgi tendon organ detects ________.

muscle length, how far a muscle stretches

Besides controlling the sensation of pleasure, what else does dopamine control?

muscle movement

The primary symptom shown by Kathryn D. was

muscle weakness Rationale: Muscle weakness associated with a muscle disorder was the primary symptom shown

Motor neurons control the activity of the ________.

muscles

_ _________ are accidental changes in the chromosomal structure of sperm or eggs.

mutations

Dr. Mary Walker used _______ to treat muscle weakness due to ________. Dr. Mary Walker treated muscle weakness from __________ with ____________.

myasthenia gravis; physostigmine

Charles Darwin proposed the principle of

natural selection.

Low-frequency stimulation of the vestibular sacs would be expected to produce

nausea

Higher frequency sounds produce maximal distortion of the basilar membrane

near the stapes

Higher-frequency sounds produce maximal distortion of the basilar membrane

near the stapes

At what time are female rhesus monkeys more likely to fight with male rhesus monkeys?

near the time of ovulation.

Brain damage is thought to produce the ________ symptoms of schizophrenia.

negative

Most studies of emotion have focused on ________ emotions.

negative

The ________ symptoms of schizophrenia are the first to appear in the course of the disorder.

negative

What are the first symptoms of schizophrenia to appear?

negative

With regard to facial emotional expression,

negative emotional expressions are more intensely expressed on the left side of the face

With regard to facial emotional expression,

negative emotional expressions are more intensely expressed on the left side of the face.

In a neuron at rest, the interior of the cell is more ________ charged than is the exterior of the cell.

negatively

The interaction of the effects of excitatory and inhibitory synapses on a particular neuron is called...

neural integration.

Sex differences in the analgesic effectiveness of opioid peptides would be considered what kind of difference?

neurochemical

The process of _______ refers to the production of new neurons.

neurogenesis

The process of forming new brain cells is called

neurogenesis

Which of the following detects tiny magnetic fields produced by the brain's electrical activity, producing a record of neural activity in a living brain.

neuromagnetometer

The ___ is the basic unit of communication in the brain.

neuron

Synaptic vesicles are produced in the _______.

neuron soma Rationale: Synaptic vesicles are manufactured in the soma of the nerve cell.

A brain region that has been infected with a virus that contains the photoprotein NpHR will exhibit ________when illuminated with ________ light.

neuronal inhibition; yellow

Nerve cells are able to rapidly metabolize fuel because

neurons receive lactate from astrocytes. Rationale: Glial cells convert glucose to lactate, which is then supplied to the neuron.

A large, dense-core vesicle is most likely to contain a ________.

neuropeptide

Psychological problems can result from brain damage, but most often it results from

neurotransmitter imbalance

Acetylcholine acts on _______ and __________ receptor susbtypes.

nicotinic; muscarinic

Impaired movement would result from damage to the ______________ dopaminergic system.

nigrostriatal

When neurons from the ___________ dopamne system begin to degenerate, Parkinson's disease may result.

nigrostriatal

Long-term potentiation may involve the formation of ________ within the postsynaptic dendrite, which then acts on the presynaptic element to increase the release of ________.

nitric oxide; glutamate

Long-term potentiation may involve the formation of ________ within the postsynapticdendrite, which then acts on the presynaptic element to increase the release of ________.

nitric oxide; glutamate

In a myelinated axon, ions enter or leave the axon membrane only at the ________.

node of Ranvier

Learning to recognize faces, melodies, and pictures are all examples of _________.

non declarative memory tasks

Glabrous ________ skin is usually found on the ________.

non-hairy; palm of the hand

Glabrous __________ skin is usually found on the ___________.

non-hairy; palm of the hand

Learning to recognize music, learning sequences, and classical conditioning are examples of ____________ memory tasks.

nondeclarative

________ are neurons in the ______ that exhibit a high rate of firing whenever an animal is in a specific location in an environment corresponding to the cell's "place field".

none of the above (place cells; hypothalamus)

The veterinarian asks observes an abnormality on the rostral region of your pet alligator. You know the abnormality is located near the alligator's

nose

Match up the internal cell structure with the function most closely associated with that structure:

nucleolus; production of ribosomes Rationale: The nucleolus is involved in the production of ribosomes.

A collection of similarly shaped neurons within the central nervous system is termed a _______.

nucleus

Which of the following structures can be visualized with the light microscope?

nucleus

The first relay station for gustatory information en route to the cortex is the ________.

nucleus of the solitary tract

The first relay station for gustatory information en route to the cortex is the

nucleus of the solitary tract.

In which sensory system does sensory information from the left side of the body travel to the ipsilateral hemisphere?

olfaction

In which sensory system does sensory information from the left side of the body travel to the left hemisphere?

olfaction

Which sensory system below does not transmit information from the right side of the body to the left hemisphere?

olfaction

Flavor

olfaction and gustation

Olfactory receptors are located in the

olfactory epithelium

The myelin sheath surrounding axons in brain is formed by ________.

oligodendrocytes or oligodendroglia

These cells myelinate brain axonal membranes

oligodendrocytes.

These cells myelinate brain axonal membranes.

oligodendrocytes.

Myelination of brain nerve axon membranes is accomplished by

oligodendrocytes. Rationale: Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath around axons in the brain.

cochlear nuclea

one of a group of nuclei in the medulla that receives auditory information from cochlea

Vestibular sac

one of a set of two receptor organs in each inner ear that detect changes in the tilt of head responds to forces of gravity

Cutaneous sense

one of somatosenses includes sensitivity to stimuli that involves the skin

A human-sized brain that was completely smooth and had no grooves would be expected to have

one-third the amount of surface area of a normally grooved brain

The receptor potential of a hair cell is triggered by cilia movements that

open a channel to potassium in the insertional plaque

In order to produce a depolarization or hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, neurotransmitters

open ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane. Rationale: Neurotransmitters act to produce postsynaptic membrane potentials by opening or closing ion channels.

Which of the following will "neutralize" an EPSP?

opening a chloride channel Rationale: Opening a chloride channel will neutralize an EPSP.

When a ligand ____________, an IPSP will be produced.

opens a potassium channel

An IPSP will be produced when a ligand

opens a potassium channel. Rationale: Opening a chloride channel will produce an IPSP

An EPSP will be produced when a ligand

opens a sodium channel. Rationale: Opening a sodium channel will produce an EPSP.

Heroine is categorized as:

opiate drug.

The functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic symptoms are basically____.

opposite of one another

The ________ technique of takes advantage of the fact that a particular ________ can open voltage-gated ion channels in neurons.

optogenetic; light

With regard to humans, which is the most typical route for administering drugs?

oral

The ratio of the size of the amygdala to that of __________ is __________ in men with psychosis.

orbitofrontal cortex; increased

The capacity of early testosterone exposure to sensitize brain circuits for aggression is an example of a(n) ________ hormone effect

organizational

The fact that early androgen exposure in rats increases the likelihood of adult aggressive behavior is an example of a(n) ________ hormone effect

organizational

What type of hormone effect is exemplified by the ability of early testosterone exposure to sensitize brain circuits implicated in aggression?

organizational

amygdala

organizes response patterns to fear

Due to the weight of the ________________, gravity will bend the cilia of one patch of hair cells, with any position of the head.

otoconia.

According to the text, which of the following is a key factor influencing self-awareness?

our ability to communicate with others using language.

The white matter in the spinal cord is located _______, whereas that of the brain is located _______.

outside the gray matter; inside the gray matter

The footplate of the stapes fits tightly into the _________ of the bony __________.

oval window; cochlea

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia states that schizophrenia is caused by

overactivity of dopaminergic synapses.

Which of the following belong together?

oxytocin; stimulation of milk ejection from the breast

The function of a nociceptor is to detect

pain

The case of Sara in the opening vignette makes the point that

pain is a valuable source of information to the body

Nociceptors

pain receptor

TRPV1

pain receptor that responds to extremes of heat, acids, and presence of ingrediant in hot chili peppers.

Which explanation of pain reflex withdrawl is most accurate?

pain receptor that synapses onto an interneuron, which in turn activates a motor neuron in the spinal cord.

The simplest version of a withdrawal from pain reflex is a

pain receptor that synapses onto an interneuron, which in turn activates a motor neuron in the spinal cord. Rationale: The simplest reflex involves a pain receptor that synapses onto an interneuron, which in turn activates a motor neuron within the spinal cord.

Which of the following pairs is correct?

palm of the hand; non-hairy glabrous skin

The ventral auditory stream terminates in the ________ and is involved in ________.

parabelt region of the anterior temporal region; complex sound analysis

Kelly is walking to the park with her children. When they arrive, she decides to relax on a bench while they play. Which part of the autonomic nervous system will go to work while she rests?

parasympathetic

Neurons localized within the ________ control the secretion of glucocorticoids.

paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN)

The _______ lobe houses the primary somatosensory cortex

parietal

Which cortical lobe contains the primary somatosensory cortex?

parietal

The primary somatosensory cortex is contained within the __________, and the primary motor cortex is contained within the __________

parietal lobe; frontal lobe

A drug that binds with high affinity to a receptor, but has less efficacy than the endogenous transmitter, would be termed a(n)

partial agonist

What is the term for a drug that binds to a receptor with high affinity but a lower efficacy than the endogenous neurotransmitter?

partial agonist

The risk of a child developing schizophrenia is increased by

paternal age

Which of the following increases a child's risk of developing schizophrenia?

paternal age.

An anesthetic drug injected adjacent to the dura sac surrounding axons of the cauda equina would be expected to deaden pain sensation in the

pelvic region

An anesthetic drug injected near the dura around the cauda equina would deaden pain sensation in the

pelvic region

The seasonality effect refers to the observation that

people born during the winter are more likely to develop schizophrenia.

The major finding of the study by Standing (1973), in which subjects were shown 10,000slides and then tested for recognition at various times thereafter, was that

people were able to recognize most of the slides for a time interval of weeks.

A large, dense-core vesicle found in the axon terminal is likely to contain

peptide neurotransmitters

Match up the auditory system structure with the correct music analysis function:

perception of harmony; inferior frontal cortex

Propioception

perception of the body's position and posture

An example of _________ learning would be a young child learning to recognize the letters of the alphabet.

perceptual

pitch

perceptual dimension of sound corresponds to the fundamental frequency

loudness

perceptual dimension of sound, corresponds to intensity

Your ability to recognize a series of photos that you looked at a month ago is an example of

perceptual learning

________ refers to a histological procedure in which blood is drained and replaced byanother fluid, such as a salt solution.

perfusion

The most effective site for the induction of analgesia in rats using electrical stimulation is the

periaqueductal gray matter.

Which of the following terms belong together?

periaqueductal gray matter; pain reactivity

In the _______ nervous system, the dura mater and pia mater fuse together to form a single sheath.

peripheral

In the __________ nervous system, the dura mater and pia mater fuse together to form a single sheath.

peripheral

The _______ system is that portion of the nervous system that lies outside of the brain and spinal cord.

peripheral nervous Rationale: The peripheral nervous system lies outside the brain and spinal cord.

The _______ is formed by the cranial nerves and spinal nerves plus the peripheral ganglia.

peripheral nervous system

The spinal nerves that begin at the junction of the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord are part of the

peripheral nervous system

Which of the following is made up of the cranial and spinal nerves along with the peripheral ganglia.

peripheral nervous system

A person who believes that he or she is being plotted against is most likely suffering from delusions of

persecution

A person who believes that others are plotting against them is most likely suffering from a delusion of

persecution

Deciding whether to throw a person onto a railroad track to save others is an example of a(n) ________ moral dilemma

personal

Suppose a physician investigates the influence of drug response, depending upon the administration of the drug (rectal or oral). Which of the following would best describe this study?

pharmacokinetics.

PHA-L

phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin; a protein derived from kidney beans and used as an anterograde tracer; taken up by dendrites and cell bodies and carried to the ends of the axons

Positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms are shown by humans after ingestion of

phencyclidine

____ is the original name for the field that involves the study of the physiology of behavior.

physiological psychology

Dr. Mary Walker used _______ to treat the muscle weakness associated with the disease _______.

physostigmine; myasthenia gravis Rationale: Physostigmine is used to treat the muscle weakness associated with the disease myasthenia gravis.

The PNS is covered by which of the following

pia mater and dura mater

In the peripheral nervous system, the _______ and the _______ fuse to form a single sheath that protects the autonomic ganglia as well as the spinal and cranial nerves.

pia mater; dura mater

Which of the following GABA A antagonists can cause motor convulsions?

picrotoxin

Descartes asserted that the ________ was the place in the brain where the mind controlled the physical body

pineal gland

Descartes asserted that the ________ was the place in the brain where the mind controlled the physical body.

pineal gland

Sound is funneled into the auditory canal via the

pinna

The ________ of a sound stimulus is related to the physical characteristic of frequency of vibration

pitch

The supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex are involved in the ________.

planning of movements

frontal lobe

planning; conscious motor movement; social behavior; attention; short term memory; speech production

Which of the following is used to display the changes in voltage recorded from the scalp over time?

polygraph

Which of the following is used to display the changes in voltage recorded from the scalp over time?.

polygraph

Which of the following is used to record and amplify the electrical activity of the brain from the scalp?

polygraph

The metencephalon is comprised of the

pons and cerebellum

A ___________ excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is an intracellular measurement of the EPSPs produced by the synapse of the perforant path axons with the dentate granule cells.

population

What schizophrenic symptoms are decreased by drugs that block the D2 and D3 dopamine receptors?

positive

The two major types of symptoms noted in schizophrenia include

positive symptoms and negative symptoms

Which of the following are the major symptom classes found in schizophrenia?

positive symptoms and negative symptoms.

What are the three categories of symptoms that characterize schizophrenia?

positive, negative, and cognitive

Another term for "caudal" is

posterior

The dorsal stream of the visual cortex continues into the ___________ and carries information relating to _______________.

posterior parietal cortex, object location

The functional imaging study by Soon et al (2008) provided results suggesting that the _______ appears to be involved in storing information about decisions, and transmits it to the ________ where the process of executing the response begins.

posterior parietal cortex; SMA

The posterior auditory stream starts in the ________ and is involved in ________.

posterior parietal cortex; sound localization

Intense feelings of fear, helplessness, or horror are key symptoms of

posttraumatic stress disorder

The medial zone of the cerebellum is involved with the ventromedial system and control of _______.

posture ?

What event quickly returns the axon to its normal resting state?

potassium leaving the axon

Hair cells normally have a small influx of K+ at rest, so there is some baseline activity in the afferent neurons. Bending the cilia toward the tallest one opens the ________ channels and increases _________ activity.

potassium; afferent

Which of the following is an attack by one animal on a member of another species in order to eat them?

predation. Predation, by definition, is the attack of one animal directed at an individual of another species on which the attacking animal normally preys. Therefor, An attack by one animal on a member of another species with the intent to eat them would be predation.

Electrical stimulation of the ventral periaqueductal gray matter in the cat can produce

predatory behavior

Which of the following is produced by electrical stimulation of the vental periaqueductal gray matter in the cat?

predatory behavior.

The long-term emotional component of chronic pain is mediated by pathways that project to the ________ cortex.

prefrontal

Imagine that you are suffering chronic pain from a medical condition that cannot be treated. In order to minimize the long-term emotional response to your pain, you would choose a modification of your

prefrontal cortex

The ________ plays a key role in short-term memory for all sensory systems.

prefrontal cortex

Weinberger argues that the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are related to decreased activity of the dorsolateral _______.

prefrontal cortex

Imagine that you are suffering chronic pain from a medical condition that cannot be treated.In order to minimize the long-term emotional response to your pain, you would choose amodification of your

prefrontal cortex.

There is some evidence that the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by abnormalities of the brain, especially in the _____________________________

prefrontal cortex.

Inadequate activation of the _________ and enhanced activation of the _________ together may result in excessive anger, even leading to harm to others.

prefrontal cortex; amygdala

Inadequate activation of the _________ and enhanced activation of the _________ together may result in excessive anger, even leading to harm to others.

prefrontal cortex; amygdala

The combination of inadequate activation of the ________ and enhanced activation of the ________ may result in excessive anger that results in harm to other persons

prefrontal cortex; amygdala

Sound is a series of _______ changes in the _______.

pressure; air

The pinna and external auditory meatus collect _______ waves, change them slightly, and direct them to the ___________.

pressure; tympanic membrane

Autoreceptors are located on the ________ and detect ________ .

presynaptic membrane; the transmitter released by that neuron

Autoreceptors are located on the _______ and detect _______.

presynaptic membrane; the transmitter released by that neuron Rationale: Autoreceptors located on the presynaptic membrane detect the transmitter released by that neuron and in turn dampen the release of that transmitter.

Placing neurons and their synaptic contacts into a medium containing no calcium ionswould be expected to

prevent the release of NT into the synapse

Placing neurons and their synaptic contacts into a medium containing no calcium ions would be expected to

prevent the release of neurotransmitter into the synapse. Rationale: Maintaining a neuron is a low calcium medium would be expected to prevent the release of neurotransmitter into the synapse.

core region

primary auditory cortex, located on a gyrus on the dorsal surface of temporal lobe

In 1870, Fritsch and Hitzig reported that electrical stimulation of the ________ in dogs resulted in muscle contractions of ________.

primary motor cortex; the opposite side of the body

Traumatic injuries to the _________ can leave the primitive visual system unharmed, which can __________ even if visual stimulation remains unconscious.

primary visual cortex; guide movements of the hands

"Autotopagnosia" involves _______ and is produced by damage to the _______.

problems in naming one's own body parts; left parietal lobe

"Autotopagnosia" is caused by damage to the _______ and involves _______.

problems in naming one's own body parts; left parietal lobe

The most likely consequence of damage positioned at the junction of the visual, auditory, and somatosensory association cortexes would be

problems in reading or writing.

What could be expected as a consequence of damage at the nexus of the visual, auditory and somatosensory association cortices?

problems in reading or writing.

Damage to the visual association cortex would be expected to produce

problems in recognizing an object by sight.

According to the James-Lange theory, feelings of emotions are

produced by feedback from the behaviors and physiological responses caused by emotion-producing situations.

The long-term emotional component of chronic pain is mediated by pathways that

project to the prefrontal cortex.

A drug that inactivates the enzyme acetylcholinesterase would be expected to

prolong the effects of acetylcholine in the synapse. Rationale: The effects of acetylcholine in the synapse would be prolonged by a drug that inactivates the enzyme acetylcholinesterase

olfactory bulb

protrustion at the end of the olfactory tract that receives input from olfactory receptors

The observation that a person with ________ cannot understand speech but can infer emotion from ________ suggests that word recognition and emotional vocal recognition are independent functions.

pure word deafness; tone of voice

Which brain region is NOT part of the limbic system?

putamen

The _______ extend from the ventricular zone to the pia mater

radial glia

The _______ extend from the ventricular zone to the pia mater.

radial glia

Low-pitched sounds are detected by the use of ________ by the cochlea.

rate coding

In the chapter vignette on violence and aggression, Steve

received a life sentence in prison.

dendrite

receives info from axons

hair cell

receptive cell of auditory apparatus

The amygdala is involved in ________, but not in ________.

recognition of facial expression; emotional expression

Memories can be altered or connected to newer memories through a process known as ________.

reconsolidation

The functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique is used to

record the neural activity of particular brain regions.

single unit recording

recording of the electrical activity of a single neuron

After a vesicle fuses with the presynaptic membrane and releases its contents into the synaptic cleft, the membrane is

recycled to form new vesicles. Rationale: The membrane of vesicles are recycled.

Which of the following is a main cause of stroke-induced brain damage?

reduced blood flow to a region of the brain.

Inactivation of the central amygdaloid nucleus results in

reduced blood levels of stress hormones

Tolerance, as a result of repeated drug use can be produced as a result of __________________.

reduced number of receptors for the drug.

Activation of a presynaptic autoreceptor on dendrites can produce a hyperpolarization that

reduces transmitter release by reducing the axon firing rate

You notice that your roommate has difficulty sleeping after consuming heavily caffeinated drinks. You know from your courses that caffeine can stimulate brain neurons that produce arousal (and that such arousal disturbs sleep function). If you suggest to your roommate that his/her insomnia reflects the action of caffeine on brain function, your explanation would involve the process of

reduction

The process of evolution

refers to a gradual change in the structure and function of a species

the process of evolution

refers to a gradual change in the structure and function of a species.

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

refers to nervous system outside the brain and spinal column -sensory/ motor -cranial nerves -autonomic NS

Whether ion channels open or close within the hair cell cilia

reflects tension exerted by the tip links on the insertional plaques

secondary cortex

region adjoining primary cortex that elaborates primary information and integrates it with other sensory information

primary cortex

region where primary sensory or motor information is processed

associational cortex

regions that are involved in conscious perception and abstract thought, including language

When depressed individuals are fed a diet low in tryptophan on one day and a cocktail high in amino acids (other than tryptophan) on the following day, they

relapse into depression.

The Morris water maze requires which of the following types of learning?

relational

The largest number of small vesicles would be expected to be located within the _______ of a neuron.

release zone

With regard to release of neurotransmitter in the brain, "kiss and run" refers to the situation in which the vesicle

releases most of its contents into the cleft after which the vesicle breaks away from the presynaptic membrane and is refilled. Rationale: "Kiss and run" refers to the situation in which a released vesicle releases most of its contents into the cleft after which the vesicle breaks away from the presynaptic membrane and is refilled.

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

represent a lack of normal behaviors

The negative symptoms of schizophrenia

represent the absence of normal behaviors

Aggressive behavior is most strongly related to

reproduction.

Long-lasting, long-term potentiation

requires protein synthesis.

Your textbook author views ________ as an indispensable use of animals.

research for the treatment of human disease

Study of the function of the living human brain in the past was difficult because

researchers have to wait for the natural death of a brain-damaged human.

A key problem for the use of ________ in the treatment of high blood pressure is the induction of depression.

reserpine

A key problem for the use of ________ in the treatment of high blood pressure is the induction ofdepression.

reserpine.

The functions of the hindbrain involve each of the following

respiration, heartbeat, and motor coordination

High threshold mechanoreceptors

respond to intense pressure, striking, stretching or pinching of the skin

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of an undisturbed axon membrane is what type of potential?

resting membrane

The _______ potential is defined as the difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of an undisturbed axon membrane.

resting membrane Rationale: The resting membrane potential is defined as the difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of an undisturbed axon membrane.

This occurs when cannabinoid receptors activated THC:

results in analgesia.

The ________ labeling method uses chemicals that are taken up by terminal buttons and are then transported back to the cell body.

retrograde

Which of the following means "moving backwards"?

retrograde

Which term below means "moving backward"?

retrograde

The ________ method can be used to identify the neural inputs to a brain region.

retrograde labeling

The postsynaptic potentials induced by most neurotransmitters are ended by

reuptake of the molecule into the axon terminal. Rationale: The reuptake process is the most common means of terminating a postsynaptic potential.

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

reward system

The ____________ is/are the neuronal site(s) of protein production.

ribosomes

Which of the following structures is the site of production of proteins?

ribosomes Rationale: Ribosomes located outside of the nucleus cause protein production.

Proteins are produced within the neuron cytoplasm by

ribosomes.

PET studies indicate that the comprehension of emotion from tone of voice increased the activity of the

right frontal cortex.

You have just become a neurologist. (Congratulations!) Your first patient is partially paralyzed on the left side of his body. You might suspect that he has suffered damage to what area of the cerebral cortex?

right frontal lobe

The ability to recognize emotions expressed by others is most likely to be impaired after damage to the

right hemisphere

The ability to recognize emotions expressed by others is most likely to be impaired afterdamage to the

right hemisphere.

In the chapter vignette, Miss S. suffered a stroke involving her _____. The key deficit was _____.

right hemisphere; unilateral neglect

On which of the following does serotonin seem to exert a controlling effect?

risky behaviors.

The text author suggests that serotonin exerts a controlling effect on

risky behaviors.

On a mouse, the eyes are more ____ than the front legs.

rostral

Deafness caused by blockage of the ________ can be treated ________.

round window; by drilling a tiny hole to create a new round window

propioception enabled by what receptor

ruffini corpuscles

Which of the following sets of terms do NOT belong together?

saltatory conduction; slower conduction speeds in smaller neurons Rationale: Saltatory conduction results in more rapid conduction speeds in smaller neurons

Sodium channels play a key role in the perception of

salts

The middle chamber of organ of Corti is the

scala media

The cochlea is a long coiled tube, with three channels divided by two thin membranes. The top tube is the _________, which is connected to the ________.

scala vestibuli; oval window

Which of the following techniques can reveal the three-dimensional detail of the cells within a brain section?

scanning electron microscopy

Chlorpromazine was initially developed to prevent surgical shock, but was later found to be an effective treatment for

schizophrenia

The term ________ refers to "split-mind."

schizophrenia

Abnormal brain levels of dopamine are associated with

schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease.

Chlorpromazine wasn't always known to be effective for ___________, but was originally developed to prevent ____________.

schizophrenia, surgical shock

The mood disorder characterized by depression, lethargy, sleep disturbances, craving for carbohydrates, and weight gain is called ________.

seasonal affective disorder

The mood disorder characterized by depression, lethargy, sleep disturbances, craving for carbohydrates, and weight gain is called

seasonal affective disorder.

parabelt region

second level of the auditory association cortex, surrounds the belt region

Neuromodulators are

secreted from neurons, but dispersed widely in the brain.

Neuromodulators are

secreted from neurons, but dispersed widely in the brain. Rationale: Neuromodulators are secreted from neurons, but dispersed widely in the brain.38

A ________ is a thin slice of brain used in histology.

section

"Paris is the capital of France" is an example of:

semantic memory.

The ________ sense sudden changes in the rotation of the head.

semicircular canals

The ________ sense sudden rotation of the head.

semicircular canals

Which of the following respond to angular acceleration (rotation of the head)?

semicircular canals

axons

send info to dendrites

If the dose-response profile of a drug shifts to the left after repeated administration, what has occurred?

sensitization

Location of cold sensors

sensors are located just beneath epidermis

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following is most important for the subjective experience of an emotion?

sensory feedback from muscles and internal organs

organ of corti

sensory organ on the basilar membrane that contains the auditory hair cells

thalamus

sensory relay center to cortex

__________ projection neurons ___________ the prefrontal cortex.

serotonergic; activated

Elevated brain levels of the transmitter ________ function to inhibit aggression

serotonin

Tryptophan is the precursor for the synthesis of ______________.

serotonin

Which of the following neurotransmitters, when elevated, inhibit aggressive behaviors?

serotonin

Drugs that effectively reduce obsessions in OCD are

serotonin agonists

A(n) ________ allows an experimenter to determine whether a brain lesion produced a behavioral effect.

sham-lesion control group

_________ memory lasts on the order of seconds.

short-term

People with anterograde amnesia

show impairment of complex relational learning.

A female rodent exposed to high levels of testosterone while in the mother's uterus is likely to

show more interfemale aggression as an adult.

Ekman's research on the recognition of facial emotion expression

showed that all cultures are able to recognize six basic emotions

Studies by Ekman and colleagues suggest that

simulated facial emotional expression changes sympathetic activity.

glabrous skin

skin that does not contain hair palms of hands and soles of feet

pons

sleep and dreaming

Mothers who ________ show an increased risk of having a schizophrenic child.

smoke

The term "glabrous," as it pertains to skin, means

smooth

cochlea

snail shaped structure of the inner ear that contains the auditory transducing mechanisms

Movement of _______ ions _______ the axon would be induced by the force of diffusion.

sodium; into Rationale: The force of diffusion would tend to force sodium ions into the axon.

The nucleus of the nerve cell is located within the

soma.

The _______ branch of the nervous system is under involuntary, unconscious control.

somatic

The _______ branch of the nervous system is under voluntary, conscious control.

somatic

The _______ nervous system is responsible for voluntary control over the body muscles.

somatic

The sensory experience of pain involves activation of the ________ cortex.

somatosensory

A person with damage to this region might have trouble drawing maps or following them.

somatosensory association cortex

Imaging studies indicate that the ________ plays a key role in the perceived intensity of pain, while the activity of the ________ is related to the unpleasantness of pain.

somatosensory cortex; anterior cingulate cortex

Imaging studies indicate that the ________ plays a key role in the perceived intensity of pain,while the activity of the ________ is related to the unpleasantness of pain.

somatosensory cortex; anterior cingulate cortex

In the human auditory system, the analysis of "what" corresponds to ________, whereas the analysis of "where" corresponds to ________.

sound identity; location of a sound

Which of the following is a correct match between a taste receptor and the chemical sensed by that receptor?

sourness; presence of an acid

parietal lobe

spatial awareness; bodily sense perception

The right hippocampal formation is activated by

spatial information

Susceptibility to develop affective disorder is most strongly associated with

specific chromosomes linked to sleep and circadian rhythms

The spinal cord is contained within an aperture of the vertebrae called the

spinal foramens

Which of following reveals the details of neuron structure in a brain section?

stains

Low frequency sounds

stimulate the apex

photostimulation

stimulation of cells with ion channels sensitive to light of certain wavelenghts

transcranial magnetic stimulation

stimulation of the cerebral cortex by means of magnetic fields produced by passing pulses of electricity through a coil of wire placed next to the skull; interferes with the functions of the brain region that is stimulated

stapes

stirrup, last of three ossicles

John has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and has shown improvement in positive symptoms while taking chlorpromazine (CPZ). You would expect his positive schizophrenia symptoms to return if John

stops taking CPZ and takes part in a cocaine party.

Prolonged stress can result in cardiovascular disease because

stress can increase blood pressure

Due to the cable properties of axons

subthreshold signals degrade with distance from the point of stimulation.

The cable properties of axons refer to the fact that

subthreshold signals degrade with distance from the point of stimulation.

Among the cable properties of axons are the fact that

subthreshold signals degrade with distance from the point of stimulation. Rationale: Subthreshold local potentials degrade with distance from the point of stimulation.

A _______ refers to a small groove on the surface of the human cortex.

sulcus

Which of the following terms means "above" when referring to the human brain?

superior

Moving your arm in response to a threatening stimulus is affected by the

supplemental motor area.

Evidence from animal and human studies shows that most antidepressant drugs

suppress REM sleep.

Tigers and cats are unable to sense which of the following taste qualities?

sweetness

The "fight or flight" response originates in the _____ nervous system

sympathetic

The ____ portion of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for dilating the pupils of the eye.

sympathetic

The _______ comprise the autonomic nervous system.

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

The _______ make up the autonomic nervous system.

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Sympathetic nervous system motor neurons project to the __________ from the ________.

sympathetic ganglia; gray matter of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord

What is the term for the space between adjacent neurons across which neurotransmitters diffuse?

synapse

The physical gap that carries a neural message between two nerve cells is the

synapse Rationale: The synapse is the physical gap that carries a neural message between two nerve cells.

Older antipsychotic drugs such as chlorpromazine can produce a type of motor disorder known as ________.

tardive dyskinesia

Umami

taste sensation produced by glutamate identifies the presence of amino acids in foods

In the story discussed in the textbook, how was botulism contracted?

tasting the liquid from a spoiled jar of asparagus.

The midbrain is comprised of the

tectum and tegmentum

The word ___________ means "endbrain."

telencephalon

Which of the terms below means "endbrain"?

telencephalon

The _______ lobe of the cortex contains primary auditory cortex.

temporal

A transient ischemic attack involves the

temporary loss of neural function brought on by blood clots in the brain.

A key function of apoptosis is to

terminate the formation of new neurons within the developing brain.

Which of the following hormones, when introduced daily to a female mouse, will make the treated female more likely to fight with a strange female mouse than placebo?

testosterone

The sleep and awake states of consciousness are controlled by what bulb-shaped part of the limbic system?

thalamus

This structure is part of the diencephalon.

thalamus

What are the two most important structures of the diencephalon?

thalamus and hypothalamus

Johannes Müller proposed

that the brain is divided into different functional areas with each receiving signals from a different set of nerves.

A key advantage of the microdialysis technique is

the ability to sample transmitter substances in an awake living organism.

The loudness of a sound is related to

the amplitude of sound vibration

formalin

the aqueous solution of formaldehyde gas ; the most commonly used tissue fixative

Which part of the neuron sends information to the terminal buttons?

the axon

Communication of neural signals across the synapse involves

the binding of transmitter at postsynaptic receptors triggering membrane potentials. Rationale: Communication of neural signals across the synapse involves the release of a transmitter from the axon terminal, which binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

Based on the evidence cited in your text, which brain region would be considered as a key target for pharmacological modification to provide relief for a person suffering from overly intense emotional reactions?

the central nucleus of the amygdala

Imagine you receive a patient that is suffering from extremely intense emotional reactions to various stimuli. Which brain region would you want pharmacological treatment to target?

the central nucleus of the amygdala

Which brain structure has the greatest number of neurons?

the cerebellum

The precise localization of sound vibration along the basilar membrane reflects

the contractile capacity of outer hair cells.

The cerebral cortex has a grayish-tan appearance because

the cortex contains many cell bodies

Cutaneous receptors signal information about stimuli that interact with

the external surface of the skin.

If CSF is being made 24 hours a day, why doesnt the brain overflow with fluid?

the fluid drains through arachnoid granulations into the blood

overtone

the frequency of complex tones that occurs at multiples of the fundamental frequency

malleus

the hammer, one of three ossicles

The first defense within the nose, mouth, throat, and lungs against infectious microbes is

the immunoglobulin IgA.

A functional-imaging study by Iacoboni (2005) suggests that the mirror neuron system encodes not only an action, but also ________.

the intent of the action

bregma

the junction of the saggital and coronal sutures of the skull; often used as a reference point for stereotaxic brain surgery

Sensory input from the retinas travel through this structure before it is sent to the primary visual cortex.

the lateral geniculate nucleus

A mad scientist is stimulating the motor cortex on the right side of his patient's brain. Which part of the patient's body is likely to respond?

the left foot

The neuraxis is an imaginary line that extends from ______.

the lower end of the spinal cord to the front tip of the brain

Saltatory conduction is __________.

the mechanism by which an action potential is propagated along the axon of a myelinated neuron.

monism

the mind and body are one

dualism

the mind and body are separate entities

Descartes's view of the mind-body was unique in that he argued that

the mind controls the movements of the body.

An increased risk of developing schizophrenia is associated with

the mother experiencing obstetric complications.

In a myelinated axon, ions can enter and leave the axonal membrane only at

the nodes of Ranvier. Rationale: Ions enter/leave the myelinated axon only at the nodes of Ranvier

Ugo Cerletti delivered electrical shock to the brains of mental patients because he believed that

the occurrence of a brain seizure appeared to reduce symptoms in psychiatric patients.

What is the primary disadvantage of positron emission tomography (PET)?

the operating cost of the scanner.

The cerebral cortex of an embryo has formed four of the six layers it will eventually form. Which layer contains the newest cells?

the outermost layer

Melzak argues that phantom limb sensation in an amputee occurs because

the parietal cortex is programmed to perceive activity from each of four limbs.

The cochlea codes the pitch of a sound by

the place of maximal vibration.

insertional plaque

the point of attachment of a tip link to a cilium where receptor potentials are triggered contains an ion channel which opens and closes according to the amount of stretch exerted by tip links

A useful attribute of immediate early genes for neuron visualization techniques is that

the presence of the gene product in the nucleus is a marker of neuron activation.

Where would you expect pain information from a sore shoulder to be processed in the brain?

the primary somatosensory cortex

perfusion

the process by which an animal's blood is replaced by a fluid such as a saline solution or a fixative in preparing the brain for histological examination

in situ hybridization

the production of RNA that is complementary to a particular messenger RNA in order to detect the presence of the messenger RNA

Hans Selye argued that ill health noted after stress exposure reflects

the prolonged secretion of glucocorticoids.

What is the main advantage of using pseudorabies virus for tracing as opposed to anterograde and retrograde labeling?

the pseudorabies virus can identify serial connections among two or more neurons.

A key function of the right hemisphere is

the recognition of emotions.

Simple perceptual learning involves

the recognition of particular stimuli or categories of stimuli.

The process of phagocytosis involves

the removal of neuronal debris.

experimental abalation

the removal or destruction of a portion of the brain of a laboratory animal; presumably , the function that can no longer be performed are the ones the region previously controlled

You have just become a neurologist. (Congratulations!) Your first patient is partially paralyzed on the left side of his body. You might suspect that he has suffered damage to what area of the cerebral cortex?

the right frontal lobe

Which of the following identifies two ipsilateral structures?

the right knee and the right arm (same side of body)

The proposition that facial expressions of emotion are innate is supported by the observation that

the same facial expression for an emotion is observed in all cultures.

The proposition that facial expressions of emotion are innate is supported by the observationthat

the same facial expression for an emotion is observed in all cultures.

Signals are carried across the synapse by

the secretion of transmitter molecules into the synapse. Rationale: The signal from the presynaptic axon terminal is carried across the synapse by secretion of a transmitter into the synapse.

Sodium ions move out of the axon because of

the sodium-potassium transporter. Rationale: The sodium-potassium transporter acts to move sodium ions out of the axon.

Which of the following persons would be expected to take more time to heal from a cut on his orher hand?

the spouse of an Alzheimer's patient

A key disadvantage of the electrical stimulation technique is that

the stimulation does not always duplicate natural neural processes.

Which later of the meninges contains the cerebrospinal fluid?

the subarachnoid space

place code

the system by which information about different frequencies is coded by different locations on basilar membrane

Stretch receptors in the Golgi tenden organ detect _____________.

the total amount of stretch exerted by the muscle, through its tendons, on the bones to which the muscle is attached

computerized tomography (CT)

the use of a device that employs a computer to analyze data obtained by a scanning beam of x rays to produce a two dimensional picture of a slice through the brain

While investigating the speed of nerve conduction, Hermann von Helmholtz found that

the velocity of nerve conduction is slower in nerves than in wires.

A patient who suffered an injury has difficulty recognizing objects such as an apple and shovel by sight. Which of the following is the most likely location for the injury?

the visual association cortex

A major problem for the use of lithium in psychiatry is that

there is a narrow therapeutic index for lithium.

location of warmth sensors

these sensors located more deeply in the skin

Which ventricle's walls divide the surrounding part of the brain into symmetrical halves?

third ventricle

Function of Meisner's corpuscle

this receptor detects edge contours and braille like stimuli, especially by fingertips

Function of merkel's disk

this receptor detects form and roughness especially by fingerips

Hair follicle ending

this receptor detects movement of hair

function of pacinian corpuslce

this receptor detects vibration, information from end of elongated object being held such as a tool

Development of the brain begins about __ weeks after conception

three

Semicircular canal

three ringlike structures of vestibular apparatus that detect changes in head rotation responds to angular acceeration

Generally, how long is the depression that follows mania in an individual with bipolar disorder?

three times longer than the mania

The _______ is the voltage level at which an action potential is triggered in a patch of axon membrane.

threshold of excitation Rationale: The threshold of excitation is that value of membrane potential at which an action potential is triggered.

Which of the following is an example of a personal moral dilemma?

throwing another person onto a grenade in order to save a larger group

________ is an example of a personal moral dilemma

throwing another person onto a grenade in order to save a larger group

Patient G.L. suffered damage to large-diameter myelinated axons that serve her face; we would expect that she would have difficulty in detecting a(n)

tickle of her forehead

The complexity of a sound wave determines the psychological dimension known as

timbre

The cerebellum seems to play a key role in the ________ that are too rapid to adjust based on feedback.

timing of movements

The ossicles are

tiny bones located within the middle ear

Adjacent cilia on a hair cell are joined together by

tip links

Primary auditory cortex is said to be organized in a(n) ________ fashion.

tonotopic

The ________ route is the slowest way for a drug to reach the brain.

topical

The only treatment(s) that produce(s) an immediate lifting of depression is (are)

total sleep deprivation or injection of ketamine.

Meissner's corpuscle

touch sensitive end organ located in the papillae, small elevations of derms that project up in the epidermis

Merkel's disk

touch sensitive organs fond at base of epidermis, adjacent to sweat ducts

The term "rostral" means

toward the beak or snout.

An alternative to electroconvulsive shock for the treatment of bipolar disorder is the use of

transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Cross sections that resemble those of a salami and are perpendicular to the neuraxis are produced by a _______ section of the human brain.

transverse

Cross sections that resemble those of a salami and are perpendicular to the neuraxis are produced by a _______ section of the human brain.

transverse

A _______ section through the spinal cord is parallel to the ground, and a _______ section made through the human brain and is parallel to the ground

transverse; horizontal

The specific compulsion known as ________ involves hair pulling.

trichotillomania

Although the Cochlear duct seems to get smaller toward the apex, the basilar membrane actually gets wider.

true

Alzheimer's disease-related neurofibrillary pathology differs in the hypothalamus of men and women.

true

Barnes et al. found that each unit increase in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology was associated with a 3-fold increase in AD risk in men, but an over 20-fold increase in AD risk in women

true

Genetic mechanisms can induce sex differences in the brain independently of hormone action.

true

If the middle-ear apparatus (ear drum and ossicles) were absent, then sound reaching the oval and round windows would be largely reflected.

true

Physical characteristics of the basilar membrane cause different frequencies to reach maximum amplitudes at different positions.

true

The function of the semicircular canals are to detect sudden head rotations.

true

What antidepressants are monoaminergic (MAO) agonists?

trycyclic antidepressants, SSRIs, and SNRIs

Depression is nearly ______ as likely in _______.

twice; women than men

A person with ________ allele(s) of the gene for the ________ transporter is at risk for depression.

two short; serotonin

The full physical basis for learning, language, and general intelligence is put into place during the first ____ of a person's life

two years

Another name for the eardrum is the

tympanic membrane

Another name for the eardrum is the ________.

tympanic membrane

What substance is used by neurons to synthesize dopamine?

tyrosine

Which of the following is the precursor for the synthesis of dopamine?

tyrosine

The taste known as ________ allows us to detect glutamate in proteins.

umami

In the majority of situations, an individual would be ____ of the workings of the autonomic nervous system

unaware

Classical conditioning occurs when __________ stimuli and responses are transformed into ____________ stimuli and responses.

unconditional, conditional

In addition to partial paralysis after a stroke, Mr. V. showed a loss of

understanding of the long-term implications of his stroke

The inability to notice objects placed to the left side of a person is an example of:

unilateral neglect

Loss of dendritic branches on _______ would be expected to impair the ability to sense temperature and touch. If a loss of a ________'s dendritic branches were to occur, we could expect an impairment in the ability to sense temperature and touch.

unipolar neurons

Loss of dendritic branches on _______ would be expected to impair the ability to sense temperature and touch.

unipolar neurons Rationale: Damage to unipolar neurons would be expected to impair touch and temperature sensing.

sensory - afferent neurons

used to convey information about environment to the brain

interneurons

used to facilitate interactions within CNS

motor- efferent neurons

used ton control action/ movement

The form of anxiety known as panic disorder

usually appears in young adulthood

The _______ nerve is named for its wandering course in the thoracic and abdominal body cavities.

vagus

Consider the therapeutic index. Of the drugs listed below, ______________ would have the largest.

valium

Successive pages of a stereotaxic atlas refer to

various distances relative to bregma.

The ________ nuclei are the relay nuclei for somatosensation.

ventral posterior thalamic

To send information to the nucleus accumbens, the _________ uses _________.

ventral tegmental area; dopamine

The mesolimbic pathway projects from the ________ to the ________.

ventral tegmental area; nucleus accumbens and amygdale

In the visual cortex, the ________ stream is involved with object recognition, whereas the ________ stream is involved with perception of the location of objects.

ventral, dorsal

The anterior end of the neural tube will eventually form 3 interconnected channels called the

ventricles

The rostral end of the neural tube at 28 days will eventually form 3 interconnected channels known as the

ventricles

The four hollow and interconnected spaces within the brain form the

ventricles.

The _______ is the origin of the cells that form the central nervous system

ventricular zone

Damage to the ________ cortex impairs the extinction of a conditioned emotional response.

ventromedial prefrontal

Which of the following cortical regions plays a role in analyzing social situations?

ventromedial prefrontal

Inputs originating from which of the following structures inhibit emotional responses?

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

The expression of emotional responses is inhibited by inputs from the

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Which of the following regions show strong activation due to personal moral dilemmas?

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

After being injured by a steel rod driven through his skull, Phineas Gage exhibited emotional, uninhibited behavior as a result of damage to which of the following structures?

ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

Functional imaging studies of the brain during decision-making suggest that personal moral dilemmas strongly activate the

ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

Phineas Gage, who was injured when a steel rod was accidentally driven through his skull, exhibited capricious, emotional behavior (in part) as a result of widespread damage to his

ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

Movement of the basilar membrane farthest away from the oval window is maximal for a

very low pitch

The term ________ is derived from the word meaning "little bladder."

vesicle

The term _______ is derived from the word meaning "little bladder."

vesicle Rationale: The term vesicle means "little bladder."

The utricle and saccule are components of the

vestibular sacs

Two components of vestibular system

vestibular sacs, semicircular canals

The labyrinths of the inner ear are comprised of the cochlea, the ________, and the ________.

vestibular sacs; semicircular canals.

The _______ senses send information to primary sensory cortex on the contralateral side of the brain.

vision, audition, somatosensory

occipital lobe

vision; motion and color perception

Persons who have damage to their _______ association cortex would have difficulty in recognizing objects by sight.

visual

The _______ system is the only sensory system for which the cell bodies of the incoming axons are located inside the CNS.

visual

Which sensory system's afferent cell bodies are located within the CNS?

visual

Functional-imaging studies have shown that specific types of short-term visual memories involve activity of specific regions of the

visual association cortex.

superior calliculus

visual tracking

The perception of odors begins with the inhalation and transport of ________ aromas to the olfactory mucosa.

volatile

Individuals who have ________ have difficulty in moving the facial muscles voluntarily.

volitional facial paresis

The NMDA receptor is unusual in that it is ________-dependent and ________- dependent.

voltage; neurotransmitter

In a giant squid physiology __________ experiment, the primary function is to ______________.

voltmeter; compare the electric charge of the interior with that of the exterior

The function of a _______ in a giant squid physiology experiment is to _______.

voltmeter; compare the electric charge of the interior with that of the exterior Rationale: The voltmeter compares the electric charge of the interior with that of the exterior.

People with volitional facial paresis are unable to

voluntarily move the facial muscles.

___________ could be expected to be caused by the activation of cells within the __________ by a poison in the blood.

vomiting; area postrema

The unique aspect of Patient S.P. is that after removal of her right amygdala, she

was unable to recognize her own facial emotional expressions.

fenestration

when individuals have middle ear disease, creates a round window

With regard to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),

women are more likely than men to develop PTSD

________ is an example of an obsession.

worrying about cleanliness

Identical, long stretches of DNA found in mice, rats, and humans

would not occur by chance

Which of the following is an example of a lateralized function of the brain?

writing