psc 101 final

In 2012, both Barack Obama and Mitt Romney raised about ________ each in their respective campaigns.

$1 billion

It is estimated that over ________ percent of Americans have a television.

95

Why does the marketplace of ideas often have a moderating effect on people's opinions?

Given constant exposure to other people's ideas, it is almost impossible for one not to modify one's own viewpoints.

________ is a strategy that attempts to mobilize the widest and most favorable climate of opinion.

Going public

A ________ is the best example of an informational benefit provided by many interest groups

newsletter

________ support abortion rights and oppose state involvement with religious institutions.

Liberals

Which of the following statements about voting rights is correct?

Many states have laws restricting the voting rights of persons convicted of felonies.

Which of the following statements about partisan identification in the United States is most accurate?

Party identification varies significantly by income, race, and gender.

________ is the niche leader inside the Beltway.

Politico

Which statement about the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is FALSE?

The FCC was established in 1949 by President Harry Truman.

Which statement about the Telecommunications Act of 1996 is FALSE?

The act required broadcasters who aired programs on controversial issues to provide time for opposing views.

Why do radio stations repeat the news so often throughout the day?

The audience is constantly changing since most people listen to the radio in their cars.

Which of the following statements is true about the news media?

The mass media have an enormous impact on public opinion.

Which of the following statements about political opinions is FALSE?

The poor are generally less supportive of economic and social programs than the wealthy.

The following are all concerns raised by the growing popularity of online news EXCEPT

a reduction in the diversity of perspectives that can potentially be heard.

If one enjoys the benefits of a group's collective efforts but did NOT contribute to those efforts, one is called a ________.

free rider

Which of the following is NOT a key factor affecting one's level of participation?

geographic region

Lobbyists

have substantial influence in setting the political agenda.

The belief that government is a wasteful and dangerous institution and should be limited to as few activities as possible is an example of a political ________.

ideology

Which of the following issues is NOT part of the agenda of the New Politics movement?

industrial deregulation

Which of the following has been eliminated as a result of 2002 campaign finance reforms?

soft money

The development of media giants with access to a variety of media holdings raises the question of whether

there is enough competition among the media to produce a diverse set of views and opinions.

Which of the following statements about the relationship between public opinion and government policy is most accurate?

Although there is no one-to-one correlation between public opinion and government policy, shifts in public opinion on particular issues frequently lead to changes in government policy.

Which of the following statements about agencies of socialization is FALSE?

An individual's religion has no impact on his or her political views.

The two major parties in the United States during the 1830s and 1840s were the ________ and the ________.

Democrats; Whigs

________ occurs when one party controls the presidency while another party controls one or both houses of Congress.

Divided party government

Which of the following statements best describes the changing ownership patterns in the American media?

There has been a recent trend toward homogenization of national news as conglomerates have come to own a larger and larger percentage of media outlets.

During the 1980s, the Republicans added ________to their coalition.

religious conservatives and working-class whites

The first party system was characterized by conflict between the ________ and the ________.

Federalists; Jeffersonian Republicans

The Communications Decency Act was struck down by the Supreme Court because it violated the

First Amendment's right to freedom of speech.

State ballot access laws, such as registration fees and petition requirements, have the effect of

reducing the number of third-party and independent candidates who can run for office.

If a radio station aired a personal attack against a candidate but refused to allow the same candidate the opportunity to respond to that attack on its station, the station would be violating the ________.

right of rebuttal

Conservatives are more likely than liberals to support ________.

school prayer

One way that AARP has been effective at overcoming the free-rider problem is by providing ________ benefits to its members.

selective

What issue led to the demise of the Whig Party?

slavery

The Supreme Court case Red Lion Broadcasting Company v. FCC (1969) upheld ________.

the right of rebuttal

One of the most important measures of public opinion in a democracy is

trust in government.

Incumbents in Congress

typically raise three times the money for their political campaigns than challengers.

Which of the following groups is most likely to belong to the New Politics movement?

upper-middle-class professionals, for whom the civil rights and antiwar movements of the 1960s were key experiences

The United States has approximately ________ television stations and ________ daily newspapers.

2,000; 1,400

By 2012, there were approximately ________ PACs in the United States.

5,500

________ warned Americans against the dangers of political parties in his farewell address.

George Washington

Why is it important for interest groups to offer selective benefits?

It is necessary to limit the extent of the free-rider problem.

In the 2012 presidential election, ________ support for ________ was overestimated.

Latino; Mitt Romney

Which of the following is NOT an economic group?

National Right to Life

Which of the following statements about the forces that shape public opinion is NOT true?

Presidents rarely attempt to influence public support for the policies they promote.

Reconstruction after the Civil War was led by the ________ Party.

Republican

Which of the following statements about party building is true?

Republicans have paid much more attention to party building than Democrats since the Eisenhower presidency.

Which of the following is NOT a national newspaper?

Time

The New Deal coalition was severely strained and ultimately broken apart by the ________.

Vietnam War and the issue of civil rights

________ has released thousands of secret government documents.

WikiLeaks

The Pentagon Papers were released as a result of

a leak by a minor Defense Department staffer.

Lobbying is

an attempt by an individual or group to influence the passage of legislation by exerting direct pressure on members of Congress or a state legislature.

Which of the following occurs when one party becomes dominant after replacing another party that has dominated national politics for a lengthy period of time?

an electoral realignment

When Richard Nixon employed his "southern strategy," he

appealed to disaffected white voters in the South.

The fact that many middle-class and lower-middle-class citizens who did not stand to benefit from President George W. Bush's tax cuts seemed to favor them is an example of

bandwagon effects.

The Fairness Doctrine required that

broadcasters who aired controversial issues provide time for opposing viewpoints.

Successful interest groups quickly become ________.

bureaucratized

The term gender gap refers to

differences in political opinions between men and women

Daily Internet users who participate in society and politics through online activities are called ________.

digital citizens

James Madison called an interest group a ________.

faction

The major organizational factors shared by most interest groups are

leadership, money, an agency or office, and members.

Which of the following characteristics constitutes one's socioeconomic status?

level of income, level of education, and prestige of occupation

When a group is called a membership association, it means that

members play an important role in the daily activities of the group.

Liberalism and conservatism are good examples of ________.

political ideologies

A frequent cause of measurement error in polls is due to ________.

poorly worded questions

The National Governor's Association is a good example of a ________.

public-sector interest group

If citizens were motivated to join an environmental organization because they strongly believed in protecting the environment and supported the goals of the group, then we can conclude that they were motivated by ________.

purposive benefits

When George W. Bush supporters called conservative white voters during the 2000 South Carolina Republican primary to ask if they would be more or less likely to vote for John McCain if they knew that he had fathered an illegitimate black child, it was an example of a ________.

push poll

One recent survey showed that two-thirds of Americans believe that federal officials are spending too little money on assistance for the poor. Yet, another survey conducted at the same time found that only one-tenth of Americans believe that federal officials are spending too little on welfare. This example shows that

small differences in the wording of a question can lead to very different response patterns.

A ________ exists when paid staff conduct most of the daily business of a group.

staff organization

Which of the following news sources reaches the most Americans?

television

Which of the following groups was NOT established through the New Politics movement?

the National Association of Manufacturers

The Federalist Party disappeared forever as a result of ________.

the War of 1812

The concept of a marketplace of ideas refers to

the competition between varying opinions and ideas that are aired in public forums.