PSY 101: Thinking and Intelligence

About 2% of the population have

IQs below 70

When talking to a stranger about your sister, Ramona, you probably don't mention her by name and instead say, "my younger sister." This is because of

audience design

3-year-old Camille is learning about the food groups. Her family often eats peas and carrots with dinner, so her prototype for a vegetable is most likely a

carrot

Pronoun drop is more likely to occur in ________ cultures.

collectivist

Grant and Reid are six-year old twins. They want to find a way to get the frisbee off of the roof without asking for help, so Grant climbs a tree in order to push down a branch so that Reid can reach it. They wiggle the branch until it snaps, then use the branch with a fan of leaves to sweep down the frisbee. Their solution relies on ________ intelligence.

creative

Which of the following is not one of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences?

creative

Kayla's research group is thinking of every possible use for a pancake for their marketing project. This requires some

divergent thinking

Colton is an average middle school student who has a good group of friends and enjoys practicing the drums and playing baseball. Despite this, he struggles with writing and has a hard time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?

dysgraphia

Destiny is excellent at working with shapes and models. Her dream job is to design for Lego one day. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

spatial

The consistent manner of administering, scoring, and interpreting a test results in it being ________. If the test is given to a large amount of students, there will be enough data to create referential scores, by which to interpret future scores, known as ________.

standardization; norms

Which is an example of a morpheme?

un

You have a very fragile glass vase that you need to ship to your mother for Mother's Day but you have no packing materials. All you have is the popcorn that you are eating. You don't see that you can use the popcorn as packing material. This is best explained by ________.

functional fixedness

Learning how to operate new program on your computer would require ________ intelligence.

fluid

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence.

fluid

Using algorithms to solve problems can be compared to

following the instruction manual.

Leini is working on building a bookshelf in her backyard when she gets a terrible itch on her back. She gripes about not being able to reach it, and goes inside to look for a back-scratcher or a kitchen spoon. She could have just used the hammer she was holding in her hand, but she didn't think of that. This is an example of

functional fixedness.

Where does high intelligence come from?

genetics and environment

Arthur Jensen believed that ________.

genetics was solely responsible for intelligence

Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.

learning disability

Caleb uses the words "sofa," "soda," and "dinner," instead of "couch," "soft drink," and "supper." When others use the same words in conversation, they have adopted the same

lexicon

The smallest unit of meaning in language is a

morpheme

________ are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning.

morphemes

________ concepts are the ones we know through experience.

natural

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.

one standard deviation above the mean

The units of language from the smallest unit to the largest are

phoneme, morpheme, syntax.

________ is (are) the basic sound units of a spoken language.

phonemes

The best example of a concept is a

prototype

Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision?

representative bias

An event schema is also known as a cognitive ________.

script

The meaning of words and phrases is determined by applying the rules of ________.

semantics

Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence?

sternberg

Mental sets occur

when you approach a problem the same way, even if it is ineffective.

Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem?

anchoring bias

Fluid intelligence is characterized by ________.

being able to see complex relationships and solve problems

What statement is true of gossip and story-telling?

When gossiping, people tend to use adjectives to describe members of their own group (e.g. She's so nice!).

A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework is called ________.

a heuristic

What is a disability?

a neurological disorder

In order for a test to be normed and standardized it must be tested on ________.

a representative sample

Gossip, making up 60-70% of conversations, is argued to be an important part of defining ________ and in regulating the social world.

ingroups and outgroups

The DSM-5 now uses ________ as a diagnostic label for what was once referred to as mental retardation.

intellectual disability

Oprah is known for her ability to understand others and help them feel comfortable. What type of intelligence does she have a lot of?

interpersonal

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

interpersonal; intrapersonal

The fact that Chinese speakers may be more likely to think about time on a vertical or a horizontal plane is an example of

language intelligence.

Kyle from Mississippi asks Brandon from Boston if he wants a "coke," and Brandon says, "No thanks, I'll have a Sprite instead," even though Sprite cans were the only drinks Kyle had to offer. Brandon didn't understand that Kyle refers to all sodas and soft drinks as cokes. This is due to differences in

lexicon

Words and expressions are known as ________, but the rules that explain how they go together are called ________.

lexicon; syntax

The mean score for a person with an average IQ is ________.

100

Which of the following is an example of an artificial concept?

A triangle's area

The first intelligence test, aimed to identify children who might struggle in school, was designed by

ALfred Binet

________ was asked by the French government to develop an intelligence test to use with children to determine which ones might have difficulty in school.

Alfred Binet

Who developed the IQ test most widely used today?

David Wechsler

Which is the faster technique for solving a problem?

Heuristics

What is a major problem with intelligence tests mentioned in the text?

Some ethnic and socioeconomic groups perform better than others on IQ tests.

To be prepared for your exam, you need to study for 10 hours. How should you split up your study time to be most effective?

Study for 1 hour per day

If you need to study for 10 hours to be prepared for your exam, how should you space out this study time to learn the most?

Study for 1 hour per day for the 10 days leading up to the exam

A specific formula for solving a problem is called ________.

an algorithm

When you are examining data to look for trends, which type of intelligence are you using most?

analytical

Margot doesn't feel like explaining all of the events from her day to her mom because she would need to explain too many of the details in order to set the stage for her stories. In this instance, Margot

and her mother do not share common ground

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes.

artificial

Officially, insects are a class of invertebrates with a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. This description is a

artificial concept

Jaimie doesn't have much time before her class, and she still needs to find a ride to the airport, print off her assignment, and text her manager about changing her shift. Her best strategy for solving these problems will be to use

heuristics

Identical twins raised together and identical twins raised apart exhibit ________ between their IQ scores than siblings or fraternal twins raised together.

higher education

Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of ________.

human thinking

In order for something to be classified as creative, it should be useful,

original, useful, and surprising

Amira came to the United States for college. She has near perfect English, but her roommates tease her when she accidentally asks, "Did you shower yourself today?" instead of, "Did you take a shower?" This is an example of incorrect ________ structure.

syntax

________ provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences.

syntax

Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team?

the team captain

What do paint, doll, and cat all have in common?

they all can combine with -house to form a word, and they are part of creativity test.

Parents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities________.

was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using white children.