Pscy Final

The American Psychiatric Association classified homosexuality as an illness until the year ____

1973

Shawn has a fraternal twin who was recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Research suggests that the chances are _____ that Shawn will also suffer from bipolar disorder at some point in his life

2 in 10

Carlos is suffering from bipolar disorder, a disorder where Carlos' mood shifts between periods of depression, periods of mania, and normal functioning. To help control the symptoms of his disorder, Carlos takes medication regularly. Carlos most likely sees a therapist who specializes in what type of therapy?

Biomedical therapy

To help Philomena overcome her nearly irresistible craving for chocolate, a therapist provides her with a supply of chocolate candies that contain solidified droplets of a harmless but very bitter-tasting substance. This approach to treatment best illustrates ____

aversive conditioning

Dr. Avery has a client who suffers from substance abuse. In therapy, she suggests that his abusive home environment, limited sense of life purpose, and deficient dopamine reward circuits might account for his abuse. Dr. Avery is most clearly using a _____ approach to understanding addictive behaviors

biopsychosocial

What are the three components of evidence-based practice?

esearch evidence, clinical expertise, and knowledge of the patient

A jury deliberated on a rape case for over 8 hours. Some of the jurors commented that the rape victim had a history of going out to various bars and had been dressed too provocatively. These jurors said that, looking like that, she had been asking to be assaulted. Their opinion is best explained in terms of the ___

just-world phenomenon

A simple salt that often brings relief to patients suffering the highs and lows of bipolar disorder is __________

lithium

___ is a form of exposure therapy that gradually exposes the client to increasing levels of anxiety-provoking stimuli

systematic desensitization

An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of three interactive environments is most clearly provided by

the biopsychosocial approach

At his weekly therapy session, Henry became agitated by his therapist, saying that she was controlling, domineering, and trying to ruin his life with all of her mothering. A psychoanalyst would suggest that this illustrates:

transference

In psychoanalysis, patients may experience strong feelings for their analyst, which is called ____________. Patients are said to demonstrate anxiety when they put up mental blocks around sensitive memories—showing ____________. The analyst will attempt to provide insight into the underlying anxiety by offering a(n) ____________ of the mental block

transference; resistance; interpretation

The full psychological effect of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) takes roughly

4 weeks

Billy has an identical twin that was recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Research suggests that the chances are _____ that Billy will also suffer from bipolar disorder at some point in his life

7 in 10

A large study that combined the results of 475 studies indicated that the outcome for those individuals who engaged in psychotherapy was better than ____ of the people who did not seek treatment

80%

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of group therapy? more focused attention from the therapist less expensive lower cost reassurance that others share troubles

A

_____are feelings that are based on beliefs. They predispose people to react in a particular way to objects, people, and events

Attitudes

Malik was shopping for a new watch and the salesperson was pressuring him to spend money way above his financial limit. Malik attributed the behavior to the salesperson having a pushy personality. Malik was attributing the salespersons behavior to her_____

Personality

Which is NOT one of Freud's premises accepted by the neo-Freudians?

Personality is shaped by experiences throughout one's life

What is the most powerful predictor of beginning a friendship?

Proximity

Which of these drugs is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)? Clozaril Thorazine Prozac Xanax

Prozac

According to Freud, fixation refers to a difficulty in the process of

Psychosexual development

A test that yields consistent results is said to be ____

Reliable

The projective test known as the _____ test, seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of a certain type of abstract pictorial representation

Rorschach inkblot

When a prejudiced attitude causes us to blame an innocent person for our problems, we have used that person as a _______

Scapegoat

Tyree is lifting weights to build muscle for the upcoming football season. While in the gym lifting, a group of cheerleaders come in to start practice. While the cheerleaders were watching, Tyree was able to do 10 reps more than he has ever accomplished in the past. This best illustrates ____

Social facilitation

Blindfolded people were observed to clap louder when they thought they were clapping alone than when they thought they were clapping with others. This best illustrates ___

Social loafing

Are psychological disorders culture-specific? Explain with examples

Some psychological disorders are culture-specific. For example, bulimia nervosa occurs mostly in food-rich Western cultures, and taijin-kyofusho appears largely in Japan. Other disorders, such as schizophrenia, appear across cultures

___ occurs, for example, when a person who is attacked by a fierce dog later develops a fear of all dogs

Stimulus generalization

What is cognitive-behavioral therapy, and what sorts of problems does this therapy address?

This popular integrative therapy helps people change self-defeating thinking and behavior. It has been shown to be effective for those with obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety disorders, and mood disorders.

What is evidence-based practice?

Using this approach, therapists make decisions about treatment based on research evidence, clinical expertise, and knowledge of the patient

___ applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

Behavior therapy

Studies show that ____________ therapy is the most effective treatment for most psychological disorders

Behavior, humanistic, and psychodynamic

What factors contribute to the onset and development of schizophrenia?

Biological factors include abnormalities in brain structure and function, prenatal exposure to a maternal virus, and genetic factors. However, schizophrenia is more likely to develop given a high-risk environment

How do the humanistic and cognitive therapies differ?

By reflecting clients' feelings in a nondirective setting, the humanistic therapies attempt to foster personal growth by helping clients become more self-aware and self-accepting. By making clients aware of self-defeating patterns of thinking, cognitive therapies guide people toward more adaptive ways of thinking about themselves and their world.

Alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates are all in a class of drugs called _____

Depressants

Regarding the treatment of schizophrenia, _____-blocking drugs have little effect on persistent negative symptoms such as toneless voices or expressionless faces

Dopamine

Who pushed for more humane treatments and for constructing mental hospitals?

Dorothea Dix

Studies have revealed diminished activity in the _____ of violent criminals

Frontal lobes

After Ravi lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Ravi's behavior is best explained in terms of the ____

Frustration-aggression principle

Critics of Freud doubt that conscience and _____ identity form as the child resolves the Oedipus complex at age 5 or 6

Gender

When a group's desire for harmony overrides its realistic analysis of other options, ___________ has occurred.

Groupthink

This therapy, along with psychodynamic therapy, are often referred to as "insight therapies."

Humanistic

Some unwanted behaviors are learned. What hope does this fact provide?

If a behavior can be learned, it can be unlearned, and replaced by other more adaptive responses.

__________ therapies are designed to help individuals discover the thoughts and feelings that guide their motivation and behavior

Insight

Dysfunctional thoughts, emotions or behaviors may not be considered a sign of a disorder unless they _____ with one's life

Interfere

Jade was driving to college and running late for class. In front of her was a small car that was going 20 miles under the speed limit, but there was no place to pass the car due to the road conditions. Jade entertained fantasies of running the car off of the road or rear-ending the car so that she could get around, but she eventually passed the car in a passing zone. Freud would agree that:

Jade's ego was working effectively

This neo-Freudian said that childhood anxiety triggers our desire for love and security

Karen Horney

We feel happier in the presence of happy people than in the presence of depressed people. This is known as the _____ effect

chameleon

Exposure therapies and aversive conditioning are applications of ____________ conditioning. Token economies are an application of ____________ conditioning

classical; operant

Nancy's therapist is an active listener who often paraphrases what she says. He does not judge her and is quite open to her exploration of her weaknesses. He gives her appropriate validation and encourages her to reflect on her feelings. He wants to deepen her self-understanding. Her therapy is most likely

client-centered

When people act in a way that is not in keeping with their attitudes, and then change their attitudes to match those actions, __________ __________ theory attempts to explain why

cognitive dissonance

_____ theory emphasizes that we seek to reduce the discomfort we feel when we become aware that our attitudes and actions are in conflict

cognitive dissonance

With _____, patients receive repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain. These pulses can be used to stimulate activity in various areas of the brain

epetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

Systematic desensitization is a form of

exposure therapy

Systematic desensitization is a form of ____

exposure therapy

The aim of Freud's therapy was to bring a patient's repressed _____ into conscious awareness

feelings

The gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience in the Milgram experiments best illustrate one of the potential dangers of the __

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

According to the _____ theory, people explain behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

attribution error

This form of treatment associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

aversive conditioning

Parents who discipline their children with beatings are often teaching aggression through the process of ___

modeling

. An approach that seeks to identify and alleviate conditions that put people at high risk for developing psychological disorders is called

preventive mental health

Steffan recently suffered a panic attack and is now seeing a therapist on a regular basis for his social anxiety. His therapist has him relax one muscle group after another and then imagine different social situation

progressive relaxation

Medical doctors who prescribe medications for individuals with serious psychological disorders are

psychiatrists

A therapist who helps patients search for the unconscious roots of their problem and offers interpretations of their behaviors, feelings, and dreams, is drawing from

psychoanalysis

Angelina is suffering from depression. Once a week she sees a therapist and with the therapist's help she has begun to explore her past experiences and how they might have contributed to her depression. In addition, Angelina's therapist has Angelina begin to adopt new ways of thinking about the current events in her life. Angelina's therapist is more than likely using which type of therapy?

psychotherapy

Kyra is always friendly in class and tries to help others. One day she leaves her book at home and needs to share. Several classmates volunteer to help her. This example best illustrates

reciprocity norm

Children who have witnessed a parent's murder report memories that most clearly challenge Freud's concept of

repression

During her weekly therapy sessions, Sabrina will often abruptly shift the focus of her attention and lose her train of thought. A psychoanalyst would suggest that this illustrates:

resistance

Cognitive dissonance theory is MOST helpful in understanding the impact of

role-playing on attitude change

Compared with psychoanalysis, humanistic therapies are more likely to emphasize

self-fulfillment and growth

Like Ecstasy, LSD interferes with the neurotransmitter ____

serotonin

When drug therapies have not been effective, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be used as treatment, largely for people with

severe depression

Philippe Pinel suggested that mental illness is a _____ of the mind

sickness

Some antipsychotic drugs, used to calm people with schizophrenia, can have unpleasant side effects, most notably

sluggishness, tremors, and twitches

taijin-kyofusho

social anxiety about their appearance, combined with a readiness to blush and a fear of eye contact

People tend to exert less effort when working with a group than they would alone, which is called __________ __________

social loafing

Tim enjoys watching violent action movies and television shows on most evenings as well as listening to music with violent lyrics. When faced with real-life conflict he tends to respond with aggressive behavior because he believes that he needs to "act like a man." According to social psychologists he has learned _____, which are mental tapes for how to act due to this exposure to media violence

social-scripts

Ruth was walking through the woods during a thunderstorm. A tree struck by lightning from the storm toppled over narrowly missing Ruth as she fled. The fact that Ruth now has a fear of all trees not just the one that nearly harmed her is an example of

stimulus generalization

This occurs when a person experiences a fearful event and then he or she transfer that fear onto similar events

stimulus generalization

The technique of _______________ _______________ teaches people to relax in the presence of progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli

systematic desensitization

By age 50, this anxiety disorder becomes rare

generalized anxiety disorder

The three main features that humanistic therapists exhibit are

genuineness, acceptance , and empathy.

How do the insight therapies differ from behavior therapies?

he insight therapies—psychodynamic and humanistic therapies—seek to relieve problems by providing an understanding of their origins. Behavior therapies assume the problem behavior is the problem and treat it directly.

Carl Jung emphasized the importance of _____ in personality functioning

the collective unconscious

Jung proposed the collective ___

unconscious

The _____ involves the right-hemisphere activity that enables the split-brain patient's left hand to carry out an instruction the patient cannot verbalize

unconscious

Freud believed that our defense mechanisms operate __________ (consciously/unconsciously) and defend us against ______

unconsciously; anxiety

Lila's professor is curt with everyone on the first day of class. She thinks that her new professor is rude. This _____ will likely influence Lila to act negatively toward her professor

ATTITUDE

A therapist who restates and clarifies the client's statements is practicing ____________ ___________

Active listening

Drugs such as Xanax and Ativan, which depress central nervous system activity, can become addictive when used as ongoing treatment. These drugs are referred to as ____________ drugs

Anti anxiety

This neo-Freudian worked closely with Freud, but he placed less emphasis on social factors and agreed with Freud that the unconscious exerts a powerful influence

Carl Jung

Who developed humanistic therapy and client-centered therapy?

Carl Rogers

Humanistic therapists refer to those in therapy as ___

Clients

A doctor recognizes that depressed people do not exhibit the same self-serving bias common in non-depressed people. This doctor is MOST likely a

Cognitive therapist

Your therapist believes in using only empirically supported therapies for treating your depression. She will probably use

Cognitive therapy

. ____________-____________ therapy helps people to change their self-defeating ways of thinking and to act out those changes in their daily behavior

Cognitive-behavioral

Jung is to _____ as Adler is to inferiority complex

Collective unconscious

Panic disorder is characterized by a person experiencing sudden episodes of intense ____

Dread

Alfred does not realize that his alcohol abuse and family neglect is leading to the destruction of both his family and his career. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Alfred is showing signs of a weak ____

Ego

True or false? In large amounts, alcohol is a depressant; in small amounts, it is a stimulant

False

_____ proposed cognitive dissonance theory

Festinger

In the psychoanalytic view, conflicts unresolved during one of the psychosexual stages may lead to __________ at that stage

Fixation

After giving in to her friends' request that she drink alcohol with them, 16-year-old Hortance found that she could not resist the pressure they exerted on her to try cocaine. Her experience best illustrates the ____

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Early one Halloween evening, Evan's friends asked him to join them in smashing their neighbors' decorative pumpkins. He complied. Later, he was surprised by his own failure to resist them when they asked him to throw eggs at passing police cars. Evans's experience best illustrates the ____

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

What are three values that Freud's work in psychoanalytic theory has contributed? What are three ways in which Freud's work has been criticized?

Freud first drew attention to (1) the importance of childhood experiences, (2) the existence of the unconscious mind, and (3) our self-protective defense mechanisms. Freud's work has been criticized as (1) not scientifically testable—drawing on after-the-fact explanations, (2) focusing too much on sexual conflicts in childhood, and (3) based upon the idea of repression, which has not been supported by modern research

The fundamental attribution error is _____ apparent in individualistic Western countries than it is in East Asian cultures

MORE

What are the two principle forms of mood disorders?

Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder

What does it mean to say that "depression is a whole-body disorder"?

Many factors contribute to depression: biological influences of genetics/brain function, Social-cognitive factors including the interaction of explanatory style, mood, our responses to stressful experiences, and changes in our patterns of thinking and behaving. Depression involves the whole body and may disrupt sleep, energy, and concentration

Due to its lingering effects, _____ does not follow the same tolerance path as many of the other known drugs.

Marijuana

His experiments on obedience at Yale University are some of the most famous, and involved deception

Milgram

Behavior therapy is more likely to be helpful in those with the ________ (most/least) clearly defined problems

Most

A person with schizophrenia who has __________ (positive/negative) symptoms may have an expressionless face and toneless voice

Negative

Mr. Hoffman has always been cautious with his money. But, over the past 2 weeks, he has developed grandiose plans to bet his entire savings on a single horse race. With unrestrained exuberance he has also been giving everybody he sees unsolicited advice on how to make millions in the stock market. Mr. Hoffman's behavior is most indicative of

No disorder

A reduction in anxiety, pupil constriction, slower respiration, and feelings of lethargy are associated with:

Opiates

How do our attitudes and our actions affect each other?

Our attitudes often influence our actions, as we behave in ways consistent with our beliefs. However, our attitudes also follow our actions; we come to believe in what we have done

_____ is to anxiety as a _____ is to a windy day

Panic disorder; hurricane

You are organizing a meeting of fiercely competitive political candidates. To add to the fun, friends have suggested handing out masks of the candidates' faces for supporters to wear. What effect might these masks trigger?

The anonymity provided by the masks, combined with the arousal of the competitive setting, might create deindividuation (lessened self-awareness and self-restraint).

What is the value, and what are the dangers, of labeling individuals with disorders?

Therapists and others use disorder labels to communicate with one another in a common language. Clients may benefit from knowing they are not the only ones with these symptoms. Insurance companies require a diagnosis (a label) before they will pay for therapy. The danger of labeling people is that they will begin to act as they have been labeled, and also that labels can trigger assumptions that will change our behavior toward the people we label.

What is social facilitation, and under what circumstances is it most likely to occur?

This improved performance in the presence of others is most likely to occur with a well-learned task, because the added arousal caused by an audience tends to strengthen the most likely response

Around the world, people may experience the same genetically based disorder quite differently, depending on their personal expectations and their cultural definition of abnormality. This best illustrates the need for what model?

a biopsychosocial approach

An overabundance of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is most likely to be associated with

a manic episode

While talking to an attractive woman on whom Joe has a crush, he stated, "That's the breast, I mean best, news I've heard all day." Freud would call this:

a slip of the tongue

Susan has been diagnosed with panic disorder and refuses to leave her home without her husband. She fears any situation in which she cannot escape or find help when a panic attack would strike. Susan suffers from panic disorder as well as

agoraphobia

Carl Jung emphasized the importance of the _____ in personality functioning

collective unconscious

Verniece experiences extreme anxiety when she approaches any lake. Her therapist suggests that her fear is the result of a traumatic childhood boating accident. The therapist's suggestion reflects a _____ perspective

conditioning

Contemporary psychologists believe that these three modern perspectives help better explain anxiety than Freud's theory

conditioning, cognition, and biology

Tamera has a strong desire to join a certain sorority. She is very attracted to the housing and admires the sorority members. During rush she is asked to perform some actions which violate her religious beliefs but decides to go along with the requests despite her reservations. Tamera's decision to perform these actions best illustrates ___

conformity

___ is a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

counterconditioning

Alcohol may act as a _____, which slows down brain activity of the areas that control judgment and inhibitions

disinhibitor

Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by

decreasing the amount time spent in REM sleep

Cognitive therapy has been especially effective in treating

depression

In a double-blind procedure, one group of men is given a beverage containing alcohol and a second group is given a similar-tasting beverage that contains no alcohol. In each group, half the men are told they are drinking an alcoholic beverage and half are told their beverage is nonalcoholic. All the men then view erotic movies. After watching the erotic material, research indicates tha

he men who thought they were drinking alcohol will feel LESS guilty than those who did NOT think they were drinking alcohol, regardless of the true content of the beverage

What are the three basic benefits all psychotherapies offer?

hope for demoralized people a new perspective on oneself and the world and an empathic, trusting, caring relationship.

What are three main focuses of social psychology?

how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

This perspective has emphasized people's inherent potential for self-fulfillment

humanistic

Which therapeutic technique has focused more on the present and future than the past, and has promoted unconditional positive regard and active listening?

humanistic therapy—specifically Carl Rogers' client-centered (or person-centered) therapy

Freud believed that defense mechanisms resulted from _____, but researchers now believe that they result from a need to ___

impulses; protect our self-image

The fundamental attribution error is more apparent in _____ than it is in ____

individualistic Westerners; East Asian cultures

Jerry was frequently ill as a child which led him to miss out on many of the activities that his peers experienced. Adler would predict that Jerry would develop a(n):

inferiority complex

During Boy Scout camp, Carlos was randomly selected to be on one baseball team and Ty on the opposing team. Before the game started, Carlos and Ty were each convinced that his team was the better one. The boys' beliefs best illustrate a(n) ____

ingroup bias

In large doses, barbiturate drugs can

interfere with memory formation

Schizophrenia is a severe disorder that is NOT characterized by

multiple personalities

Those who express anxiety through unwanted repetitive thoughts or actions may have a(n) __________ - __________ disorder. Those with symptoms of recurring memories and nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia for weeks after a traumatic event may be diagnosed with _________________ __________ disorder.

obsessive-compulsive; posttraumatic stress

A token economy incorporates _____ to modify behaviors by reinforcing desired behaviors with tokens that can be exchanged for various treats

operant conditioning procedures

Generalized anxiety disorder, panic attacks, PTSD, and OCD express themselves biologically by:

overarousing areas of the brain responsible for impulse control and habitual behaviors

Some think Freud overestimated ___ influence and underestimated ____

parental ,peer influence

Shortly after learning he did not make it onto his high school football team, Alex vandalized the team's locker room and broke several of the school's windows. His behavior is BEST explained in terms of:

the frustration-aggression principle

Even though Joe suffered from a car accident that left him with amnesia, he was still able to remember how to do many basic tasks such as driving a car, washing his clothes, and cooking. This supports Freud's view of the role of

the unconscious.

About half of all adults experience at least one traumatic event in their lifetime, but only about _____ women develop PTSD.

1 in 10

About half of all adults experience at least one traumatic event in their lifetime, but only about _____ men develop PTSD

1 in 20

n one study of 103,788 veterans returning home from Iraq or Afghanistan, about _____ was diagnosed with a psychological disorder, most frequently PTSD

1 in 4

One study looking at the brains of violent repeat offenders and found that their brains had _____ frontal lobe tissue than a normal brain. This helps explain why these people exhibit deficits in cognitive functions such as planning, organization, and inhibition

11% less

In psychology's most famous obedience experiments, most participants obeyed an authority figure's demands to inflict presumed life-threatening shocks on an innocent person. Social psychologist __________ __________ conducted these experiments

Stanley Milgram

Although Hector is frequently caught stealing money and other valuables from friends as well as strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about his actions. Hector most clearly demonstrates a weak ___

Superego

In the obedience experiments, people were most likely to follow orders in four situations. What were those situations?

The Milgram studies showed that people were most likely to follow orders when (a) the person giving the orders was nearby and was a legitimate authority figure, (b) the authority figure was supported by a respected institution, (c) the victim was not nearby, and (d) there were no models for defiance.

As the body is flooded by an artificial opiate, like heroin, the brain stops producing its own natural opiates called ___

endorphins

Which elements of traditional psychoanalysis do modern-day psychodynamic theorists and therapists retain, and which elements have they mostly left behind?

Today's psychodynamic theories still tend to focus on childhood experiences and attachments, unresolved conflicts, and unconscious influences. However, they are not likely to focus on fixation at any psychosexual stage, or the idea that sexual issues influence our personality.

Are tobacco products at least as addictive as heroin and cocaine?

Yes

Alejandro was reprimanded for an accounting error by his boss in front of his co-workers. Alejandro gets home from his job and yells at his wife for not having dinner ready. His wife then yells at the children for leaving their toys all over the house. This best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as ___

displacement

Bonnie is afraid to express anger toward her overbearing and irritating supervisor. Instead, she is critical of her children. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Bonnie's reaction to her children illustrates:

displacement

Jerri and her husband, Jim, begin arguing at the dinner table over differing views on how they should spend Jerri's bonus check. After arguing for a few minutes, Jim storms from the table and slams the front door as he goes out for a walk. Jerri snaps at the children and tells them to hurry up and finish their dinner. Jerri is displaying _____; Jim is displaying ___

displacement; regression

Marlow is suffering from schizophrenia. In addition to medication, Marlow sees a therapist once a week to help him re-socialize and modify his maladaptive behaviors. Marlow's therapist is most likely using what approach?

eclectic

The goal of behavior therapy is to

eliminate the unwanted behavior

As David approaches the counter at the Department of Motor Vehicles, the clerk yells at David for having waited in the wrong line. David is convinced that the clerk should find another line of work-one in which his angry personality traits will not interfere with his job. However, David disregards the possibility that the Department is short of help that day. David has just fallen prey to the ___

fundamental attribution error

Driving to school one snowy day, Marco narrowly misses a car that slides through a red light. "Slow down! What a terrible driver," he thinks to himself. Moments later, Marco himself slips through an intersection and yelps, "Wow! These roads are awful. The city plows need to get out here." What social psychology principle has Marco just demonstrated?

fundamental attribution error

Jitteriness, feelings of being on edge, and sleep deprivation are all symptoms of __

generalized anxiety disorder

Unfocused tension, apprehension, and arousal is called __________ __________ disorder. If a person is focusing anxiety on specific feared objects or situations, that person may have a __________. Those who experience unpredictable periods of terror and intense dread, accompanied by frightening physical sensations, may be diagnosed with a __________ disorder

generalized anxiety; phobia; panic

When like-minded groups discuss a topic, the existing opinions often grow stronger. This tendency is called __________ ________

group polarization