PSB ch.10 quiz
In an experiment with hamsters, if a light with a timer is adjusted so that the light switches on and off 6 hours earlier than the animals are used to, they will show
phase shift
Unlike in mammals, in birds the _______ is sensitive to light and may mediate entrainment of rhythms even after surgical removal of the eyes
pineal gland
The _______ system is responsible for promoting REM sleep.
pontine
REM behavior disorder (RBD) may be reduced by drugs that
reduce anxiety
The region that appears to be responsible for activating wakefulness is known as the
reticular formation
Infant sleep is characterized by _______ sleep cycles than those of adults, with proportionally more _______ sleep
shorter; REM
It has been speculated that sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be a consequence of a form of
sleep apnea
In a person who is sleeping, _______ sleep shows periodic bursts of 12‒14 Hz brain activity in an EEG recording
stage 2
A child wakes suddenly after sleeping for a couple of hours, is terrified and shows significant autonomic activity, such as a racing heart rate and dilated pupils. When questioned, the child cannot remember what frightened her. It is likely the child has just woken from _______ sleep.
stage 3
In humans, somnambulism usually occurs during _______ sleep.
stage 3
Sleep enuresis is associated with _______ sleep.
stage 3
Slow, large-amplitude waves are seen in the EEG records of people who are in _______ sleep.
stage 3
In humans, enhanced serum levels of growth hormone are evident during
stage 3 sleep (SWS)
The cortical EEG pattern of the isolated forebrain animal is characterized by
sustained SWS
A lesion made to the reticular formation will result in a cortical EEG pattern of
sustained sleep
REM sleep is normally preceded by stage _______ sleep.
2
Newborn infants spend as much as _______ % of their sleep time in REM sleep.
50
Hamsters carrying the _______ mutation show abnormally short free-running rhythms.
tau
Experimental evidence suggests that the biological role of REM sleep may be related to
the consolidation of perceptual learning
The sudden attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by
the immediate onset of REM
Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is especially prominent during _______ of a night's sleep
the initial half
The pineal gland of some birds and reptiles is referred to as a primitive "third eye" because
the skull over the pineal gland is especially thin, so it can sense light
Research has shown that in the forebrain system, SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, while in the brainstem system, the _______ projects axons to the brain, promoting wakefulness.
tuberomammillary nucleus; reticular formation
The usual duration of the typical human repeating sleep cycle is
90‒110 minutes
A woman has just celebrated her 100th birthday. Which description of her sleep is mostly likely to be true?
An EEG of her brain would reveal the complete absence of stage 3 sleep
Which mechanism has not been identified as a biological function of sleep?
Brain rest
Which statement is about the molecular clock is false?
Clock and Cycle proteins eventually break down and the 24 hour cycle begins again
Which statement about fatal familial insomnia is false?
It is characterized by chronic lifetime insomnia
_______ is a symptom of a mismatch between internal and external time while traveling.
Jet lag
Which hormone has been especially implicated in informing the brain about daylight?
Melatonin
A scientist wants to conduct a study in which an animal brain is transected but REM sleep could continue to be measured in the cerebral cortex. Which region must remain connected to the cortex?
Pons
Flaccidity in the large muscles of the body is associated most commonly with _______ sleep
REM
If you recall a vivid dream as you wake up, you likely to have been in _______ sleep just before awakening.
REM
Nightmares are associated with ______ sleep.
REM
The large proportion of _______ sleep seen in infancy suggests it is necessary for nervous system maturation.
REM
Disinhibition of spinal cord motoneurons during REM sleep can lead to _______ disorder.
REM behavior
If an adult hamster with a 24-hour endogenous rhythm receives a lesion to the SCN and a subsequent SCN transplant from a young hamster with an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours, which outcome occurs?
The adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm
When deprived of time cues, people tend to show activity cycles that are
a little more than 24 hours long
Prolonged sleep deprivation (around 8 days) can lead to all of the following except
a strengthened immune system
Small lesions near the pontine REM sleep center _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep.
abolish
Destruction of the SCN _______ circadian rhythms of hormone secretion
abolishes
In the absence of light cues, hamsters with two copies of the tau mutation will show biological rhythms with periods of _______ hours.
about 20
The characteristic EEG recording obtained from subjects who are relaxed with their eyes closed is called the
alpha
The cortical EEG pattern of an isolated brain animal is characterized by
alternating periods of arousal and sleep
People diagnosed with sleep apnea show all of the following symptoms except
an abundance of REM sleep
Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate
awakening
The pattern of sleep in elderly people is characterized by increases in
awakenings
Electrical stimulation of the _______ can induce SWS activity
basal forebrain
If animals that are normally seasonal are kept in a laboratory and receive no information about changes in day length or temperature (i.e. housed in constant dark), their circannual rhythms will
become free-running
Because of shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty, students at high schools that begin the school day after 8:30 am generally experience
better academic performance
Many people with narcolepsy also exhibit _______, in which muscle tone is suddenly lost without loss of _______.
cataplexy; consciousness
The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior once a day is called a(n) _______ rhythm.
circadian
A diurnal animal will likely feed during the
daytime
Nocturnal animals are usually asleep during the
daytime
The process by which an animal slowly shifts its circadian rhythm to synchronize with the time of sunrise each day is called
entrainment
When a hamster or a person continues to display an activity cycle without any external cues about the time of day, the cycle is said to be
free-running
Sleep that immediately follows a period of learning has the apparent effect of
improving long-term retention
Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is characterized by
large-amplitude delta waves.
Norepinephrine innervation to the brain comes primarily from the
locus coeruleus
If SCN neurons are transplanted from animal A to animal B, and animal B previously had its SCN lesioned, animal B's rhythmicity will
match the donor's rhythm
The isolated forebrain preparation involves a cut through the
midbrain
Frightening dreams associated with stage 3 sleep are called
night terrors
The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior every six hours is called a(n) _______ rhythm
ultradian
The sleep of dolphins and some birds is similar in that both display
unilateral sleep
In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period may last
up to 40 minutes
Dreams experienced during REM sleep are characterized by
vague visual imagery
The incidence of insomnia is greatest in _______ in general, and in both men and women in _______.
women; the later stages of life
Any cue that an animal uses to synchronize its activity with the environment is called a(n)
zeitgeber
The external cue that animals use to discern the time of day is called a
zeitgeber
The stimulus (usually the light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms is called a(n)
zeitgeber