Chapter 17 Learn Smart

The endocrine system has many functions including: regulating blood ion concentrations maintaining blood volume producing neurotransmitters controlling movement of food through the digestive tract receiving sensory information from the environment

-regulating blood ion concentrations -maintaining blood volume -controlling movement of food through the digestive tract

The majority of the pituitary gland is composed of the ________? Neurohypophysis Pars intermedia Infundibulum Pars nervosa Adenphypophysis

Adenphypophysis

Which of the following is an example of hormone release in response to a humoral stimulus? -Your thyroid gland releases thyroid hormones due to increased TSH levels. -After eating a candy bar your pancreas releases insulin. -In an emergency situation your adrenal gland releases epinephrine into your bloodstream.

After eating a candy bar your pancreas releases insulin.

A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus is ______. TH ACTH CRH PRL

CRH

A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus is ________. TH PRL CRH ACTH

CRH

The hormone(s) and enzyme(s) that the kidneys secrete are? Calcitriol Erthropoeitin Renin Melatonin Aldosterone

Calcitriol Erthropoeitin Renin

Identify which are ways that hormones are eliminated from the bloodstream

Degradation by enzymes Excretion by the kidneys

What are the two major controlling systems of the body? Endocrine and cardiovascular systems Nervous and cardiovascular systems Endocrine and nervous systems

Endocrine and nervous systems

Which of the following hormones are considered gonadotropins? TSH FSH ACTH LH GH

FSH LH

Glucagon causes adipose cells to release what macromolecule into the bloodstream? Amino acids Fatty acids Insulin Glucose

Fatty acids

Which is reduced as a consequence of an aging endocrine system? abdominal weight gain GH levels sodium retention blood sugar levels sex hormone levels muscle mass

GH levels sex hormone levels muscle mass

What type of endocrine stimulation is pictured in A? Neural Antagonistic Hormonal Humoral

Hormonal

Eicosanoids are locally acting hormones. If they target cells neighboring those from which they were released, this is can example of ________ stimulation. Holocrine Merocrine Paracrine Autocrine

Paracrine

Which of the following glands is not controlled by the hypothalamus? Thyroid gland Posterior pituitary gland Adrenal medulla Parathyroid gland

Parathyroid gland

Which are actions by which the hypothalamus directly regulates endocrine activity? Stimulates the gonads to create gametes. Producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland. Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release vital hormones. Producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland.

Producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland Producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland

Match each class of hormone with its description. Steroid Protein Biogenic amine Short chains of amino acids and water-soluble. Derived from cholesterol and lipid-soluble. Modified amino acids and water-soluble (with one exception).

Steroid - Derived from cholesterol and lipid-soluble. Protein - Short chains of amino acids and water-soluble. Biogenic amine - Modified amino acids and water-soluble (with one exception).

Match each type of hormone interaction with an example in the body: -Type of hormone: Synergistic Permissive Antagonistic -Statements: Oxytocin does not cause the release of milk in the absence of prolactin Estrogen and progestrone are more powerful together than alone Glucagon and insulin raise and lower blood sugar levels respectively

Synergistic - Estrogen and progestrone are more powerful together than alone Permissive - Oxytocin does not cause the release of milk in the absence of prolactin Antagonistic - Glucagon and insulin raise and lower blood sugar levels respectively

What are the two factors that affect the concentration of a circulating hormone? Synthesis and continuation Elimination and regeneration Synthesis and elimination Elimination and continuation

Synthesis and elimination

In order to stimulate the thyroid gland, there has to be a release of ________ from the hypothalamus. TH T3 TSH T4 TRH

TRH

Place the following hormones in the order in which they are released: TSH TH TRH

TRH TSH TH

The anterior pituitary gland secretes ________ to stimulate the follicular cells of the thyroid gland to release _______. TRH, TSH TSH, TH TH, TSH TSH, TRH

TSH, TH

Which of the following is classified as a steroid hormone? Testosterone Prolactin Thyroid Hormone Growth Hormone

Testosterone

Match each stage of the stress response with its description The Alarm Reaction The Stage of Resistance The Stage of Exhaustion The sympathetic division of the nervous system releases epinephrine. The endocrine system mobilizes energy reserves. Fat stores are depleted and the body breaks down proteins.

The Alarm Reaction - The sympathetic division of the nervous system releases epinephrine. The Stage of Resistance - The endocrine system mobilizes energy reserves. The Stage of Exhaustion - Fat stores are depleted and the body breaks down proteins.

What gland has a distinct butterfly shape? Adrenal gland Thalamus Thyroid Parathyroid

Thyroid

The liver releases ________ which will become angiotensin II.

angiotensinogen

Eicosanoids are locally acting hormones. If they target the same cells from which they were released, this is an example of ________ stimulation. merocrine paracrine autocrine holocrine

autocrine

Often a viral infection triggers a(n) ________ condition where the beta cells of the pancreatic islets are destroyed resulting in type 1 diabetes. congenital inflammation genetic autoimmune

autoimmune

________ amines are small hormones produced by altering the structure of a specific amino acid.

biogenic

Both parathyroid hormone and ________ increase blood calcium. calcitriol gastrin erythropoietin angiotensin II

calcitriol

A single target cell of a hormone ______. may have only one hormone receptor type. can display differing numbers of receptors for the same hormone. will have a constant number of receptors for the hormone.

can display differing numbers of receptors for the same hormone

The adrenal cortex synthesizes over 25 hormones collectively refereed to as ________.

corticosteriods

The most common glucocorticoids are ________ and corticosterone.

cortisol

Acinar cells of the pancreas produce an alkaline pancreatic juice that aids in ________. digestion regulating blood glucose levels joint lubrication regulating blood calcium levels

digestion

If a target cell is continually under-stimulated by a particular hormone it has receptors to, it will increase the number of receptors it has through ________ regulation.

down

Hormones that are transported in the blood are released from ________. paracrine cells endocrine glands exocrine glands autocrine glands

endocrine glands

If a female baby is born with androgential syndrome, she will exhibit which of the following symptoms? enlarged clitoris increased ACTH decreased TSH enlarged breasts at puberty

enlarged clitoris increased ACTH

The ovaries produce the female sex hormones ________ and ________. estrogen, progesterone prolactin, oxytocin progesterone, oxytocin estrogen, oxytocin

estrogen, progesterone

In acromegaly, the individual doesn't grow in height, but the bones of the ________,________ and ________ enlarge and widen. hands rib cage upper arm neck feet lower leg face

face hands feet

True or false: A hormone only has receptors on one type of cell in the body.

false

True or false: Lipid-soluble hormones are easily dissolved and travel freely in the blood

false

The wall of each thyroid follicle is formed by simple cuboidal epithelial cells called________ cells.

follicular

Too much growth hormone in childhood causes pituitary ______.

gigantism

The alpha cells of the pancreatic islets secrete the hormone________.

glucagon

The zona fasciculata synthesizes a group of hormones called ________.

glucocorticoids

A person has an enlargement of their thyroid known as what?

goiter

Milti-step signal transduction pathways provide ________ opportunities to regulate pathway activity than direct pathways. fewer greater the same

greater

The posterior pituitary gland releases hormones when stimulated by the ________. hypothalamus anterior pituitary gland sells turcica thalamus

hypothalamus

Thyroid hormones have which of the following effects? increasing body temperature increasing muscle mass increasing metabolism increasing bone mass

increasing metabolism increasing body temperature

The thymus is relatively large in: infants adults

infants

The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a think stalk called the _______.

infundibulum

As thyroid hormones increase by temperature, TRH release is ________.

inhibited

target cells respond to ________ by taking up glucose, thus lowering blood glucose levels. glucagon somatostatin insulin pancreatic polypeptide

insulin

In T3, the 3 refers to the number of ________ molecules in the hormone.

iodine

The name of the narrow midline of the (thyroid) gland pictured here (letter A) is the _____ of the thyroid.

isthmus

Which hormone is associated with stimulating appetite. Gastrin Leptin Erythropoietin Calcitriol

leptin

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by ________. erratic insulin secretion low to no insulin secretion medium to high insulin secretion

low to no insulin secretion

If a woman has a overactive zona reticularis, she will experience which of the following? masculinization hyperactivity decreased immune response weight gain

masculinization

MSH stands for ________ stimulating hormone

melanocyte

The hormone ________ helps regulate your circadian rhythm (24 hour body clock).

melatonin

The pineal gland secretes a hormone called________.

melatonin

The nervous system uses nerve impulses and ________ to transmit information.

neurotransmitters

The endocrine system has many functions in the human body including which of the following? overseeing reproductive functions regulating blood composition overseeing short term reflexes controlling metabolism controlling muscle contraction

overseeing reproductive functions regulating blood composition controlling metabolism

An example of a peptide hormone is ________. calcitriol parathyroid hormone thyroid hormone testosterone

parathyroid hormone

The hypothalamus communicates with the anterior pituitary gland by way of the hypothalmo-hypophyseal ______ system. synapse portal tract byway

portal

Only cells with specific ________ for the hormone respond to that hormone.

receptors

The innermost region of the adrenal cortex is called the zona ______. reticularis glomerulosa fasciculata medullaris

reticularis

GH stimulates cell growth, targeting primarily the ________ and ________ systems. integumentary, immune circualatory, respiratory reproductive, urinary skeletal, muscular

skeletal, muscular

As thyroid hormones increase body temperature, TRH release is ________.

slowed

Which of the following are symptoms associated with hypothyroidism? hyperactivity sluggishness weight loss protruding eyeballs weight gain feeling cold

sluggishness weight gain feeling cold

Which organ releases secretin and cholecystokinin? pancreas liver stomach small intestine

small intestine

The pancreas is located between the small intestine and ________.

stomach

What is the full name of the hormone T4?

tetraiodothyronine

True or false: Goiters often need to be surgically removed since iodine restoration won't result in their decrease.

true

True or false: If untreated, gestational diabetes can pose a risk to the fetus and pose delivery complications.

true

True or false: The function of the oxyphil cells of the parathyroid gland are not known.

true

The term diabetes mellitus is derived from the phrase "sweet ________."

urine

The effects of hyperthyroidism result in which of the following characteristics? weight gain increased metabolic rate hyperactivity cold intolerance weight loss sluggishness

weight loss increased metabolic rate hyperactivity

When a water-soluble hormone binds to its target cell, the subsequent cascade of intracellular chemical reactions can result in which of the following?

-Increased secretions -Activation of enzyme pathways -growth

Place the following events in order: Adrenal cortex releases cortisol. Anterior pituitary gland releases ACTH. Hypothalamus releases CRH.

1) Hypothalamus releases CRH 2) Anterior pituitary gland releases ACTH 3) Adrenal cortex releases cortisol

Place the following events in order: TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary Low TH levels stimulate the hypothalamus The hypothalamus releases TRH The anterior pituitary releases TSH TSH stimulates the thyroid gland The thyroid gland produces TH

1. 2. 3. 4. The anterior pituitary releases TSH 5. TSH stimulates the thyroid gland 6. The thyroid gland produces TH

Place the events of the picture in order (action of cortisol hormone)

1. Hypothalamus releases CRH 2. Anterior pituitary releases ACTH 3. Adrenal cortex releases cortisol

Place the following events in order: Hypothalamus releases CRH. Adrenal cortext releases cortisol. Anterior pituitary gland releases ACTH

1. Hypothalamus releases CRH. 2. Anterior pituitary gland releases ACTH 3. Adrenal cortext releases cortisol.

Place the events of the diagram in order

1. Lipid-soluble hormone binds to intracellular receptor 2. Hormone-receptor complex binds with hormone-response element 3. mRNA is synthesized 4. mRNA is translated into a new protein

Rank the layers of the adrenal cortex from superficial to deep. zona reticularis zona fasciculata zona glomerulosa

1.zona glomerulosa 2.zona fasciculata 3.zona reticularis

People with type ________ diabeted can often be treated with changes to their diet and increased exercise without the use of medications.

2

Hormones are classified based on their chemical structure into how many distinct groups?

3

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the hypothalamus in response to which of the following stimuli? Fever Increased body metabolism A decreased level of thyroid hormone in the blood Low body temperature

A decreased level of thyroid hormone in the blood Low body temperature

Match the letter of each organ in the picture with the hormone it produces: ADH Glucagon T4 Androgens

A-ADH B-T4 C-Androgens D-Glucagon

Identify the endocrine organs on the diagram: pancreas pituitary gland adrenal gland thyroid gland

A-pituitary gland B-thyroid gland C-adrenal gland D-pancreas

Which of the following are types of locally-acting hormones called eicosanoids? Leukotrienes Glycoproteins Thromboxanes Prostaglandins Catecholamines

Leukotrienes Thromboxanes Prostaglandins

What hormone stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to produce corticosteriods?

ACTH

What is the abbreviation of the hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex? ADH ACH ACTH

ACTH

Which of the following hormones are made in the hypothalamus? ADH GH PRL ACTH Oxytocin

ADH Oxytocin

Which hormones does the posterior pituitary gland store?

ADH oxytocin

Less severe type 2 diabetics can be treated with which of the following treatments? Rest Diet Glucagon injections Medications that enhance insulin release Exercise Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Diet Exercise Medications that enhance insulin release

If one is administered high doses of corticosterone, they may experience which of the following side effects? Immunisuppression Scoliosis of the spine Decreased sodium retention Protruding eyes

Immunisuppression

Elevated levels of glucagon result in which of the following? Increased blood sugar levels Increased glycogenolysis Increased glycogenesis Increased glycolysis Increased lipolysis

Increased lipolysis Increased blood sugar levels Increased glycogenolysis

When the water-soluble hormone bonds to its target cell, the subsequent cascade of intracellular chemical reactions can result in which of the following? Degradation of the nuclear membrane. Increased crossing over in meiosis I. Muscle contraction. Increased permeability of the cell membrane. Cell lysis.

Muscle contraction Increased permeability of the cell membrane

Hormones can be released as a direct response to which of the following stimuli? Temporal Humoral Neural Mechanical Hormonal Pressure

Neural Humoral Hormonal

Which two hypothalamic nuclei are associated with the posterior pituitary gland? Paraventricular Lateral Arcuate Suprachiasmatic Supraoptic

Paraventricular Supraoptic

In a signal transduction pathway, activiate G protein can then activate which of the following enzymes? Phosphodiesterase Phospholipase C Adenylate cyclase Adenylate kinase Transducin

Phospholipase C Adenylate cyclase

Which of the following are considered major endocrine organs of the body? Pineal Gland Merocrine Gland Parathyroid Gland Apocrine Gland Holocrine Gland

Pineal Gland Parathyroid Gland

The ________ gland, also knows as the hypophysis, lies inferior to the hypothalamus.

Pituitary

Which one of the following are considered major endocrine organs of the body? Pituitary Gland Sebaceous Gland Adrenal Gland Sudoriferous Gland Ceruminous Gland Thyroid Gland

Pituitary Gland Adrenal Gland Thyroid Gland

Which are actions by which the hypothalamus directly regulates endocrine activity? Producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland. Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release vital hormones. Stimulates the gonads to create gametes.

Producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland.

ANP produced by the heart has which of the following functions? Increases metabolism Decreases blood glucose Regulates blood Na levels and blood volume Promotes absorption of calcium

Regulates blood Na levels and blood volume

Rank the half-life of the following types of hormones in order from shortest to longest: Large water-soluble hormones Lipid-soluble hormones Small water-soluble hormones

Small water-soluble hormones Large water-soluble hormones Lipid-soluble hormones

Match each type of diabetes mellitus with its description: Type 1 Type 2 Gestational Insulin-dependent Associated with pregnancy insulin-independent

Type 1 - Insulin-dependent Type 2 - insulin-independent Gestational - Associated with pregnancy

The paired triangular ________ glands are found atop the superior surface of each kidney.

adrenal

Epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones involved in the fight/flight sympathetic response, are produced in what region of the adrenal gland?

adrenal medulla

The ________ pituitary gland is part of the pituitary gland that both produces and secretes hormones.

anterior

The bulk of the pituitary gland is composed of the ________ pituitary. anterior medial lateral posterior

anterior

Most hormones are transported in the ________ to their target cells.

blood

Endocrine glands secrete their products directly into the ________.

bloodstream

Type 2 diabetes results from either decreased insulin release or ________. increased glucagon release increased insulin release decreased insulin effectiveness increased insulin effectiveness

decreased insulin effectiveness

Pituitary dwarfism exists at birth and is due to inadequate ________ hormone production.

growth

If a diabetic injects too much insulin into their body, their blood sugar levels can drop dramatically resulting in what condition?

hypoglycemia

The anterior pituitary gland is controlled by regulatory hormones secreted by the ________. posterior pituitary gland hypothalamus thalamus adrenal cortex

hypothalamus

The posterior pituitary gland releases oxytocin and ADH in response to a stimulus from what region of the brain?

hypothalamus

Increased cortisol levels in the body will result in which of the following? increased blood sugar levels increased blood fatty acid levels decreased blood sugar levels decreased glucose uptake by most cells of the body increased glucose uptake by most cells of the body decreased blood fatty acid levels

increased blood sugar levels increased blood fatty acid levels decreased glucose uptake by most cells of the body

Insulin has which of the following effects on cells? increased uptake of the glucose by most cells increased excretion of glucose in the urine increased lipogenesis in adipose cells increased glycogenolysis by liver cells increased glycogenesis by liver cells increased gluconeogenesis by liver cells

increased uptake of the glucose by most cells increased lipogenesis in adipose cells increased glycogenesis by liver cells

Because of their structure, lipid-soluble hormones bind to the receptors of target cells ________. on the surface of the cell membrane within the cell membrane inside the cell

inside the cell

Goiters result from an _________ amout of dietary ________ needed to produce TH. insufficient, iodine excessive, iodine insufficient, calcium excessive, calcium

insufficient, iodine

The zona glomerulosa synthesizes a group of hormones collectively called ________.

mineralocorticoids

The more receptors a cell has for a hormone, the ________ sensitive it is to that hormone.

more

The neurons in the hypothalamus that extend to the posterior pituitary gland are called ________ cells because they secrete hormones. ceruminous neurosecretory exocrine sebaceoud

neurosecretory

Water-soluble hormones bind to their target cell's receptors found ________. on the surface of the plasma membrane. in the nucleus. on the cytosol side of the plasma membrane. in the cytosol.

on the surface of the plasma membrane

Which are the hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary gland? oxytocin PRL ADH GH

oxytocin, ADH

The pancreas is composed mostly of groups of cells called ________. pancreatic islets beta cells pancreatic acini alpha cells

pancreatic acini

The ________ glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

parathyroid

Which endocrine gland is found in the epithalamus of the brain?

pineal

In females, ________ regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production. Prolactin Luteinizing hormone Oxytocin Follicle stimulating hormone

prolactin

Which of the following are regulatory hormones released by the hypothalamus? secretory inhibiting synergistic releasing antagonistic

releasing inhibiting

Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of which of the following conditions? respiratory disease demintia retinal blindness kidney failure montraumatic leg amputations

retinal blindness kidney failure montraumatic leg amputations

GH stimulates liver cells to increase gluconeogenesis; as a result, blood sugar levels ________. rise stabilize fall

rise

Because of their structure, water-soluble hormones bind a receptor on the cell membrane initiating a series of biochemical events across the membrane known as a ________ transduction pathway.

signal

The nervous system and the endocrine system both affect specific ________ organs.

target

The ________ gland is located immediately inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea.

thyroid

The anterior pituitary gland secretes TSH, which stimulates the ________ gland.

thyroid

The posterior pituitary gland releases ________ hormone(s). four two three one

two

All type ________ disbetics require daily injections of insulin.

type 2