PSC 135 MT3

The language comprehension skills of the right hemisphere are diminished compared to the left. How would the righthemisphere "respond" (not verbally) to the following test? Statement by investigator: "The boy was hit by the girl".Question by investigator: "Who hit whom?" (A) boy hit girl (B) girl hit boy (C) don't know (D) don't care (E) none of the above

(A) boy hit girl

The left and right hemispheres differ in language capacity, evidence from aphasia, and from studies in split-brain patients indicate that speech is predominantly a: (A) left hemisphere function. (B) right hemisphere function. (C) function that both hemisphere can perform. (D) also a function that some monkeys can perform.

(A) left hemisphere function.

__________ is a general term for deficits in language comprehension and production that occur as the result of brain injury. (A) Alexia (B) Aphasia (C) Agrammatism (D) Anomia (E) Balint's syndrome

(B) Aphasia

Patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures often have their language sensitive cortex mapping (electrical stimulation mapping) so the surgeon can determine where it is safe to remove diseased brain. In the course of these mapping, George Ojemann and his colleagues have found that language cortex is localized in precisely the same region in everyone, and that it forms a contiguous sheet of cortical tissue. (A) True (B) False

(B) False

Working memory is thought to include three main subcomponents. Which of the following is NOT part of this system? (A) visual spatial scratch pad (B) episodic encoding (C) central executive (D) phonological loop (E) none of the above

(B) episodic encoding

In Wernicke's aphasia, speech is generally ______ but disorganized. In Broca's aphasia, speech is ________. (A) dysfluent / fluent (B) fluent / dysfluent (C) dysfluent /absent (D) dysarthric / fluent

(B) fluent / dysfluent

Patient "Tan" studied by the neurologist Broca had great difficulty in generating spontaneous speech and was unable to utter any word other than the nonsense syllable "tan". Postmortem autopsy of "Tan's" brain revealed: (A) abnormal EEG signals in the left inferior frontal cortex. (B) softening of tissue in the left inferior frontal cortex. (C) cerebral hemorrhage in the right inferior frontal lobes. (D) demyelination in a region of the left anterior frontal lobes.

(B) softening of tissue in the left inferior frontal cortex.

The speech of Broca's aphasics is usually slow, effortful, and includes primarily concrete words while omitting function words. This type of speech output is called: (A) word salad. (B) telegraphic speech. (C) spectral speech. (D) paraphasic speech.

(B) telegraphic speech.

Patients with Broca's aphasia may have subtle deficits in their ability to comprehend language based on its grammatical structure. This symptom is called: (A) aphemia (B) alexia (C) agrammatism (D) semantic dementia (E) grammatical dyslexia

(C) agrammatism

Information delivered to the right hemisphere in a split-brain patient,can be investigated by: (A) asking the subject to speak about the information. (B) asking the subject to point to pictures with the right hand. (C) asking the subject to point to pictures with the left hand.(D) none of the above.

(C) asking the subject to point to pictures with the left hand.

The term ________ refers to the collective store of information about the semantics, syntax, orthography, and phonology of words. A) word form (B) acquired dyslexia (C) mental lexicon (D) prosody

(C) mental lexicon

A patient with conduction aphasia is most likely to have difficulty in: (A) comprehending spoken language. (B) speaking fluently. (C) repeating spoken language (D) understanding function words like "if" or "but".

(C) repeating spoken language

The French neurologist Broca was among the first researchers to notice that language deficits resulting from brain injury was often accompanied by hemiparesis on the __________ of the body which indicated that the ___________ hemisphere was especially critical to language function. (A) left / left (B) left / right (C) right / left (D) right / right

(C) right / left

Following a focal brain injury, a patient shows great difficulty in discriminating tones that differ in sound frequency (high vs. low). Which area of the cortex is most likely affected? a. The superior temporal lobe b. The inferior temporal lobe c. The anterior parietal lobe d. The posterior parietal lobe

a. The superior temporal lobe

Which of the following statements is true of the amnesia demonstrated by patients with bilateral medial temporal lobe damage (like H.M.)? a. They forget their dates of birth. b. they still show implicit (nondeclarative) learning and memory. c. They remember meeting new people (meetings occurring after the injury). d. They have good memory for learning facts after the injury but fail to show priming effects. e. They still show explicit (declarative) learning and memory.

a. They forget their dates of birth

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the amnesia demonstrated by patients with bilateral medial temporal lobe damage (like H.M.)? a. They forget their dates of birth. b. They still show implicit (nondeclarative) learning and memory. c. They don't remember meeting new people after a delay period with distraction. d. They show perceptual priming effects. e. None of the above

a. They forget their dates of birth.

During visual selective attention, _________ processes in the frontal and parietal lobes result in ________ of relevant stimuli in the visual cortex. a. control / selection b. transmitters / receptors c. receptive fields / control functions d. selection / control e. None of the above

a. control / selection

Patient H.M. had both of his medial temporal lobes removed surgically to treat epilepsy. What structure that was removed in this region is believed to result in his memory problems? a. hippocampus b. Heschl's gyrus c. diencephalon d. mammillary bodies e.All of the above.

a. hippocampus

__________ does NOT affect behavior consciously and can only be measured indirectly. a. implicit memory b. explicit memory c. episodic memory d. attention

a. implicit memory

Areas of the brain where neural activity is relatively high are characterized by___________. a. increased regional blood flow b. decreased cerebrospinal fluid production c. a high degree of myelination d. greater concentrations of proteins e. postsynaptic depression

a. increased regional blood flow

The part of the thalamus that is most important in relaying information from the retina to the primary visual cortex is the _____. a. lateral geniculate nucleus. b. superior colliculus. c. medial geniculate nucleus. d. inferior colliculus.

a. lateral geniculate nucleus.

The lesion analysis method used in studies of human brain function primarily involves: a. testing patients with brain damage to identify cognitive brain mechanisms b. using functional brain imaging to investigate specific mental processes in humans. c. recording ERPs in patients to pinpoint where their lesion is located d. producing lesions in animals and observing their activity levels or hunger levels.

a. testing patients with brain damage to identify cognitive brain mechanisms

Which brain network is most closely associated with hemispatial neglect in patients: a. the contralateral motor system b. the visual system of extrastriate cortex c. the ventral attention network of the left hemisphere d. the ventral attention network of the right hemisphere e. the anterior cingulate

a. the contralateral motor system

Brain damage resulting in disorders of attention such as hemispatial neglect occur most commonly with lesions to: a. the right hemisphere b. the left hemisphere c. the temporal cortex d. all of the above e. none of the above

a. the right hemisphere

Bilateral simultaneous extinction of sensory stimuli in patients with hemispatial neglect means that these patients usually only detect a stimulus in the hemifield contralateral to the lesioned hemisphere when: a. the stimulus is presented alone in the visual field. b. the stimulus is presented and a motor response is required. c. they also have damage to the visual system. d. the stimulus is presented together with an auditory tone. e. the stimulus is presented with other stimuli in the opposite visual field

a. the stimulus is presented alone in the visual field.

Retrograde amnesia following damage or trauma (e.g., electroconvulsive therapy) is _________. a. time limited b. occurs for new memories c. an example of associative learning d. the loss of the oldest memories e. All of the above.

a. time limited

It is possible to find patients who have brain damage and cannot recognize faces, but can perceive movement, as well as patients with the inverse pattern (trouble with movement perception, but no problem with face recognition). a. true b. false

a. true

The best tool for studying the timing of brain activity is _________. a.EEG (electroencephalography) b. neurotransmitter assay c. PET (positron emission tomography) d. fMRI (functional MRI) e. autoradiography

a.EEG (electroencephalography)

You have are interested in a particular type of neuron in the occipital lobe that you believe is responsible for processing information about motion. What type of neurophysiological technique would best allow you to assess this hypothesis in a living animal? a. Single-cell recording b. Histology c. Functional MRI d. Golgi stain e. Transcranial magnetic stimulation

a.Single-cell recording

Most forms of amnesia result in the loss of all information about one's personal past. a. True b. False

b. False

No damage or disease ever results in dense (total) retrograde amnesia. a. True b. False

b. False

Selective attention and behavioral arousal are essentially the same things. a. True b. False

b. False

All of the following statements about early-selection and late-selection models of attention are true EXCEPT: a.Early-selection models argue that selection occurs before the stage at which incoming information is encoded as semantic (categorical) information. b. Late-selection models argue that processing in sensory systems is influenced by attention c. Early-selection models suggest that processing bottlenecks likely exist in the brain. d. Late-selection models argue that selection of inputs occurs after the stage of perceptual-to-semantic encoding.

b. Late-selection models argue that processing in sensory systems is influenced by attention

The technique known as ________ can be used to induce virtual (temporary) lesions in healthy humans. a.EEG (electroencephalography) b. TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) c. MEG (magnetoencephalography) d.PET (positron emission tomography) e. fMRI (functional MRI)

b. TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)

The term ________ is used to describe the situation in which Patient Group 1 (e.g., brain lesion in area A) is impaired on task X and unimpaired on task Y, and Patient Group 2 (e.g., brain lesion in area B) is unimpaired on task X and impaired on task Y. a. single dissociation b. double dissociation c. linear dissociation d. inverse dissociation e. none of the above

b. double dissociation

Subthreshold electrical stimulation of the frontal eye fields (FEF) in humans or monkeys leads to _____. a. movements of the eyes to a specific location in space b. facilitation of processing in visual cortex for stimuli presented to the location in space the eyes would have moved c. facilitation of processing in visual cortex for stimuli presented anywhere in the visual field d. rapid and uncontrolled blinking of the eyes accompanied by dilated pupils e. none of the above

b. facilitation of processing in visual cortex for stimuli presented to the location in space the eyes would have moved

The central sulcus is an anatomical landmark that separates the ________ lobe from the ________ lobe. a. temporal / frontal b. frontal / parietal c. parietal / occipital d. occipital / temporal

b. frontal / parietal

EEG recordings reflect _______. a. single neuron action potentials that are very large b. the postsynaptic activity of large populations of neurons in the brain c. changes in blood flow in the brain d. muscle contractions in the scalp e. increased metabolism in neurons

b. the postsynaptic activity of large populations of neurons in the brain

Subjects in a memory experiment are asked to either identify the font in which words are presented (Is it upper case or lower case?) or to judge the meaning of a word (Is it animal or vegetable?). Based on what you know about the "levels-of-processing" approach to memory, you would expect that: a. subjects would show better recall for the words presented as part of the font-judgment task b. there would be better recall for the words presented as a part of the meaning-judgment task. c. subjects would show similar levels of recall for words presented as part of the font-judgment and the meaning-judgment tasks. d. there would be better recall for words presented in upper case, rather than in lower case font.

b. there would be better recall for the words presented as a part of the meaning-judgment task.

After suffering a severe head injury, Patient X demonstrates a dense anterograde amnesia. She _______________________________________. a. has trouble remembering events that occurred prior to the injury. b. cannot remember events that occurred after the injury. c. has equal difficulty remembering events that occurred before and after her injury. d. has normal long-term memory, but impaired working memory.

b.cannot remember events that occurred after the injury.

Long-term memory can best be divided into two main forms: a.Overt and covert memory b. Dorsal and ventral memory c. Declarative and nondeclarative memory d.Amnesia and forgetting e. None of the above

c. Declarative and nondeclarative memory

All of the following terms refer to the same cortical region that processes visual input EXCEPT: a. striate cortex. b. area V1. c. Heschl's gyrus. d.Brodmann's area 17. e. None of the above

c. Heschl's gyrus.

__________ is the process of acquiring new information, while ___________ is the trace that results from this process and that can be revealed later in time. a. Recognition / recall b. Recall / recognition c. Learning / memory d. Memory / learning e.Studying / working memory

c. Learning / memory

The information that you are currently thinking about or using to guide responding is held in this type of memory store. a. Source memory b. Anterograde memory c. Working memory d. Implicit memory

c. Working memory

Hemispatial neglect can be a considered a disorder of __________. a. language b. memory c. attention d. low-level vision e. motor initiation systems

c. attention

Communication between the two hemispheres of the brain occurs mainly through the a. basal ganglia b. cingulate gyrus c. corpus callosum d. limbic system

c. corpus callosum

Hermann Von Helmholtz, the great German psychophysicist, studied visual attention by observing his own abilities to process brief presentations (stimuli flashed for < 100 msec) of complex stimulus scenes. He observed that he could________. a. process all stimuli across the visual field equally well b. not detect stimuli presented briefly c. could detect some stimuli that he was not looking directly at d. was better able to perceive visual stimuli when accompanied by sounds

c. could detect some stimuli that he was not looking directly at

Of the following choices, damage to the ________ is most likely to result in impairment in anterograde memory. a. parietal-occipital cortex b. medial temporal lobe c. hippocampus d. perisylvian region

c. hippocampus

The visual hierarchy from retina to inferior temporal cortex is characterized by a systematic _________ in receptive field of neurons at each stage (area). a. decrease in size b. linearity in response c. increase in size d. shift in location towards fixation e. shift in location away from fixation

c. increase in size

The temporal lobe likely bears this name because a. it is the brain's center for time processing. b. its functions are particularly susceptible to the effects of aging. c. it lies beneath the area of the scalp where hair grays with age. d. its neurons fire more quickly than neurons in other brain regions.

c. it lies beneath the area of the scalp where hair grays with age.

Information from the left visual field first enters cortex in the ______ occipital lobe. a. ventral b. left c. right d. both e. None of the above

c. right

A neuron that was specialized for the processing of faces in macaque monkeys would be most likely to be found in _______. a. medial frontal lobe b. posterior parietal lobe c. temporal lobe d.V1 of the occipital lobe e. cingulate cortex

c. temporal lobe

Korbinian Brodmann used ________ techniques to document 52 regions of the brain that differed in ________. a. phrenological / cytoarchitectonics b. phrenological / chronometrics c. tissue staining / cytoarchitectonics d. tissue staining / chronometrics

c. tissue staining / cytoarchitectonics

Declarative memory is knowledge ______. a. to which one has only unconscious access. b. that is a form of sensory memory. c. to which one has conscious access. d. that is only a form of short-term memory e. None of the above

c. to which one has conscious access.

The dorsal attention network controls _________, while the right ventral attention networks is involved in__________. a. language/memory b. wakefulness/sleep c. voluntary attention/alerting to unexpected stimuli d. alerting to unexpected stimuli/ voluntary attention e.receptive field size/face recognition

c. voluntary attention/alerting to unexpected stimuli

The encoding of information to be stored involves two stages: ____________, in which inputs in sensory buffers and sensory analysis stages are registered, followed by ___________, in which a stronger representation for storage is created. a.retrieval / acquisition b. acquisition / retrieval c. retrieval / consolidation d. acquisition / consolidation e.All of the above.

d. acquisition / consolidation

Amnesia refers to a memory deficit that may result from: a. brain damage b. disease c. psychological trauma d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Changes in sensory-evoked brain responses (ERPs) generated by activity in area V1 as a function of selective attention would provide support for________. a. memory models of attention b. computational models of attention c. late-selection models of attention d. early-selection models of attention

d. early-selection models of attention

There is a selective increase in the amplitude of sensory-evoked responses (ERPs from visual cortex) to a given visual stimulus compared to other stimuli when: a. human subjects are preparing motor responses to be fast b. human subjects encode the stimulus in long-term memory c. human subjects are shown a different stimulus to each eye d. human subjects are covertly attending the stimulus e. human subjects are highly behaviorally aroused

d. human subjects are covertly attending the stimulus

The "recency effect" in remembering words lists is due to the fact that: a. items that appear at the beginning of a list are easily transferred to long-term memory b. items that appear at the end of a list are easily transferred to long term memory c. items that appear at the beginning of a list are still available in short-term memory d. items that appear at the end of a list are still available in short-term memory

d. items that appear at the end of a list are still available in short-term memory

It appears that the medial temporal lobes are important in consolidating explicit long-term memories but are not themselves the storage sites for this knowledge because: a. most skills and habits acquired prior to the injury of these structures are intact. b. only priming and conditioning show signs of impairment following damage to these structures. c. only nonassociative learning and priming show signs of impairment following damage to these structures. d. most episodic and semantic memories acquired prior to the injury of these structures remain intact.

d. most episodic and semantic memories acquired prior to the injury of these structures remain intact.

A monkey has been trained to perform a visual spatial selective attention task. A microelectrode is placed in its visual cortex to record the activity of single neurons. When the monkey selectively attends a stimulus flashed within the recorded neuron's receptive field, the investigator will observe that the recorded neuron's firing rate _______ a. is unchanged because single neurons are not sensitive to attention b. lowers because the animal is concentrating hard on the task c. will increase because the animal is highly aroused in hopes of a reward d. none of the above

d. none of the above

A patient has an injury to the parietal lobe and has a selective deficit in processing information about the spatial location of visual stimuli (i.e., no object perception deficit). You hypothesize that this region of the brain is distinct in function from other visual areas in the occipital lobe, in which you suspect object information is processed. In order to establish the difference between the two functions and the two brain regions, you would need to find another person who had damage to the_______. a. same part of the parietal lobe but did not have a visuospatial deficit b. occipital lobe and had both visuospatial and color perception deficits c. same part of the parietal lobe and had only a color perception deficit d. occipital lobe and had only an object perception deficit

d. occipital lobe and had only an object perception deficit

The concept of working memory is most closely related to _______: a. sensory memory b. echoic memory c. source memory d. short-term memory e. long-term memory

d. short-term memory

Memory processes can be categorized according to: a.Whether or not the information is consciously or unconsciously learned b. How/whether they are affected by brain damage c. The time course of retention d.All of the above e. None of the above

d.All of the above

A patient has bilateral occipital-parietal lesions following a stroke, and has trouble with visual perception such that he can only see one object at a time. This patient has ____. a. hemispatial neglect b. Broca's aphasia c. epilepsy d. Balint's syndrome e. Wernicke's aphasia

d.Balint's syndrome

_______________ refers to memory about a specific event, and will typically include information about the time, place, environmental context in which the information was learned. a. Implicit memory b. Reflexive memory c. Nonassociative learning d.Episodic memory e.All of the above.

d.Episodic memory

Localization of mental functions in the brain is an idea that gained support from: a. Conditioning studies by Pavlov in dogs. b. Ramon y Cajal's theory of dynamic polarization in neuronal coding. c. Karl Lashley's studies of spatial learning in rats. d.Paul Broca's studies of patients with language disorders. e.All of the above.

d.Paul Broca's studies of patients with language disorders.

Looking someone in the eyes at a party while they talk to you, but while you are actually attending to the conversation of the couple next to you, is an example of________. a. inhibition of attentional return b. extinction c. hemispatial neglect d. visual agnosia e. covert attention

e. covert attention

The best tool for studying the location(s) of brain activity is _________. a.EEG (electroencephalography) b.EMG (electromyography) c. MEG (magnetoencephalography) d.PET (positron emission tomography) e. fMRI (functional MRI)

e. fMRI (functional MRI)

In addition to an overall difficulty in speech production, patients with Broca's aphasia may have relatively subtle comprehension deficits such that they: (A) have trouble recognizing once familiar words (B) have difficulty in understanding instructions that involve actions such as walking. C) have difficulty with sentence syntax such that what was done to whom poorly understood (D) can no longer read at all and have to rely on auditory inputs.

C) have difficulty with sentence syntax such that what was done to whom poorly understood