PSY 100 Ch 9

Which of the following is not cited as evidence of the reciprocal relationship between schooling and intelligence? A) Neither education level nor intelligence scores accurately predict income. B) Intelligence scores tend to rise during the school year. C) High school graduates have higher intelligence scores than do those who drop out early. D) High intelligence is conducive to prolonged schooling.

A) Neither education level nor intelligence scores accurately predict income.

Which of the following provides the strongest evidence of the role of heredity in determining intelligence? A) The IQ scores of identical twins raised separately are very similar. B) The intelligence scores of fraternal twins are more similar than those of ordinary siblings. C) The intelligence scores of identical twins raised together are more similar than those of identical twins raised apart. D) The intelligence scores of adopted children show relatively weak correlations with scores of adoptive as well as biological parents.

A) The IQ scores of identical twins raised separately are very similar.

Which of the following statements is true? A) The predictive validity of intelligence tests is not as high as their reliability. B) The reliability of intelligence tests is not as high as their predictive validity. C) Modern intelligence tests have extremely high predictive validity and reliability. D) The predictive validity and reliability of most intelligence tests is very low.

A) The predictive validity of intelligence tests is not as high as their reliability.

A common problem in everyday reasoning is our tendency to: A) accept as logical those conclusions that agree with our own opinions. B) accept as logical those conclusions that disagree with our own opinions. C) underestimate the accuracy of our knowledge. D) accept as logical conclusions that involve unfamiliar concepts.

A) accept as logical those conclusions that agree with our own opinions.

Down syndrome is normally caused by: A) an extra chromosome in the person's genetic makeup. B) a missing chromosome in the person's genetic makeup. C) malnutrition during the first few months of life. D) prenatal exposure to an addictive drug.

A) an extra chromosome in the person's genetic makeup.

Studies of adopted children and their biological and adoptive families demonstrate that with age, genetic influences on intelligence: A) become more apparent. B) become less apparent. C) become more difficult to entangle from environmental influences. D) become easier to entangle from environmental influences.

A) become more apparent.

The concept of a g factor implies that intelligence: A) is a single overall ability. B) is several specific abilities. C) cannot be defined or measured. D) is both a. and c. E) is a dynamic rather than stable phenomenon.

A) is a single overall ability.

Originally, IQ was defined as: A) mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100. B) chronological age divided by mental age and multiplied by 100. C) mental age subtracted from chronological age and multiplied by 100. D) chronological age subtracted from mental age and multiplied by 100.

A) mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100.

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between thinking and language? A) "Real" thinking requires the use of language. B) People sometimes think in images rather than in words. C) A thought that cannot be expressed in a particular language cannot occur to speakers of that language. D) All of the above are true.

B) People sometimes think in images rather than in words.

Which of the following is not true? A) In math grades, the average girl typically equals or surpasses the average boy. B) The gender gap in math and science scores is increasing. C) Women are better than men at detecting emotions. D) Males score higher than females on tests of spatial abilities.

B) The gender gap in math and science scores is increasing.

If you want to be absolutely certain that you will find the solution to a problem you know is solvable, you should use: A) a heuristic. B) an algorithm. C) insight. D) trial and error.

B) an algorithm.

The basic units of cognition are: A) phonemes. B) concepts. C) prototypes. D) morphemes.

B) concepts.

Standardization refers to the process of: A) determining the accuracy with which a test measures what it is supposed to. B) defining meaningful scores relative to a representative pretested group. C) determining the consistency of test scores obtained by retesting people. D) measuring the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict.

B) defining meaningful scores relative to a representative pretested group.

The study in which people who immigrated to the United States at various ages were compared in terms of their ability to understand English grammar found that: A) age of arrival had no effect on mastery of grammar. B) those who immigrated as children understood grammar as well as native speakers. C) those who immigrated as adults understood grammar as well as native speakers. D) whether or not English was spoken in the home was the most important factor in mastering the rules of grammar.

B) those who immigrated as children understood grammar as well as native speakers.

Who started the modern intelligence testing?

Binet

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the text's position regarding the relative contribution of genes and environment in determining intelligence? A) Except in cases of a neglectful early environment, each individual's basic intelligence is largely the product of heredity. B) With the exception of those with genetic disorders such as Down syndrome, intelligence is primarily the product of environmental experiences. C) Both genes and life experiences significantly influence performance on intelligence tests. D) Because intelligence tests have such low predictive validity, the question cannot be addressed until psychologists agree on a more valid test of intelligence.

C) Both genes and life experiences significantly influence performance on intelligence tests.

The Flynn effect refers to the fact that: A) White and Black infants score equally well on measures of infant intelligence. B) Asian students outperform North American students on math achievement tests. C) The IQ scores of today's better fed and educated population exceed that of the 1930s population. D) Individual differences within a race are much greater than between-race differences.

C) The IQ scores of today's better fed and educated population exceed that of the 1930s population.

Most experts view intelligence as a person's: A) ability to perform well on intelligence tests. B) innate mental capacity. C) ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to new situations. D) diverse skills acquired throughout life.

C) ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to new situations.

Most psychologists believe that racial gaps in test scores: A) have been exaggerated when they are, in fact, insignificant. B) indicate that intelligence is in large measure inherited. C) are in large measure caused by environmental factors. D) are increasing.

C) are in large measure caused by environmental factors.

Which of the following is not a requirement of a good test? A) reliability B) standardization C) heritability D) validity E) criterion

C) heritability

If a test designed to indicate which applicants are likely to perform the best on the job fails to do so, the test has: A) low reliability. B) low content validity. C) low predictive validity. D) not been standardized.

C) low predictive validity.

Researchers taught the chimpanzee Washoe and the gorilla Koko to communicate by using: A) various sounds. B) plastic symbols of various shapes and colors. C) sign language. D) all of the above.

C) sign language.

Current intelligence tests compute an individual's intelligence score as: A) the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100. B) the ratio of chronological age to mental age multiplied by 100. C) the amount by which the test-taker's performance deviates from the average performance of others the same age. D) the ratio of the test-taker's verbal intelligence score to his or her nonverbal intelligence score.

C) the amount by which the test-taker's performance deviates from the average performance of others the same age.

In his study of children with high intelligence scores, Terman found that: A) the children were more emotional and less healthy than a control group. B) the children were ostracized by classmates. C) the children were healthy and well-adjusted, and did well academically. D) later, as adults, they nearly all achieved great vocational success.

C) the children were healthy and well-adjusted, and did well academically.

Children first demonstrate a rudimentary understanding of syntax during the ________ stage. A) babbling B) one-word C) two-word D) three-word

C) two-word

Telegraphic speech is typical of the ________ stage. A) babbling B) one-word C) two-word D) three-word

C) two-word

A 6-year-old child has a mental age of 9. The child's IQ is: A) 96. B) 100. C) 125. D) 150. E) 166.

D) 150.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between creativity and intelligence? A) Creativity appears to depend on the ability to think imaginatively and has little if any relationship to intelligence. B) Creativity is best understood as a certain kind of intelligence. C) The more intelligent a person is, the greater his or her creativity. D) A certain level of intelligence is necessary but not sufficient for creativity.

D) A certain level of intelligence is necessary but not sufficient for creativity.

Which of the following is not cited by Chomsky as evidence that language acquisition cannot be explained by learning alone? A) Children master the complicated rules of grammar with ease. B) Children create sentences they have never heard. C) Children make the kinds of mistakes that suggest they are attempting to apply rules of grammar. D) Children raised in isolation from language spontaneously begin speaking words.

D) Children raised in isolation from language spontaneously begin speaking words.

Regarding the relationship between thinking and language, which of the following most accurately reflects the position taken in the text? A) Language determines everything about our thinking. B) Language determines the way we think. C) Thinking without language is not possible. D) Thinking affects our language, which then affects our thought.

D) Thinking affects our language, which then affects our thought.

Skinner and other behaviorists have argued that language development is the result of: A) imitation. B) reinforcement. C) association. D) all of the above.

D) all of the above.

Assume that Congress is considering revising its approach to welfare and to this end is hearing a range of testimony. A member of Congress who uses the availability heuristic would be most likely to: A) want to experiment with numerous possible approaches to see which of these seems to work best. B) want to cling to approaches to welfare that seem to have had some success in the past. C) refuse to be budged from his or her beliefs despite persuasive testimony to the contrary. D) base his or her ideas on the most vivid, memorable testimony given, even though many of the statistics presented run counter to this testimony.

D) base his or her ideas on the most vivid, memorable testimony given, even though many of the statistics presented run counter to this testimony.

Gerardeen has superb social skills, manages conflicts well, and has great empathy for her friends and co-workers. Peter Salovey and John Mayer would probably say that Gerardeen possesses a high degree of: A) g. B) social intelligence. C) practical intelligence. D) emotional intelligence.

D) emotional intelligence.

Reported racial gaps in average intelligence scores are most likely attributable to: A) the use of biased tests of intelligence. B) the use of unreliable tests of intelligence. C) genetic factors. D) environmental factors.

D) environmental factors.

The bell-shaped distribution of intelligence scores in the general population is called a: A) g distribution. B) standardization curve. C) bimodal distribution. D) normal distribution.

D) normal distribution.

First-time parents Geena and Brad want to give their baby's intelligence a jump-start by providing a super-enriched learning environment. Experts would suggest that the new parents should: A) pipe stimulating classical music into the baby's room. B) hang colorful mobiles and artwork over the baby's crib. C) take the child to one of the new "superbaby" preschools that specialize in infant enrichment. D) relax, since there is no surefire environmental recipe for giving a child a superior intellect.

D) relax, since there is no surefire environmental recipe for giving a child a superior intellect.

The existence of ________ reinforces the generally accepted notion that intelligence is a multidimensional quality. A) adaptive skills B) mental retardation C) general intelligence D) savant syndrome

D) savant syndrome

Many psychologists are skeptical of claims that chimpanzees can acquire language because the chimps have not shown the ability to: A) use symbols meaningfully. B) acquire speech. C) acquire even a limited vocabulary. D) use syntax in communicating.

D) use syntax in communicating.

Which of the following statements is true? A) About 1 percent of the population is mentally retarded. B) More males than females are mentally retarded. C) A majority of the mentally retarded can learn academic skills. D) Many of the mentally retarded are mainstreamed into regular classrooms. E) All of the above are true.

E) All of the above are true.

Representativeness and availability are examples of: A) mental sets. B) belief bias. C) algorithms. D) fixation. E) heuristics.

E) heuristics.

Terman's revision of Binet's original intelligence test

Stanford-Binet

Which of the following is not true of babbling? a. It is imitation of adult speech b. It is the same in all cultures c. It typically occurs from about age 4 months to 1 year d. Babbling increasingly comes to resemble a particular language e. Deaf babies babble with gestures.

a. It is imitation of adult speech

methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem

algorithim

presuming that something is likely if it comes readily to mind

availability heuristic

A mental grouping of similar things, events, or people is called a (n): a. Prototype b. Concept c. Algorithm d. Heuristic e. Mental set

b. Concept

The linguistic relativity hypothesis is challenged by the finding that: a. Chimps can learn to communicate spontaneously by using sign language b. People with no word for a certain color can still perceive that color accurately c. The Eskimo language contains a number of words for snow, whereas English has only one. d. Infantsí babbling contains many phonemes that do not occur in their own language and that they therefore cannot have heard.

b. People with no word for a certain color can still perceive that color accurately

Prenatal hormones have an influence on a. verbal reasoning b. spatial abilities c. overall intelligence d. all of these aspects of intelligence

b. spatial abilities

making a wide range of sounds (infants do this at 4 months)

babble

cling to our beliefs even when they have been discreditied

belief perseverance

According to the text, language acquisition is best described as: a. The result of conditioning and reinforcement b. A biological process of maturation c. An interaction between biology and experience d. A mystery of which researchers have no real understanding

c. An interaction between biology and experience

Mental set is a type of: a. Algorithms b. Heuristics c. Fixation d. Insight

c. Fixation

Which of the following best describes Chomskyís view of language development? a. Language is an entirely learned ability b. Language is an innate ability c. Humans have a biological predisposition to acquire language d. There are no cultural influences on the development of language

c. Humans have a biological predisposition to acquire language

When forming a concept, people often develop a best example, or ________, of a category. a. Denoter b. Heuristic c. Prototype d. Algorithm

c. Prototype

Many studies have indicated that the generic pronoun "he" a. Tends for children and adults alike to trigger images of both males and females. b. Tends for adults to trigger images of both males and females, but for children to trigger images of males c. Tends for both children and adults to trigger images of males but not females d. For both children and adults triggers images of females about one-fourth of the time it is used.

c. Tends for both children and adults to trigger images of males but not females

The text defines cognition as: a. Silent speech b. All mental activity c. The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remebering, and communicating information. d. Logical reasoning

c. The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remebering, and communicating information.

You hear that one of the Smith children is an outstanding Little League player and immediately conclude itís their one son rather than any of their four daughters. You reached your quite possibly erroneous conclusion as the result of: a. The confirmation bias b. The availability heuristic c. The representative heuristic d. Belief perseverance

c. The representative heuristic

Which of the following provides the strongest evidence of environment's role in intelligence? a. adopted children's intelligence scores are more like their adoptive parents' scores than their biological parents' b. children's intelligence scores are more strongly related to their mothers' scores than to their fathers' c. children moved from a deprived environemnt into an intellectually enriched one show gains in intellectual development d. the intelligence scores of identical twins raised separately are no more alike than those of siblings

c. children moved from a deprived environemnt into an intellectually enriched one show gains in intellectual development

The test created by Alfred Binet was designed specifically to a. measure inborn intelligence in adults b. measure inborn intelligence in children c. predict school performance in children d. identify children with an intellectual disability so that they could be institutionalized

c. predict school performance in children

refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication

cognition

mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people, to simplify and order the world around us

concepts

problem-solving obstacles which predisposes us to verify rather than challenge our hypotheses

confirmation bias

the degree to which a test measures what it is designed to measure

content validity

ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

creativity

the behavior that a test is designed to predict

criterion

Which of the following has been argued by critics of ape language research? a. Ape language is merely imitation of the trainerís behavior b. There is little evidence that apes can equal even a 3-year-oldís ability to order words with proper syntax. c. By seeing what they wish to see, trainers attribute greater linguistic ability to ape than actually exists d. All of the above have been argued.

d. All of the above have been argued.

Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to: a. Allow preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning b. Cling to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. c. Search randomly through alternative solutions when problem solving d. Look for information that is consistent with one's beliefs

d. Look for information that is consistent with one's beliefs

Deaf children who are not exposed to sign language until they are teenagers: a. Are unable to master the basic words of sign language. b. Learn the basic words but not how to order them c. Are unable to master either the basic words or syntax of sign language d. Never become as fluent as those who learned to sign at a younger age.

d. Never become as fluent as those who learned to sign at a younger age.

Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis states that: a. Language is primarily a learned ability b. Language is partially an innate ability c. The size of a personís vocabulary reflects his or her intelligence d. Our language shapes our thinking

d. Our language shapes our thinking

Which of the following is an example of the use of heuristics? a. Trying every possible letter ordering when unscrambling a word. b. Considering each possible move when playing chess c. Using the formula ìarea=length x widthî to find the area of a rectangle d. Playing chess using a defensive strategy that has often been successful for you

d. Playing chess using a defensive strategy that has often been successful for you

The formula for the intelligence quotient was devised by a. Sternberg b. Binet c. Terman d. Stern

d. Stern

Researchers who are convinced that animals can think point to evidence that a. Chimpanzees demonstrate the ability to "count" by learning to touch pictures of objects in ascending numerical order b. Chimpanzees regularly use sticks as tools in their natural habitats c. Chimps invent grooming and courtship customs and pass them on to their peers d. They exhibit all of these skills

d. They exhibit all of these skills

The chimpanzee Sultan used a short stick to pull a longer stick that was out of reach into his cage. He then used the longer stick to reach a piece of fruit. Researchers hypothesized that Sultanís discovery of the solution to his problem was the result of: a. Trail and error b. Heuristics c. Functional fixedness d. Mental set e. Insight

e. Insight

able to perceive, understand, mange, and use emotions, and they tend to achieve personal and profession success

emotional intelligence

a statistical technique that identifies related items on a test

factor analysis

the tendency to repeat problem-solving techniques that worked in the past even though a fresh approach may be more appropriate

fixation

the way an issue or question is posed

framing

an underlying, general intelligence factor

g

proportion of variation among individuals that can be attributed to genes (about 50% with intelligence)

hertiability

simpler thinking strategy that may provide faster-but sometimes incorrect-solutions.

heuristic

process how things relate

holistic

the sudden realization of the solution to a problem

insight

effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought

intuition

10 months of age babbling is limited to the sounds found in the child's household

lan'guage

language determines thought (Whorf's hypothesis)

linguistic determinism

being unable to see a problem from a different angle

mental set

around 12 month's of age

one-word stage

the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's judgements

overconfidence

our unconcious memory system for motor and cognitive skills and classically and operant conditioned associations (thinking in images)

procedural memory

mental images or best examples of a category

prototypes

the consistency with which a test measures performance

reliability

Psychological tests must meet what criteria:

reliable, standardized, and valid. Scored from a normal curve

leads us to judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototypes

representativeness heurisitc

a very low intelligence score accompanied by one extraordinary skill

savant syndrome

a self-conforming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype, affects performance on all kinds of test

stereotype threat

haphazard problem solving by tring on solution after another

trial and error

the ability to master the verbal or signed expression of complete grammar

true language

12 months of age to before a child's second birthday

two-word (telegraphic)