Chapter 17 Learn Smart
The endocrine system has many functions including: regulating blood ion concentrations maintaining blood volume producing neurotransmitters controlling movement of food through the digestive tract receiving sensory information from the environment
-regulating blood ion concentrations -maintaining blood volume -controlling movement of food through the digestive tract
The majority of the pituitary gland is composed of the ________? Neurohypophysis Pars intermedia Infundibulum Pars nervosa Adenphypophysis
Adenphypophysis
Which of the following is an example of hormone release in response to a humoral stimulus? -Your thyroid gland releases thyroid hormones due to increased TSH levels. -After eating a candy bar your pancreas releases insulin. -In an emergency situation your adrenal gland releases epinephrine into your bloodstream.
After eating a candy bar your pancreas releases insulin.
A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus is ______. TH ACTH CRH PRL
CRH
A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus is ________. TH PRL CRH ACTH
CRH
The hormone(s) and enzyme(s) that the kidneys secrete are? Calcitriol Erthropoeitin Renin Melatonin Aldosterone
Calcitriol Erthropoeitin Renin
Identify which are ways that hormones are eliminated from the bloodstream
Degradation by enzymes Excretion by the kidneys
What are the two major controlling systems of the body? Endocrine and cardiovascular systems Nervous and cardiovascular systems Endocrine and nervous systems
Endocrine and nervous systems
Which of the following hormones are considered gonadotropins? TSH FSH ACTH LH GH
FSH LH
Glucagon causes adipose cells to release what macromolecule into the bloodstream? Amino acids Fatty acids Insulin Glucose
Fatty acids
Which is reduced as a consequence of an aging endocrine system? abdominal weight gain GH levels sodium retention blood sugar levels sex hormone levels muscle mass
GH levels sex hormone levels muscle mass
What type of endocrine stimulation is pictured in A? Neural Antagonistic Hormonal Humoral
Hormonal
Eicosanoids are locally acting hormones. If they target cells neighboring those from which they were released, this is can example of ________ stimulation. Holocrine Merocrine Paracrine Autocrine
Paracrine
Which of the following glands is not controlled by the hypothalamus? Thyroid gland Posterior pituitary gland Adrenal medulla Parathyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Which are actions by which the hypothalamus directly regulates endocrine activity? Stimulates the gonads to create gametes. Producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland. Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release vital hormones. Producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland.
Producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland Producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland
Match each class of hormone with its description. Steroid Protein Biogenic amine Short chains of amino acids and water-soluble. Derived from cholesterol and lipid-soluble. Modified amino acids and water-soluble (with one exception).
Steroid - Derived from cholesterol and lipid-soluble. Protein - Short chains of amino acids and water-soluble. Biogenic amine - Modified amino acids and water-soluble (with one exception).
Match each type of hormone interaction with an example in the body: -Type of hormone: Synergistic Permissive Antagonistic -Statements: Oxytocin does not cause the release of milk in the absence of prolactin Estrogen and progestrone are more powerful together than alone Glucagon and insulin raise and lower blood sugar levels respectively
Synergistic - Estrogen and progestrone are more powerful together than alone Permissive - Oxytocin does not cause the release of milk in the absence of prolactin Antagonistic - Glucagon and insulin raise and lower blood sugar levels respectively
What are the two factors that affect the concentration of a circulating hormone? Synthesis and continuation Elimination and regeneration Synthesis and elimination Elimination and continuation
Synthesis and elimination
In order to stimulate the thyroid gland, there has to be a release of ________ from the hypothalamus. TH T3 TSH T4 TRH
TRH
Place the following hormones in the order in which they are released: TSH TH TRH
TRH TSH TH
The anterior pituitary gland secretes ________ to stimulate the follicular cells of the thyroid gland to release _______. TRH, TSH TSH, TH TH, TSH TSH, TRH
TSH, TH
Which of the following is classified as a steroid hormone? Testosterone Prolactin Thyroid Hormone Growth Hormone
Testosterone
Match each stage of the stress response with its description The Alarm Reaction The Stage of Resistance The Stage of Exhaustion The sympathetic division of the nervous system releases epinephrine. The endocrine system mobilizes energy reserves. Fat stores are depleted and the body breaks down proteins.
The Alarm Reaction - The sympathetic division of the nervous system releases epinephrine. The Stage of Resistance - The endocrine system mobilizes energy reserves. The Stage of Exhaustion - Fat stores are depleted and the body breaks down proteins.
What gland has a distinct butterfly shape? Adrenal gland Thalamus Thyroid Parathyroid
Thyroid
The liver releases ________ which will become angiotensin II.
angiotensinogen
Eicosanoids are locally acting hormones. If they target the same cells from which they were released, this is an example of ________ stimulation. merocrine paracrine autocrine holocrine
autocrine
Often a viral infection triggers a(n) ________ condition where the beta cells of the pancreatic islets are destroyed resulting in type 1 diabetes. congenital inflammation genetic autoimmune
autoimmune
________ amines are small hormones produced by altering the structure of a specific amino acid.
biogenic
Both parathyroid hormone and ________ increase blood calcium. calcitriol gastrin erythropoietin angiotensin II
calcitriol
A single target cell of a hormone ______. may have only one hormone receptor type. can display differing numbers of receptors for the same hormone. will have a constant number of receptors for the hormone.
can display differing numbers of receptors for the same hormone
The adrenal cortex synthesizes over 25 hormones collectively refereed to as ________.
corticosteriods
The most common glucocorticoids are ________ and corticosterone.
cortisol
Acinar cells of the pancreas produce an alkaline pancreatic juice that aids in ________. digestion regulating blood glucose levels joint lubrication regulating blood calcium levels
digestion
If a target cell is continually under-stimulated by a particular hormone it has receptors to, it will increase the number of receptors it has through ________ regulation.
down
Hormones that are transported in the blood are released from ________. paracrine cells endocrine glands exocrine glands autocrine glands
endocrine glands
If a female baby is born with androgential syndrome, she will exhibit which of the following symptoms? enlarged clitoris increased ACTH decreased TSH enlarged breasts at puberty
enlarged clitoris increased ACTH
The ovaries produce the female sex hormones ________ and ________. estrogen, progesterone prolactin, oxytocin progesterone, oxytocin estrogen, oxytocin
estrogen, progesterone
In acromegaly, the individual doesn't grow in height, but the bones of the ________,________ and ________ enlarge and widen. hands rib cage upper arm neck feet lower leg face
face hands feet
True or false: A hormone only has receptors on one type of cell in the body.
false
True or false: Lipid-soluble hormones are easily dissolved and travel freely in the blood
false
The wall of each thyroid follicle is formed by simple cuboidal epithelial cells called________ cells.
follicular
Too much growth hormone in childhood causes pituitary ______.
gigantism
The alpha cells of the pancreatic islets secrete the hormone________.
glucagon
The zona fasciculata synthesizes a group of hormones called ________.
glucocorticoids
A person has an enlargement of their thyroid known as what?
goiter
Milti-step signal transduction pathways provide ________ opportunities to regulate pathway activity than direct pathways. fewer greater the same
greater
The posterior pituitary gland releases hormones when stimulated by the ________. hypothalamus anterior pituitary gland sells turcica thalamus
hypothalamus
Thyroid hormones have which of the following effects? increasing body temperature increasing muscle mass increasing metabolism increasing bone mass
increasing metabolism increasing body temperature
The thymus is relatively large in: infants adults
infants
The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a think stalk called the _______.
infundibulum
As thyroid hormones increase by temperature, TRH release is ________.
inhibited
target cells respond to ________ by taking up glucose, thus lowering blood glucose levels. glucagon somatostatin insulin pancreatic polypeptide
insulin
In T3, the 3 refers to the number of ________ molecules in the hormone.
iodine
The name of the narrow midline of the (thyroid) gland pictured here (letter A) is the _____ of the thyroid.
isthmus
Which hormone is associated with stimulating appetite. Gastrin Leptin Erythropoietin Calcitriol
leptin
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by ________. erratic insulin secretion low to no insulin secretion medium to high insulin secretion
low to no insulin secretion
If a woman has a overactive zona reticularis, she will experience which of the following? masculinization hyperactivity decreased immune response weight gain
masculinization
MSH stands for ________ stimulating hormone
melanocyte
The hormone ________ helps regulate your circadian rhythm (24 hour body clock).
melatonin
The pineal gland secretes a hormone called________.
melatonin
The nervous system uses nerve impulses and ________ to transmit information.
neurotransmitters
The endocrine system has many functions in the human body including which of the following? overseeing reproductive functions regulating blood composition overseeing short term reflexes controlling metabolism controlling muscle contraction
overseeing reproductive functions regulating blood composition controlling metabolism
An example of a peptide hormone is ________. calcitriol parathyroid hormone thyroid hormone testosterone
parathyroid hormone
The hypothalamus communicates with the anterior pituitary gland by way of the hypothalmo-hypophyseal ______ system. synapse portal tract byway
portal
Only cells with specific ________ for the hormone respond to that hormone.
receptors
The innermost region of the adrenal cortex is called the zona ______. reticularis glomerulosa fasciculata medullaris
reticularis
GH stimulates cell growth, targeting primarily the ________ and ________ systems. integumentary, immune circualatory, respiratory reproductive, urinary skeletal, muscular
skeletal, muscular
As thyroid hormones increase body temperature, TRH release is ________.
slowed
Which of the following are symptoms associated with hypothyroidism? hyperactivity sluggishness weight loss protruding eyeballs weight gain feeling cold
sluggishness weight gain feeling cold
Which organ releases secretin and cholecystokinin? pancreas liver stomach small intestine
small intestine
The pancreas is located between the small intestine and ________.
stomach
What is the full name of the hormone T4?
tetraiodothyronine
True or false: Goiters often need to be surgically removed since iodine restoration won't result in their decrease.
true
True or false: If untreated, gestational diabetes can pose a risk to the fetus and pose delivery complications.
true
True or false: The function of the oxyphil cells of the parathyroid gland are not known.
true
The term diabetes mellitus is derived from the phrase "sweet ________."
urine
The effects of hyperthyroidism result in which of the following characteristics? weight gain increased metabolic rate hyperactivity cold intolerance weight loss sluggishness
weight loss increased metabolic rate hyperactivity
When a water-soluble hormone binds to its target cell, the subsequent cascade of intracellular chemical reactions can result in which of the following?
-Increased secretions -Activation of enzyme pathways -growth
Place the following events in order: Adrenal cortex releases cortisol. Anterior pituitary gland releases ACTH. Hypothalamus releases CRH.
1) Hypothalamus releases CRH 2) Anterior pituitary gland releases ACTH 3) Adrenal cortex releases cortisol
Place the following events in order: TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary Low TH levels stimulate the hypothalamus The hypothalamus releases TRH The anterior pituitary releases TSH TSH stimulates the thyroid gland The thyroid gland produces TH
1. 2. 3. 4. The anterior pituitary releases TSH 5. TSH stimulates the thyroid gland 6. The thyroid gland produces TH
Place the events of the picture in order (action of cortisol hormone)
1. Hypothalamus releases CRH 2. Anterior pituitary releases ACTH 3. Adrenal cortex releases cortisol
Place the following events in order: Hypothalamus releases CRH. Adrenal cortext releases cortisol. Anterior pituitary gland releases ACTH
1. Hypothalamus releases CRH. 2. Anterior pituitary gland releases ACTH 3. Adrenal cortext releases cortisol.
Place the events of the diagram in order
1. Lipid-soluble hormone binds to intracellular receptor 2. Hormone-receptor complex binds with hormone-response element 3. mRNA is synthesized 4. mRNA is translated into a new protein
Rank the layers of the adrenal cortex from superficial to deep. zona reticularis zona fasciculata zona glomerulosa
1.zona glomerulosa 2.zona fasciculata 3.zona reticularis
People with type ________ diabeted can often be treated with changes to their diet and increased exercise without the use of medications.
2
Hormones are classified based on their chemical structure into how many distinct groups?
3
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the hypothalamus in response to which of the following stimuli? Fever Increased body metabolism A decreased level of thyroid hormone in the blood Low body temperature
A decreased level of thyroid hormone in the blood Low body temperature
Match the letter of each organ in the picture with the hormone it produces: ADH Glucagon T4 Androgens
A-ADH B-T4 C-Androgens D-Glucagon
Identify the endocrine organs on the diagram: pancreas pituitary gland adrenal gland thyroid gland
A-pituitary gland B-thyroid gland C-adrenal gland D-pancreas
Which of the following are types of locally-acting hormones called eicosanoids? Leukotrienes Glycoproteins Thromboxanes Prostaglandins Catecholamines
Leukotrienes Thromboxanes Prostaglandins
What hormone stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to produce corticosteriods?
ACTH
What is the abbreviation of the hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex? ADH ACH ACTH
ACTH
Which of the following hormones are made in the hypothalamus? ADH GH PRL ACTH Oxytocin
ADH Oxytocin
Which hormones does the posterior pituitary gland store?
ADH oxytocin
Less severe type 2 diabetics can be treated with which of the following treatments? Rest Diet Glucagon injections Medications that enhance insulin release Exercise Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Diet Exercise Medications that enhance insulin release
If one is administered high doses of corticosterone, they may experience which of the following side effects? Immunisuppression Scoliosis of the spine Decreased sodium retention Protruding eyes
Immunisuppression
Elevated levels of glucagon result in which of the following? Increased blood sugar levels Increased glycogenolysis Increased glycogenesis Increased glycolysis Increased lipolysis
Increased lipolysis Increased blood sugar levels Increased glycogenolysis
When the water-soluble hormone bonds to its target cell, the subsequent cascade of intracellular chemical reactions can result in which of the following? Degradation of the nuclear membrane. Increased crossing over in meiosis I. Muscle contraction. Increased permeability of the cell membrane. Cell lysis.
Muscle contraction Increased permeability of the cell membrane
Hormones can be released as a direct response to which of the following stimuli? Temporal Humoral Neural Mechanical Hormonal Pressure
Neural Humoral Hormonal
Which two hypothalamic nuclei are associated with the posterior pituitary gland? Paraventricular Lateral Arcuate Suprachiasmatic Supraoptic
Paraventricular Supraoptic
In a signal transduction pathway, activiate G protein can then activate which of the following enzymes? Phosphodiesterase Phospholipase C Adenylate cyclase Adenylate kinase Transducin
Phospholipase C Adenylate cyclase
Which of the following are considered major endocrine organs of the body? Pineal Gland Merocrine Gland Parathyroid Gland Apocrine Gland Holocrine Gland
Pineal Gland Parathyroid Gland
The ________ gland, also knows as the hypophysis, lies inferior to the hypothalamus.
Pituitary
Which one of the following are considered major endocrine organs of the body? Pituitary Gland Sebaceous Gland Adrenal Gland Sudoriferous Gland Ceruminous Gland Thyroid Gland
Pituitary Gland Adrenal Gland Thyroid Gland
Which are actions by which the hypothalamus directly regulates endocrine activity? Producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland. Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release vital hormones. Stimulates the gonads to create gametes.
Producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland.
ANP produced by the heart has which of the following functions? Increases metabolism Decreases blood glucose Regulates blood Na levels and blood volume Promotes absorption of calcium
Regulates blood Na levels and blood volume
Rank the half-life of the following types of hormones in order from shortest to longest: Large water-soluble hormones Lipid-soluble hormones Small water-soluble hormones
Small water-soluble hormones Large water-soluble hormones Lipid-soluble hormones
Match each type of diabetes mellitus with its description: Type 1 Type 2 Gestational Insulin-dependent Associated with pregnancy insulin-independent
Type 1 - Insulin-dependent Type 2 - insulin-independent Gestational - Associated with pregnancy
The paired triangular ________ glands are found atop the superior surface of each kidney.
adrenal
Epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones involved in the fight/flight sympathetic response, are produced in what region of the adrenal gland?
adrenal medulla
The ________ pituitary gland is part of the pituitary gland that both produces and secretes hormones.
anterior
The bulk of the pituitary gland is composed of the ________ pituitary. anterior medial lateral posterior
anterior
Most hormones are transported in the ________ to their target cells.
blood
Endocrine glands secrete their products directly into the ________.
bloodstream
Type 2 diabetes results from either decreased insulin release or ________. increased glucagon release increased insulin release decreased insulin effectiveness increased insulin effectiveness
decreased insulin effectiveness
Pituitary dwarfism exists at birth and is due to inadequate ________ hormone production.
growth
If a diabetic injects too much insulin into their body, their blood sugar levels can drop dramatically resulting in what condition?
hypoglycemia
The anterior pituitary gland is controlled by regulatory hormones secreted by the ________. posterior pituitary gland hypothalamus thalamus adrenal cortex
hypothalamus
The posterior pituitary gland releases oxytocin and ADH in response to a stimulus from what region of the brain?
hypothalamus
Increased cortisol levels in the body will result in which of the following? increased blood sugar levels increased blood fatty acid levels decreased blood sugar levels decreased glucose uptake by most cells of the body increased glucose uptake by most cells of the body decreased blood fatty acid levels
increased blood sugar levels increased blood fatty acid levels decreased glucose uptake by most cells of the body
Insulin has which of the following effects on cells? increased uptake of the glucose by most cells increased excretion of glucose in the urine increased lipogenesis in adipose cells increased glycogenolysis by liver cells increased glycogenesis by liver cells increased gluconeogenesis by liver cells
increased uptake of the glucose by most cells increased lipogenesis in adipose cells increased glycogenesis by liver cells
Because of their structure, lipid-soluble hormones bind to the receptors of target cells ________. on the surface of the cell membrane within the cell membrane inside the cell
inside the cell
Goiters result from an _________ amout of dietary ________ needed to produce TH. insufficient, iodine excessive, iodine insufficient, calcium excessive, calcium
insufficient, iodine
The zona glomerulosa synthesizes a group of hormones collectively called ________.
mineralocorticoids
The more receptors a cell has for a hormone, the ________ sensitive it is to that hormone.
more
The neurons in the hypothalamus that extend to the posterior pituitary gland are called ________ cells because they secrete hormones. ceruminous neurosecretory exocrine sebaceoud
neurosecretory
Water-soluble hormones bind to their target cell's receptors found ________. on the surface of the plasma membrane. in the nucleus. on the cytosol side of the plasma membrane. in the cytosol.
on the surface of the plasma membrane
Which are the hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary gland? oxytocin PRL ADH GH
oxytocin, ADH
The pancreas is composed mostly of groups of cells called ________. pancreatic islets beta cells pancreatic acini alpha cells
pancreatic acini
The ________ glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.
parathyroid
Which endocrine gland is found in the epithalamus of the brain?
pineal
In females, ________ regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production. Prolactin Luteinizing hormone Oxytocin Follicle stimulating hormone
prolactin
Which of the following are regulatory hormones released by the hypothalamus? secretory inhibiting synergistic releasing antagonistic
releasing inhibiting
Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of which of the following conditions? respiratory disease demintia retinal blindness kidney failure montraumatic leg amputations
retinal blindness kidney failure montraumatic leg amputations
GH stimulates liver cells to increase gluconeogenesis; as a result, blood sugar levels ________. rise stabilize fall
rise
Because of their structure, water-soluble hormones bind a receptor on the cell membrane initiating a series of biochemical events across the membrane known as a ________ transduction pathway.
signal
The nervous system and the endocrine system both affect specific ________ organs.
target
The ________ gland is located immediately inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea.
thyroid
The anterior pituitary gland secretes TSH, which stimulates the ________ gland.
thyroid
The posterior pituitary gland releases ________ hormone(s). four two three one
two
All type ________ disbetics require daily injections of insulin.
type 2