PSY 1010 ch. 2 The brain and behavior

Each parent contributes _____ chromosome(s) to each pair of chromosomes.

1

_____ refers to the ability of the brain to adapt and repair itself.

Plasticity

What is the function of Broca's area in the brain?

Production of speech

Which of the following is a structure of the midbrain?

Reticular formation

Which of the following is involved in stereotyped behavior patterns such as walking, sleeping, or turning to attend to a sudden noise?

Reticular formation

What part of the brain is specifically responsible for processing information about bodily sensations?

Somatosensory cortex

Which of the following is a function of the amygdala?

Survival

The three parts of the synapse are which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Synaptic gap, Axon terminal button, Dendrite

True or false: Many neurotransmitters exist, and each is involved in specific behaviors.

True

True or false: The brain is able to perform multiple tasks simultaneously.

True

In a complex behavior, such as reading and interpreting a poem, how many brain systems are typically involved?

Virtually all

When are mirror neurons activated?

When we observe others

An agonist is _____.

a drug that increases a neurotransmitter's effects

A neural network is _____.

active and changing

A(n) blank is a drug that mimics or increases a neurotransmitter's effects.

agonist

The blank is an almond-shaped structure near the base of the brain.

amygdala

A(n) blank is a drug that blocks a neurotransmitter's effects.

antagonist

Chemicals, called neurotransmitters, are released from terminal buttons into the synapse in order to _____.

attach to receptor sites on the dendrites of the next neuron

The peripheral nervous system is made up of the somatic and _____ nervous system.

autonomic

Involuntary actions like digestion are controlled by the _____.

autonomic nervous system

The nervous system is made up of _____ of communicating cells.

billions

A recessive gene will exhibit its trait only when _____.

both genes in a pair are recessive

The two parts of the central nervous system are the _____.

brain and spinal cord

The brain and spinal cord are structures in the _____.

central nervous system

The _____ is the part of the brain that is important for motor coordination.

cerebellum

The nucleus of each human cell contains 46 blank , threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, one member of each pair originating from each parent.

chromosomes

The brain is able to juggle multiple tasks simultaneously. That makes it a(n) _____ organ.

complex

The blank blank is a large bundle of axons connecting the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

corpus callosum

Lateralization occurs in some areas of the cerebral cortex, which means that the hemispheres have _____ functions.

different

The two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex have functions that are _____.

different

An oversupply of _____ has been linked to schizophrenia.

dopamine

Molly is shy and reserved in social settings. Her brother, Robert, on the other hand, is outgoing and sociable. Molly and Robert likely have differing levels of _____.

dopamine

Mirror neurons are a special type of neuron that plays a role in

empathy

Afferent neurons convey information _____.

from the senses to the brain

The term synapse refers to the tiny blank between neurons.

gap

DNA is a complex molecule in the cell's chromosomes that carries blank information.

genetic

The area of behavior blank is the study of the degree and nature of heredity's influence on behavior.

genetics

The medulla _____.

governs breathing and reflexes

The blank , which is part of the forebrain, has been implicated in drug addition because it produces a positive reward effect.

hypothalamus

Numerous areas of the brain play a role in each of our behaviors. This cooperation of the various regions of the brain is referred to as the blank of function in the brain.

integration

The somatosensory cortex _____. (Select all that apply.)

is an important region of the cerebral cortex, processes information about bodily sensations

Glutamate is involved in the functions of blank and blank

learning memory

The blank governs breathing and reflexes.

medulla

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system are the major divisions of the _____.

nervous system

The complex interaction of neurons working together to integrate and organize incoming and outgoing information is referred to as a blank network.

neural

Communication between neurons occurs via chemical messengers called

neurotransmitters

Neurons communicate by releasing chemicals called blank into a synapse.

neurotransmitters

When action potentials reach terminal buttons, chemical communicators called _____ are released.

neurotransmitters

Amphetamines and cocaine can cause hyperactive behavior by increasing brain levels of _____.

norepinephrine

Some people have had such severe epilepsy that their corpus callosum has been cut, reducing the spread of electrical activity from _____.

one hemisphere to the other

Sodium and potassium ions move in and out of the axon when the membrane is

open

The autonomic nervous system works to monitor processes such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion. The _____ nervous system is a subsystem within the autonomic system that calms the body.

parasympathetic

Spatial location and motor control are the responsibility of the blank lobes of the brain.

pareital

The autonomic and somatic nervous systems are divisions of the blank nervous system.

peripheral

The _____ is the specific region of the brain responsible for higher-order cognitive functions such as planning and reasoning.

prefrontal cortex

A recessive gene will exhibit its trait only when both genes in a pair are

recessive

Collateral sprouting, substitution of function, and neurogenesis are examples of brain

repair

The blank blank is a system in the midbrain that is involved in walking, sleeping, and turning to attend to a sudden noise.

reticular formation

Which of the following flow into a neuron and depolarize its membrane when a neuron is activated?

sodium ions

It is finals week and you have been studying for a big exam. Your performance on this exam is important to your overall grade. During this time, you have neglected your sleep and nutrition needs. You seem more irritable than usual to your friends. What are you most likely to be experiencing?

stress

blank is a physiological response to a difficult situation.

stress

When you become alarmed, your _____ nervous system activates the fight-or-flight response, but when your body calms down, your _____ nervous system has been activated.

sympathetic; parasympathetic

A(n) _____ is the tiny gap between the axon terminal and the next neuron.

synapse

The blank lobe is where auditory stimuli are processed.

temporal

In response to an action potential, the _____ release(s) neurotransmitters.

terminal button

Neurotransmitters function _____.

to stimulate or inhibit neuron firing

True or false: In some cases of brain damage, the function of the damaged area will be taken over by another area not typically associated with such function.

true

The frontal lobes are associated with _____ movement.

voluntary

blank is a neurotransmitter that is involved with the action of muscles, learning, and memory.

ACh

Individuals with Alzheimer disease have a deficiency in which neurotransmitter?

Acetylcholine

_____ neurons receive information from sensory organs. (Select all the terms that are correct.)

Afferent, Sensory

Which brain area is most closely linked to emotional awareness?

Amygdala

The nervous system that controls involuntary actions such as heart rate and breathing is which of the following?

Autonomic nervous system

Of the following behaviors, which is most directly tied to the cerebellum?

Balance

The forebrain structure that works with the cerebellum to coordinate voluntary movement is which of the following?

Basal ganglia

The blank blank is a hindbrain and midbrain structure that connects to the spinal cord and regulates basic survival functions.

Brain stem

If a child inherits one brown-eyed gene and one blue-eyed gene and the child has brown eyes, which gene is dominant?

Brown-eyed gene

Which part of the neuron contains the nucleus?

Cell body

Which part of the neuron manufactures substances that help the neuron grow?

Cell body

The nervous system is divided into which of the following systems?

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Which of the following structures are part of the forebrain? (Select all that apply.)

Cerebral cortex, Thalamus, Limbic system

What is the primary function of the prefrontal cortex?

Cognitive reasoning

What is the name for the process by which axons of healthy neurons adjacent to damaged neurons grow new branches to make up for the damage?

Collateral sprouting

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

Coordination of voluntary movement

The brain's hemispheres can be "split" by cutting which of the following?

Corpus callosum

blank helps to control voluntary movement.

Dopamine

When absorbed by receptor sites, what type of message does a neurotransmitter deliver?

Either an excitatory or inhibitory message

The cerebral cortex, limbic system, thalamus, basal ganglia, and hypothalamus make up which part of the brain?

Forebrain

_____ enable cells to reproduce and manufacture the proteins that are necessary for maintaining life.

Genes

_____, the units of hereditary information, are short segments of chromosomes composed of DNA.

Genes

Which of the following neurotransmitters has been implicated as a factor in anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer disease, and Parkinson disease?

Glutamate

Which of the following have been linked to levels of dopamine?

Good mood and schizophrenia

Which of the following structures regulates the body's internal states?

Hypothalamus

What are the frontal lobes associated with?

Intelligence and personality

Which of the following is NOT a structure involved in synaptic transmission?

Myelin sheath

What is the body's electrochemical communication circuitry?

Nervous system

Nerves cells called blank convey information within the nervous system.

Neurons

What are cells in the nervous system are called?

Neurons

Communication between neurons occurs via which of the following?

Neurotransmitters

blank inhibits cell firing in the central nervous system and excites cell firing in the heart muscles.

Norepinephrine