History 226 Exam 4
Barbara Jordan
(1936-1996) First African American woman to serve in the Texas legislature, first black woman from the south to be elected to congress, first woman to give the keynote address at the democratic national convention
Delgado vs Bastrop 1948
Made the segregation of Mexican American children in Texas illegal
Service Industry
A group of businesses in which the workers serve people by such activities as teaching, putting out fires, delivering mail and so on.
Lloyd Bentsen
Defeats Yarborough and H.W. Bush for senate in 1970 and simultaneously runs for Senate/VP in 88 wiith Dukakis
Braceros
Mexican workers that were brought to America to work when so many men and women were gone from home during World War II that there weren't enough workers. called guess workers
Crop Subsidies
assistance paid to farmers to reduce production of crops yet still get money
Dr. Hector P. Garcia
created the American GI Forum and dedicated his life for Mexican American civil rights. Became a doctor to provide health care for low income families.
Senator Ralph Yarborough
democratic senator from Texas who takes up the issue of bilingual education in 1967. He notices that large numbers of Spanish-speaking students drop out, often leave school at sixth grade. He proposes an amendment to ESEA that aims to address the special educational needs of the large number of students in the US whose mother tongue is Spanish. The amendment offers to teach Spanish-speaking students entirely in Spanish or even teach them entirely in different Spanish-speaking schools or teach them in bilingual programs: proficiency in two languages.
crime and punishment, prisons, executions in texas
does carry out death penalty, Rick Perry supporter for improvement
Oil Boom and bust
embargos on the US by Middle East countries led to an economic boom in TX; when oil prices decreased during the 1980s, oil companies and Houston suffered greatly with an economic recession
Civil Works Administration (CWA)
emergency work relief program, put more than four million people to work during the winter of 1933-34
Texas and Social Security for Elderly
established assistance to the elderly thru pensions funded thru state and federal taxes; required matching state funding - funded by employer and employee; New Deal came up with social security; took awhile for TX to join the plan; started for only widows and orphan children, then expanded to elderly
Miriam Ferguson
first female governor of Texas
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional
Americanism
A belief that Americans consider themselves bound by common values and common hopes.
Baker vs Carr
(1962) Supreme Court case ruled on by Chief Justice Warren in 1963. Based on an accusation that Tennessee electoral districts unevenly "drawn. Claiming that rural/country areas with small populations had more representatives than largely populated urban city areas. Established "principal" of "one person, one vote." Stated that every state must re-district with an equal number of representatives in every district.
(Public Works Administration) PWA
(FDR) , 1935 Created for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by the Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways. Unemployment relief
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
-1933 -It was Relief that provided work for young men 18-25 years old in food control, planting, flood work, etc.
A Class Apart
-1951 -Pedro Hernandez murdered his employer -unfair jury because they were all white -Carlos Cadena and Gus Garcia -Garcia went 16 min past allotted time -First time Mexican Americans were in Supreme Court -Won and got protection for MXA by 14th amendment
La Raza Unida Party
-1970 founded by Jose Angel Gutierrez and Luz Gutierrez began in crystal city Texas then it passed on to Colorado, democratic party which had some success in the beginning. They candidate did not win, later on the CIA considered this as an international threat. It never really picked up and is in existence. It stood for community control of schools, bilingual education, women and workers' rights.
Rick Perry
-47th governor of TX and the current one; has been serving since December 2000 -boards and commissions issues -tried to make improvements for prisons -put funds towards cancer research Very pro-business, gants to business, tort reform, grants for crime program, pro-death penalty He sent Texas National Guard and DPS troopers to the border. He has changed his position on the "border wall" Issues include appointment to boards and commissions, attempts at micromanagement of Texas A&M University, cancer research grants, selections of supporters to high positions in state agencies without advertisement Other important state issues include the role of SBOE and standards in social studies education, testing (accountability) of students
Henry B. Gonzalez
-Member of the San Antonio city council, member of Texas Senate, First Mexican American to be elected to US Congress (1961-99)
Pvt. Felix Longoria
-Racial discrimination after war -Longoria killed in Philippines in WWII -Those who died in action, attempts were made to bring bodies to US for burial -Shipped home to be put in "Three Rivers Cemetery" -Sectioned by barbed wire, white section and mexican section -Director didn't allow them to use chapel b/c "Whites wouldn't like it" -Beatris Longoria gets Hector Garcia from the American G.I. forum and outraged about treatment -rights to Mexican soldiers/veterans who received unequal treatment -Letters go to LBJ and he responds with burial in Arlington National Cemetery w/ honor -After funeral House of representatives investigate incident. No discrimination found
RFC
-Reconstruction Finance Corporation -Federal agency set up by Congress in 1932 to provide emergency government credit to banks, railroads, and other large businesses -failed
Allan Shivers
-Replaces Jester as governor after his death, conservative democrat; is known for opposing the Brown v Board decision as well as disliking Truman's (FDR's) policies. -while this person was governor, juries and grand juries expanded to include women -1949 to 1957
Great Depression
-Stock market crashed -millions unemployed (factories close) -economic conditions worsened in plains states -rise of Hoovervilles and hobos -trickle down theory -texans thought it wouldn't effect them, only the greedy northeast investors
Lyndon B. Johnson
-Texas state director for NYA -Became president after Kennedy's assassination and reelected in 1964; Democrat; signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, promoted his "Great Society" plan, part of which included the "war on poverty", Medicare and Medicaid established; Vietnam: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, Tet Offensive
Causes of Great Depression
-buying on credit -WWI -Ag and mining industries were depressed
Mark White
-democrat who ran against bill clements; and defeated bill clements; in his campaign he repeated "no new taxes"; campaigned to improve education - Public Law 72
John Connally
-democratic governor of texas; he was popular because he was raised on a cotton farm in texas; no wealthy; he sort of personified texas; important modern governor, considered himself a conservative who believed in active government (contradictory); said his administration should focus on one of three thing: education, poverty, or race relations -Texas Governor shot with JFK but survived Later a republican leader
(National Youth Administration) NYA
-established by WPA to reduce competition for jobs by supporting education and training of youth
Lena Guerrero
-first woman and first Mexican American to serve on TX railroad commission promoted by Ann Richards, also served in TX house before commission - lied about graduating from UT; former state representative -member of Texas railroad commission
Unions in Texas
-no rights to unionize for farm workers -generally not effective and historically have not done well in the south
Tidelands Controversy
A fight between U.S. and Texas over oil. Led to growth of Republican Party in Texas.
Texans in WWII
-provided more men to military services proportionately than any other state. -many medal of honor winners were Aggies and Mexican Americans -sacrifice, courage, heroism of men and women -country united behind President FDR and then President H.S. Truman -was the leading producer of food and fiber for the war effort -everybody worked; only disabled and children didn't work -"Victory Garden" planted by families to ensure enough food for soldiers -became urban and industrial
AAA
1933- Part of New Deal which sought to control the overproduction of basic commodities so that farmers might regain the purchasing power they had enjoyed before WWI. To guarantee these prices, the production of major agricultural staples would be controlled by paying the farmers to reduce their acreage under cultivation. It levied a tax at the processing stage to pay for the program. Major disagreement/ outcry. Agency ordered 10 million acres of cotton plowed up and 6 million pigs killed to prevent an abundance. People believed unnatural/immoral to do this. It raised prices of some agricultural products but it helped the larger farmers more than the small operators and share croppers. Large farmers cultivated their fewer acres more intensely. Significance- establishment of the idea that the government should subsidize farmers for limiting production. Unconstitutional bc tax can't favor one group. 1938 new one is passed which replaced the processing tax with direct payments from the federal treasury to farmers, added a soil conservation program, and provided for the marketing of surplus crops. Tried to stabilize farm prices by controlling production (like the last one). WWII solved problem of surplus.
New Deal
1933-1939. It was President Roosevelt's program for getting the United States out of the depression. The plan is known for his three R's: Relief, Recovery, and Reform.
Growth of the Suburbs
1940s-1950s *After WWII, people began to move away from cities, leading to suburban growth *Causes of this migration included the mass production of automobiles, the growth of the road system, governmental policies, including the FHA (Federal Housing Administration), and better living conditions *As African Americans began to move to northern cities, whites began to move to suburbs ("white flight") *Suburban developments included Levittown, a planned community which offered inexpensive houses built by Levitt & Sons
GI Bill
1944- gave benefits to WW2 veterans including financial assistance for veterans wanting to go to college, buy a home, prefered treatment to veterans who wanted to apply for government jobs
George W. Bush
1946 - 43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001 bipartisan, conservative governor Supported legislation that benefited bilingual education, wind power, academic testing and charter schools, and faith-based welfare programs Budget surplus, led to cut in taxes, pro-businesss Highest number of legal executions
Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)
1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Interstate Highway Act
1956 Eisenhower 20 yr plan to build 41,000 mi of highway, largest public works project in history
Dan Morales
1st Hispanic Attorney General; large settlement ($17 bil.) with big tobacco companies, tried to get millions of dollars from tobacco settlement with state illegally
Women Republican Clubs
1st modern republic governor of TX, John Tower was nominated to be Secretary of Defense, but he was a womanizer.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII
William B. Clements
42nd and 44th governor of Texas from 1979-1983 and 1987-1991 and he was the first republican to serve as governor since reconstruction. Founded SEDCO in 1947, the world's largest off shore drilling company. He worked to reduce crime, improve education and boost the economy to have better relations with Mexico. During his second term he admitted that he and others of SMU were paying 13 football players which ultimately led to the NCAA shutting down the football program = the "death penalty" and SMU didn't see a bowl game again until 2009. Used veto to oppose democrats
Robin Hood Plan
A plan for equalizing financial support for school districts by transferring tax money from rich districts to poor districts.
Hermann Sweatt
African American civil rights activist who challenged Jim Crow laws; went to Wiley College; known for lawsuit vs Painter
Jose Angel Gutierrez
American activist; he was among a group of students to found the Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO) in San Antonio. With this group, he worked for Mexican American rights
Ann Richards
American politician and the 45th Governor of Texas from 1991-1995. She first came to national attention as the state treasurer of Texas, when she delivered the keynote address at the 1988 Democratic National Convention. She was the second female governor of Texas. Set aside program for minorities
Hernandez vs Texas 1954
Case of Pedro Hernandez who was accused of murder by an all white jury heard by the Supreme Court; won right of Mexican Americans to serve on jury. A Class Apart
Agribuisness
Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.
Volunteerism
Depression-era policy promoted by Herbert Hoover that encouraged American businesses to maintain current employment and wage levels and advised local governments to donate to relief charities; largely failed because most businesses owners were unable to look beyond their own immediate self-interest.
Crusade for Justice
Founded by Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales in Colorado as a platform for movement in the Chicano movement. He wrote the poem "Yo Soy Joaquin/ I am Joquin" which provided a development of Mexican American identity and described their struggles in the United States.
Audie Murphy
From Kingston Tx. The most decorated U.S. soldier in World War II. Though he was only 21 years old at the end of the war, he had killed 240 German soldiers, been wounded three times, and had earned an amazing 33 awards and medals, including the Medal of Honor. After the war, Murphy appeared in more than 40 films, wrote poetry, and continued to suffer from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.
American GI Forum
It originally focused on hispanic veteran's issues such as payment of pensions and access to health care. But the group quickly expanded to other issues such as job discrimination, housing segregation, poll taxes, voter registration, and segregated schools.
Rise of Segregation in Public School Education
Jim Crowe Laws (total segregation); mandated de jure (lawful) racial segregation in all public facilities; Plessey vs Ferguson (separate but equal) but Board vs Board of Education undoes this ruling
Gov. Greg Abbott
He was Attorney General of Texas, sued Obama Administration; Same as Governor of the state Strong support from fossil-fuel industry and is against the EPA Supported and signed bills for Campus Carry and Open Carry; also, supported Senate Bill 4 and the "bathroom bill," a cultural wedge issue
MEChA
Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlan, Founded by Bidal Aguero, established at Texas Tech to support Mexican American communities
Hot oil and cotton crisis
Oil produced in violation of railroad commission's orders, continued to flow, secrecy required to circumvent the national guard which also made it hard to determine the amount of oil produced, who owned it, and whether correct royalties were being payed
H. Hoover (1929-33)
President when stock market crash, public believed that he did too little too late. people also believed that he was the one who caused the great depression - tried to help by boosting moral for america
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
Segregated law school in Texas was held to be an illegal violation of civil rights, leading to open enrollment.
Sales tax under Price Daniel
TX gov 57-63, TX needed money to operated the state, opposed sales tax and allowed it to become a law w/out signature so the state would not go broke 2% now 8.5%; legislation from highways to prison reform, water conservation, higher teachers' salaries, and improved care for the mentally impaired; upgraded law enforcement; hurts poor more than rich; regressive not progressive sales tax
Gilmer Aiken Law, 1949
Texas enacts legislation to create the first systematic statewide funding of public schools.
Chicano Movement
The Mexican-American movement that sought political and social justice. It addressed negative stereotyping of Mexicans, this stereotyping was addressed through works of literary and visual arts; nationalist ideology; see chapter 4 notes for further detail
Texas Right to Work Law, 1947
The law states that if there is a union were you work you do not have to join the union at your work place. Created under Governor Shivers
Global Settlement of 1942
US and Mexico have always had disagreements settlement is an agreement worked out by Mexican ambassador (Joseph Daniels). Mexico borrowed money from the US, they paid it back a few years later with interest. Opened the border for contract workers. We needed their help to defeat Hitler, win the war. Need resources. Bracero was supposed to only be a wartime measure, but some went to work on farms, agriculture, and went out of state. Everyone wanted the cheap labor. LBJ (1964) said no more Bracero program.
1960s
Vietnam War, civil rights in US
Southwest Voter Registration Project
Voting Organization for Latino Americans founded in 1974
James E. Ferguson
Was a "wet" lawyer who became governor of Texas in 1914, was later impeached He pretended to be a farmer to get "dry" votes and win He passed a law to limit land and another law to buy high schoolers textbooks Was caught stealing $100,000 in state money as a bribe to keep texan "wet" Was first elected in 1914 and re-elected in 1916
The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
a middle-class Mexican American civil rights organization founded in Texas in 1929. It focused on ending segregation in housing, public facilities and schools. new generation wanted better for Mexican Americans
Jesse Jones
appointed to Reconstruction Finance Corporation by Hoover and then Secretary of Commerce in the New Deal. Head of RFC; very wealthy Houstonian, came from south, made money in lumber industry and expanded into banking, millionaire
Pragamatism
argued that humans are embodied entities, mind body integrated as one
Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF)
instrumental in the lawsuit that led to greater equality in funding for public education in Texas.
The Texas Observer
liberal newspaper that has covered many scandals and has initiated attention to issues of civil liberties and racial and economic justice in TX; started in 1954, bi-weekly journal written in Austin; celebrated outside the state much more than in it
Sam Rayburn
longest record of service in House (48 years), *Speaker of the House (Democrat)* during most of the New Deal legislation and instrumental in passing programs and during WWII - personal integrity legendary, never excepted $ from lobbyists
Permanent University Fund
money constitutionally set aside as an endowment to finance construction, maintenance, and some other activities at the University of texas, Texas A&M university, and other institutions in those two university systems
Growth of Urban Slums
poor areas of cities that came about as result of white flight and poor wages; 1932- US unemployment almost 25%; 1931- charities go broke; TX lacked a safety net, the homeless were left to fend for themselves; Hoovervilles-slum areas, no public housing; Hoover flag- man with his pockets out
Public Law 72
series of education reforms in TX headed by Ross Perot that gave higher teacher salaries, more teacher requirements, and the no pass no play rule
John Tower
was the first Republican United States senator from Texas since Reconstruction
Beauford Jester
was the governor of Texas from 1947 until his death in 1949. He supported the administrations of Truman and Roosevelt, although he disagreed with Truman's civil rights plan; one of most covered inaugurations in TX history
white flight
working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority urban regions to white suburbs and exurbs
