PSY 1010 Study Guide - Exam 1

how long does stage 1 sleep last

1 to 7 minutes

what are the stages of sleep

1, 2, 3, 4, and REM

which stage of sleep is the hardest to wake up from

4

what is the APA code of ethics

American Psychological Association code that guides morals and ethics in studies

what is acetylcholine

An excitatory neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction and stimulates the excretion of certain hormones

we spend 20% of our sleep time in which stage

REM

what is a generalized seizure

Seizures characterized by the abnormal activation of circuits connecting the cortex and thalamus - do not arise from the focal area and typically don't have an aura and consciousness is lost completely

opiates

Used to treat pain by mimicking pain-inhibiting neurotransmitters in the body such as endorphins

who is titchener

Wundt's student who expanded Wundt's views and founded structuralism

what is an action potential

a brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon

was descartes a monist or a dualist

a dualist

what is mealtonin

a hormone released by the pineal gland in response to daily cycles of light and dark

what is glutamate

a major excitatory neurotransmitter that is associated with learning and memory

what is norepinephrine classified as

a neurotransmitter AND a hormone

what is norepinephrine

a neurotransmitter and adrenal hormone that tens to arouse the body; associated with anger

what is dopamine

a neurotransmitter involved in controlling movement and posture; also modulates mood and plays a central role in positive reinforcement and dependency

what is norepineprhine

a neurotransmitter that is important for attentiveness, emotions, sleeping, dreaming, and learning

what are sleep spindles

a pattern of lower theta waves sporadically disrupted by bursts of electrical activity

who is frued

a psychologist (one of the original pop psychologists) that brought about the terms conscious and unconscious

MDMA/ecstacy is categorized as

a stimulant but it is apart of the peyote family

what is a confounding variable

a variable that affects the actual variables of interest, distorting the results

what are the neurotransmitters

acetylcholine, dopamine, GABA, gutamate, norepinephrine, serotonin

REM sleep is a very ________ stage of sleep

active

what is controlled process

activities that require full awareness, alertness, and concentration to reach some goal; interferes with the execution of other ongoing activities

what is an automatic process

activities that require little awareness, take minimal attention, and do not interfere with other ongoing activities

what drugs are depressants

alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines

when you're awake you are going to see more

alpha and beta waves

what disease is glutamate associated with

also alzheimer's

what disease is acetylcholine associated with

alzheimers

MDMA is a relative of

amphetamine

what is epinephrine

an adrenal hormone that tends to arouse the body and is associated with fear

what is the pineal gland

an endocrine gland that helps regulate body rhythms and sleep cycles

what is the pituitary gland

an endocrine gland that influences growth and lactation and regulates the activity of other glands

what is the thyroid gland

an endocrine gland that regulates the metabolism in the body

what is the pancreas

an endocrine gland that releases insulin to regulate blood sugar and hunger

what is altered state of consciousness

awareness that differs from normal consciousness

what is id

basic impulses (sex and aggression) seek immediate gratification - irrational and impulsive

why was the founder of psychology given that title

because he founded the first psychology lab

why was the father of psychology given that title

because he gave the first psychology lecture, brought psychology to the U.S. and wrote the first psychology textbook

what psychological perspective is watson associated with

behaviorism

what is structuralism

belief that the mind can be broken down into smallest elements of mental experience (it fell away in modern psychology)

norepinephrine is also released as a hormone into the blood, where it causes

blood vessels to contract and heart rate to increase

MDMA increases heart rate, BP,

body temp and sociability

what are skinner boxes

boxes for animals with different levers that shock or give a treat - the animal navigates the maze by doing this

what drugs are stimulants

caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, MDMA (ecstacy)

hallucinogens are

capable of producing false perceptions

what is the fourth step to the scientific method

collect and analyze data

what is a naturalistic observation

collecting data from a natural setting by just observing and doing nothing more

what are the three consciousness levels of freud's model of the psyche

conscious, preconscious, unconscious

during stage 2 sleep, breathing, muscle tension, heart rate, and body temp...

continue to decrease

what is serotonin

contributes to various functions like regulating body temp, sleep, mood, appetite, and pain

what are the states of consciousness

controlled processes, automatic processes, altered state of consciousness (unconsciousness)

automatic process example

daydreaming

what is depolarization

decreasing the charge difference between the fluids inside and outside the neuron

stage IV is referred to as

deep sleep

what waves are seen during stage 3 sleep

delta-brain wave patterns

what diseases are serotonin associated with

depression, suicide, impulsive behavior, aggressiveness

did aristotle agree or disagree with Descartes

disagree

when you wake up from deep sleep, you may be

disoriented or confused

descartes believed that the only way to arrive at certainty is to

doubt everything

what is the fifth step to the scientific method

draw conclusions and use them to create/refine theories

what are the three levels of freud's model of the psyche, specifically

ego, supergo, id

REM helps us process

emotional experiences

john locke was an

empiricist

what are the adrenal glands

endocrine glands that secrete hormones that arouse the body, help with adjustment to stress, regulate salt balance, and affect sexual functioning

what are endorphins

endogenous morphines that modify our natural response to pain and act as neuromodulators

what are the endorphins and other important hormones

endorphins, melatonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones

difference between endorphins and epinephrine

endorpins are the body's natural morphine and response to pain but epinephrine is released primarily when you get scared

drugs that increase the level of GABA in your brain are used to treat

epilepsy

during stage 1 your breathing and heart rate slow and you may experience sensations like

falling or floating

what does epinephrine lead to

fight, flight, freeze, fawn

what is the second step to the scientific method

formulate a research question

who is credited with founding the field of personality psychology

freud

what are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

what psychological perspective is James associated with

functionalism

what is GABA

gamma-aminobutyric acid - an inhibitory neurotransmitter that slows down electrical activity in your brain that is very widely distributed in the neurons of the cortex

what is the third step to the scientific method

generate a testable prediction (hypothesis) that addresses your question

who is wakefield

guy who did a terrible experiment then claimed that vaccines cause autism even though it wasn't true

what are the different drug categories

hallucinogens, stimulants, depressants, opiates

why was descartes significant to the history of psychology

he believed that the mind could be studied but it was separate from the body and that we were NOT born a blank slate but we had some knowledge

why is aristotle significant to the history of psychology

he believed that the mind was a blank slate at birth and was filled by observing the world - this belief led to the school of thought of empiricism

what is skinners role in the history of psychology

he created operant conditioning and was the first to connect animal studies to humans

what is watsons role in the history of psychology

he founded behaviorism

what is wundt's role in the history of psychology

he founded it and made the first psychology lab

what is ticheners role in the history of psychology

he founded structuralism

what is Freud's role in the history of pschology

he founded the study of personality psycholgy

what is james's role in the history of psychology

he is the father of it, brought it to the U.S., gave the first lecture on it, wrote the first textbook about it

why is plato significant to the history of psychology

he was the first person to ask about psychology and "what is the mind?"

what does the temporal lobe do

hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language

overall sports psychologists help people become better athletes by

helping them overcome psychological barriers

what is the risk of overdose for narcotics/opiates

high

what is the risk of overdose for sedatives

high

what are thyroid hormones

hormones that help regulate metabolism rate

psychologists apply psychological science to understand

how we make decisions and perceive our world (usually using an EEG)

what diseases are GABA associated with

huntington's and epilepsy

altered state of consciousness example

hypnosis

what is superego

ideals and morals, striving for perfection

how do you measure the direction of a correlation

if it is going down left to right then it is negative and if it is going up left to right then it is positive

the expertise and assessments of forensic and public service/community psychology are

important in a range of issues, such as establishing mental competence

what does clinical psychology seek to do

improve human functioning using evidence based practices

where did descartes think your soul was

in your pineal gland

stimulants

increase alertness and mobility while decreasing reaction time

what principles were established by the Nuremberg code

informed consent and right of individuals to withdraw participation at any time

REM behavior disorder

intense sleep walking but you're hurting yourself or others

what does the occipital lobe do

interprets incoming visual information

what psychological perspective is wundt associated with

introspection

what does it mean for a scientific hypothesis to be "falsifiable"

it can be tested and proven wrong

how hard is it to wake up from stage 1 sleep

it is a light sleep that is very easy to wake up from

who is the FATHER of psychology

james

delta waves are

large, slow brain waves

what was freud's model of the psyche

levels of consciousness - the psyche consists of three parts/levels

attrition rates are high in which type of research

longitudinal

what is the risk of overdose for alcohol

low to high

what level is the ego in

mainly conscious but also a bit in preconscious

what is correlation

measuring the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables, or factors

what is ego

meditating between id impulses and superego inhibitions

what is the risk of overdose for stimulants

moderate to high

was aristotle a monist or dualist

monist

what diseases is norepinephrine associated with

mood disorders like manic depression

what is polarization

most negatively charged ions on the inside of the cell and most positive are on the outside

what level is the superego in

mostly at preconscious

what does GABA contribute to

motor control, vision, cortical functions, anxiety

what drugs are hallucinogens

mushrooms, mescaline, phencyclidine (PCP), marijuana, LSD

norepinephrine is both a

neurotransmitter and a hormone

what is the first step to the scientific method

observe behavior or other phenomena

what is the all or nothing principle

once the electrical impulse reaches in a nerve cell reach certain level of intensity (threshold) it fires and moves all the way down the axon without losing any of its intensity

what is the range of reaction concept

our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall (nature and nurture)

polarization creates a voltage between the inside and

outside of the axon wall

developmental psychology applies their research to help people

overcome developmental challenges and reach their full potential

what does climate and environmental psychology study

ow natural environments affect mental and psychological process and behavior, how we can increase pro climate behaviors or how we can get people to respond faster in environmental emergencies

what disease is dopamine associated with

parkinson's

who is lense

person who did bad research and fabricated the results for an Alzheimer's study - he was photo-shopping brain scans

what are all of the endocrine glands

pineal, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas

what was the first psychology textbook called

principles of psychology

what was the Tuskegee syphilis experiment

prisoners, soldiers, and mental patients were deliberately exposed to syphilis and gonorrhea to test the effectiveness of penicillin

what does the parietal lobe do

processing information from the body's senses

what psychological perspective is freud associated with

psychoanalytic

sport and performance psychologists help people overcome

psychological barriers that can impeded their achievements and professional success

what is cognitive psychology

psychology that claims that how the brain processes information influences how we behave

what is positive psychology

psychology that focuses on the factors that influence happiness, well being, altruism, and other positive characteristics

what is gestalt psychology

psychology that focuses on the whole because breaking a whole perception into building blocks would result in the loss of important psychological information

what is humanistic psychology

psychology that focuses on what went wrong in people's lives and what makes a person "good"

what psychological perspective is skinner associated with

radical behaviorism/operant conditioning

what does REM stand for

rapid eye movement

what did plato think the three parts of the mind were

reason, spirit, appetite

what does the frontal lobe do

reasoning, motor control, emotion, language

during stage 4 the body is extremely relaxed and heart rate, respiration, body temp, and blood flow to the brain are

reduced

the endocrine system is comprised of a number of glands that

release chemical messengers known as hormones into the bloodstream to communicate with other body parts

what is a case study

research focusing on one person or just a few individuals

during deep sleep, body maintenance and

restoration occur

what pathway in the brain is associated with addiction

reward pathway

what is operant conditioning

rewarding behavior until it is repeated or punishing behavior until it is stopped

where does the spinal cord end

ribs

what is a partial seizure

seizure that originates in one part of the brain, known as the focal area, and often come with an aura or knowing that a seizure is about to occur

MDMA stimulates activity of

serotonin and oxytocin

stage 2 spindles help us process

simple and complex motor skills that we have learned

what waves are seen during stage 2 sleep

sleep spindles

depressants

slow down the activity of the nervous system

sate 3 and 4 sleep are referred to as

slow-wave sleep

when a consistent pattern of delta waves emerges, you have entered

stage IV (4) sleep

the work of quantitative psychologists involves the

statistical and mathematical modeling of psychological processes, the design of research studies, and the analysis of psychological data

what area of psychology coined the term introspection

structuralism

what psychological perspective is titchener associated with

structuralsim

what is quantitative psychology

study and developing the methods and techniques used to measure human behavior and other attributes

what was plato's theory about the mind

that it had three parts that must be in balance

what is an independent variable

the cause

what parts of the brain are necessary for consciousness

the cerebral cortex and thalamus

what is a dependent variable

the effect

who is james

the father of psychology, he gave the first psychology lecture, brought psychology to the U.S., wrote the first psychology textbook - we still cover the same topics that he did

who is skinner

the first one to really make connections to humans from animal studies and he created operant conditioning

who is watson

the founder of behaviorism - he wrote an article about it

who is wundt

the founder of psychology, from Germany, he made the first psychology lab, thought that the mind was a hierarchy, and he was Titchener's teacher

what do monists say about the ability to study the mind scientifically

the mind CAN be studied

what do dualists say about the ability to study the mind scientifically

the mind CANNOT be studied scientifically

what do monists think about the nature of relationship between the mind and body

the mind and body are ONE

what do dualists think about the nature of the relationship between the mind and body

the mind and body are SEPARATE

what are glia cells

the most common cells in the nervous system

which gland is the master gland that regulates all other glands

the pituitary gland

what is the difference between the left and right brain

the processing styles - left focuses on details and the right gets the big picture or overall pattern

what is the replication crisis

the results of scientific studies are hard or almost impossible to accurately reproduce

what is developmental psychology

the study of how people grow and adapt over the course of their lives

what is neuropsychology

the study of how the mind thinks, remembers and learns

what is experimental psychology

the use of science to explore the process behind human and animal behavior

what if a correlation is just a random blob

there is no correlation or direction

what waves are seen during stage 1 sleep

theta waves

what do glia cells do

they provide support, nutritional benefits, and other functions in the nervous system and keep neurons running smoothly

how did aristotle think knowledge is gained

through experience

who founded structuralism

titchener

why did we discuss the research of lense and wakefield in class

to show that not all studies are reliable, and you should actually do good research

examples of a generalized seizure

tonic-clonic and absence

what is unconsciousness

total lack of sensory awareness and complete loss of responsiveness to one's environment

what do IO psychologists do

travel from business to business and do trainings, etc

what level is the id in

unconscious

what is climate and environmental psychology

using psychological science to improve the interactions of people with their natural environments

what is forensic and public service/community psychology

using psychological science to support the judicial system and other organizations dedicated to public safety

what is social psychology

using psychological science to understand how we perceive ourselves in relation to the rest of the world and how this perception affects our choices, behaviors, and beliefs

what is clinical psychology

using psychological science to understand, diagnose/assess, and treat a variety of mental health conditions

what is sport and performance psychology

using science to study human behavior and abilities in sport, exercise, and performance

what is industrial and organizational (IO) psychology

using science to study human behavior in organizations and the workplace to promote more productivity

what is heath psychology

using the science of psychology to promote health, prevent illness, and improve health care

how hard is it to wake up from stage 4 sleep

very difficult

what is the risk of overdose for cannabis

very low

what is the risk of overdose for hallucinogens

very low

what is acetylcholine involved with

wakefulness, attentiveness, anger, aggression, sexuality, thirst

examples of a partial seizure

wandering around or chewing motions

who is the founder of behaviorism

watson

what level of consciousness is driving

we don't have enough info to answer this question - it depends

who first proposed the Gestalt viewpoint to help explain perceptual illusions

wertheimer

what is empiricism

when you are born you have nothing going on in your mind, and as you grow up, you learn

who coined the term introspection

wundt

who is the FOUNDER of psychology

wundt

is it hard to wake up from stage 2 sleep

you are clearly asleep and not easily awakened

sleep paralysis

you are fully paralyzed but you become conscious and dreams become hallucinations

sleep walking is when you get all the activity increase from REM, but

your body is not paralyzed

during REM sleep, muscles decrease in tone so...

your body should be paralyzed

what are the principles in the APA code of ethics

Do no harm, accurately describe risks to potential participants, ensure that participation is voluntary, minimize discomfort to participants, maintain confidentiality, do not unnecessarily invade privacy, use deception only when absolutely necessary, provide debriefing to all participants, provide results and interpretations to participants, treat participants with dignity and respect, allow participants to withdraw at any time for any reason

what stage of sleep is growth hormone secreted in

IV (4)

how do you measure the strength of a correlation

If it is -1.00 or +1.00 then it is very strong, and the closer it is to zero, the less strong it is

naturalistic observation example

Jane Goodall observing the world of chimpanzees

what are the steps to the scientific method

Observe behavior or other phenomena, formulate a research question, generate a testable prediction (hypothesis) that addresses your question, collect and analyze data, draw conclusions and use them to create/refine theories

what is human factors and engineering psychology

Striving to make everyday experiences easier, more comfortable, and less frustrating by applying the psychological science of human behavior to the products, systems, and devices we use every day