PSY 1010 Study Guide - Exam 1
how long does stage 1 sleep last
1 to 7 minutes
what are the stages of sleep
1, 2, 3, 4, and REM
which stage of sleep is the hardest to wake up from
4
what is the APA code of ethics
American Psychological Association code that guides morals and ethics in studies
what is acetylcholine
An excitatory neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction and stimulates the excretion of certain hormones
we spend 20% of our sleep time in which stage
REM
what is a generalized seizure
Seizures characterized by the abnormal activation of circuits connecting the cortex and thalamus - do not arise from the focal area and typically don't have an aura and consciousness is lost completely
opiates
Used to treat pain by mimicking pain-inhibiting neurotransmitters in the body such as endorphins
who is titchener
Wundt's student who expanded Wundt's views and founded structuralism
what is an action potential
a brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon
was descartes a monist or a dualist
a dualist
what is mealtonin
a hormone released by the pineal gland in response to daily cycles of light and dark
what is glutamate
a major excitatory neurotransmitter that is associated with learning and memory
what is norepinephrine classified as
a neurotransmitter AND a hormone
what is norepinephrine
a neurotransmitter and adrenal hormone that tens to arouse the body; associated with anger
what is dopamine
a neurotransmitter involved in controlling movement and posture; also modulates mood and plays a central role in positive reinforcement and dependency
what is norepineprhine
a neurotransmitter that is important for attentiveness, emotions, sleeping, dreaming, and learning
what are sleep spindles
a pattern of lower theta waves sporadically disrupted by bursts of electrical activity
who is frued
a psychologist (one of the original pop psychologists) that brought about the terms conscious and unconscious
MDMA/ecstacy is categorized as
a stimulant but it is apart of the peyote family
what is a confounding variable
a variable that affects the actual variables of interest, distorting the results
what are the neurotransmitters
acetylcholine, dopamine, GABA, gutamate, norepinephrine, serotonin
REM sleep is a very ________ stage of sleep
active
what is controlled process
activities that require full awareness, alertness, and concentration to reach some goal; interferes with the execution of other ongoing activities
what is an automatic process
activities that require little awareness, take minimal attention, and do not interfere with other ongoing activities
what drugs are depressants
alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
when you're awake you are going to see more
alpha and beta waves
what disease is glutamate associated with
also alzheimer's
what disease is acetylcholine associated with
alzheimers
MDMA is a relative of
amphetamine
what is epinephrine
an adrenal hormone that tends to arouse the body and is associated with fear
what is the pineal gland
an endocrine gland that helps regulate body rhythms and sleep cycles
what is the pituitary gland
an endocrine gland that influences growth and lactation and regulates the activity of other glands
what is the thyroid gland
an endocrine gland that regulates the metabolism in the body
what is the pancreas
an endocrine gland that releases insulin to regulate blood sugar and hunger
what is altered state of consciousness
awareness that differs from normal consciousness
what is id
basic impulses (sex and aggression) seek immediate gratification - irrational and impulsive
why was the founder of psychology given that title
because he founded the first psychology lab
why was the father of psychology given that title
because he gave the first psychology lecture, brought psychology to the U.S. and wrote the first psychology textbook
what psychological perspective is watson associated with
behaviorism
what is structuralism
belief that the mind can be broken down into smallest elements of mental experience (it fell away in modern psychology)
norepinephrine is also released as a hormone into the blood, where it causes
blood vessels to contract and heart rate to increase
MDMA increases heart rate, BP,
body temp and sociability
what are skinner boxes
boxes for animals with different levers that shock or give a treat - the animal navigates the maze by doing this
what drugs are stimulants
caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, MDMA (ecstacy)
hallucinogens are
capable of producing false perceptions
what is the fourth step to the scientific method
collect and analyze data
what is a naturalistic observation
collecting data from a natural setting by just observing and doing nothing more
what are the three consciousness levels of freud's model of the psyche
conscious, preconscious, unconscious
during stage 2 sleep, breathing, muscle tension, heart rate, and body temp...
continue to decrease
what is serotonin
contributes to various functions like regulating body temp, sleep, mood, appetite, and pain
what are the states of consciousness
controlled processes, automatic processes, altered state of consciousness (unconsciousness)
automatic process example
daydreaming
what is depolarization
decreasing the charge difference between the fluids inside and outside the neuron
stage IV is referred to as
deep sleep
what waves are seen during stage 3 sleep
delta-brain wave patterns
what diseases are serotonin associated with
depression, suicide, impulsive behavior, aggressiveness
did aristotle agree or disagree with Descartes
disagree
when you wake up from deep sleep, you may be
disoriented or confused
descartes believed that the only way to arrive at certainty is to
doubt everything
what is the fifth step to the scientific method
draw conclusions and use them to create/refine theories
what are the three levels of freud's model of the psyche, specifically
ego, supergo, id
REM helps us process
emotional experiences
john locke was an
empiricist
what are the adrenal glands
endocrine glands that secrete hormones that arouse the body, help with adjustment to stress, regulate salt balance, and affect sexual functioning
what are endorphins
endogenous morphines that modify our natural response to pain and act as neuromodulators
what are the endorphins and other important hormones
endorphins, melatonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones
difference between endorphins and epinephrine
endorpins are the body's natural morphine and response to pain but epinephrine is released primarily when you get scared
drugs that increase the level of GABA in your brain are used to treat
epilepsy
during stage 1 your breathing and heart rate slow and you may experience sensations like
falling or floating
what does epinephrine lead to
fight, flight, freeze, fawn
what is the second step to the scientific method
formulate a research question
who is credited with founding the field of personality psychology
freud
what are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
what psychological perspective is James associated with
functionalism
what is GABA
gamma-aminobutyric acid - an inhibitory neurotransmitter that slows down electrical activity in your brain that is very widely distributed in the neurons of the cortex
what is the third step to the scientific method
generate a testable prediction (hypothesis) that addresses your question
who is wakefield
guy who did a terrible experiment then claimed that vaccines cause autism even though it wasn't true
what are the different drug categories
hallucinogens, stimulants, depressants, opiates
why was descartes significant to the history of psychology
he believed that the mind could be studied but it was separate from the body and that we were NOT born a blank slate but we had some knowledge
why is aristotle significant to the history of psychology
he believed that the mind was a blank slate at birth and was filled by observing the world - this belief led to the school of thought of empiricism
what is skinners role in the history of psychology
he created operant conditioning and was the first to connect animal studies to humans
what is watsons role in the history of psychology
he founded behaviorism
what is wundt's role in the history of psychology
he founded it and made the first psychology lab
what is ticheners role in the history of psychology
he founded structuralism
what is Freud's role in the history of pschology
he founded the study of personality psycholgy
what is james's role in the history of psychology
he is the father of it, brought it to the U.S., gave the first lecture on it, wrote the first textbook about it
why is plato significant to the history of psychology
he was the first person to ask about psychology and "what is the mind?"
what does the temporal lobe do
hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language
overall sports psychologists help people become better athletes by
helping them overcome psychological barriers
what is the risk of overdose for narcotics/opiates
high
what is the risk of overdose for sedatives
high
what are thyroid hormones
hormones that help regulate metabolism rate
psychologists apply psychological science to understand
how we make decisions and perceive our world (usually using an EEG)
what diseases are GABA associated with
huntington's and epilepsy
altered state of consciousness example
hypnosis
what is superego
ideals and morals, striving for perfection
how do you measure the direction of a correlation
if it is going down left to right then it is negative and if it is going up left to right then it is positive
the expertise and assessments of forensic and public service/community psychology are
important in a range of issues, such as establishing mental competence
what does clinical psychology seek to do
improve human functioning using evidence based practices
where did descartes think your soul was
in your pineal gland
stimulants
increase alertness and mobility while decreasing reaction time
what principles were established by the Nuremberg code
informed consent and right of individuals to withdraw participation at any time
REM behavior disorder
intense sleep walking but you're hurting yourself or others
what does the occipital lobe do
interprets incoming visual information
what psychological perspective is wundt associated with
introspection
what does it mean for a scientific hypothesis to be "falsifiable"
it can be tested and proven wrong
how hard is it to wake up from stage 1 sleep
it is a light sleep that is very easy to wake up from
who is the FATHER of psychology
james
delta waves are
large, slow brain waves
what was freud's model of the psyche
levels of consciousness - the psyche consists of three parts/levels
attrition rates are high in which type of research
longitudinal
what is the risk of overdose for alcohol
low to high
what level is the ego in
mainly conscious but also a bit in preconscious
what is correlation
measuring the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables, or factors
what is ego
meditating between id impulses and superego inhibitions
what is the risk of overdose for stimulants
moderate to high
was aristotle a monist or dualist
monist
what diseases is norepinephrine associated with
mood disorders like manic depression
what is polarization
most negatively charged ions on the inside of the cell and most positive are on the outside
what level is the superego in
mostly at preconscious
what does GABA contribute to
motor control, vision, cortical functions, anxiety
what drugs are hallucinogens
mushrooms, mescaline, phencyclidine (PCP), marijuana, LSD
norepinephrine is both a
neurotransmitter and a hormone
what is the first step to the scientific method
observe behavior or other phenomena
what is the all or nothing principle
once the electrical impulse reaches in a nerve cell reach certain level of intensity (threshold) it fires and moves all the way down the axon without losing any of its intensity
what is the range of reaction concept
our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall (nature and nurture)
polarization creates a voltage between the inside and
outside of the axon wall
developmental psychology applies their research to help people
overcome developmental challenges and reach their full potential
what does climate and environmental psychology study
ow natural environments affect mental and psychological process and behavior, how we can increase pro climate behaviors or how we can get people to respond faster in environmental emergencies
what disease is dopamine associated with
parkinson's
who is lense
person who did bad research and fabricated the results for an Alzheimer's study - he was photo-shopping brain scans
what are all of the endocrine glands
pineal, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas
what was the first psychology textbook called
principles of psychology
what was the Tuskegee syphilis experiment
prisoners, soldiers, and mental patients were deliberately exposed to syphilis and gonorrhea to test the effectiveness of penicillin
what does the parietal lobe do
processing information from the body's senses
what psychological perspective is freud associated with
psychoanalytic
sport and performance psychologists help people overcome
psychological barriers that can impeded their achievements and professional success
what is cognitive psychology
psychology that claims that how the brain processes information influences how we behave
what is positive psychology
psychology that focuses on the factors that influence happiness, well being, altruism, and other positive characteristics
what is gestalt psychology
psychology that focuses on the whole because breaking a whole perception into building blocks would result in the loss of important psychological information
what is humanistic psychology
psychology that focuses on what went wrong in people's lives and what makes a person "good"
what psychological perspective is skinner associated with
radical behaviorism/operant conditioning
what does REM stand for
rapid eye movement
what did plato think the three parts of the mind were
reason, spirit, appetite
what does the frontal lobe do
reasoning, motor control, emotion, language
during stage 4 the body is extremely relaxed and heart rate, respiration, body temp, and blood flow to the brain are
reduced
the endocrine system is comprised of a number of glands that
release chemical messengers known as hormones into the bloodstream to communicate with other body parts
what is a case study
research focusing on one person or just a few individuals
during deep sleep, body maintenance and
restoration occur
what pathway in the brain is associated with addiction
reward pathway
what is operant conditioning
rewarding behavior until it is repeated or punishing behavior until it is stopped
where does the spinal cord end
ribs
what is a partial seizure
seizure that originates in one part of the brain, known as the focal area, and often come with an aura or knowing that a seizure is about to occur
MDMA stimulates activity of
serotonin and oxytocin
stage 2 spindles help us process
simple and complex motor skills that we have learned
what waves are seen during stage 2 sleep
sleep spindles
depressants
slow down the activity of the nervous system
sate 3 and 4 sleep are referred to as
slow-wave sleep
when a consistent pattern of delta waves emerges, you have entered
stage IV (4) sleep
the work of quantitative psychologists involves the
statistical and mathematical modeling of psychological processes, the design of research studies, and the analysis of psychological data
what area of psychology coined the term introspection
structuralism
what psychological perspective is titchener associated with
structuralsim
what is quantitative psychology
study and developing the methods and techniques used to measure human behavior and other attributes
what was plato's theory about the mind
that it had three parts that must be in balance
what is an independent variable
the cause
what parts of the brain are necessary for consciousness
the cerebral cortex and thalamus
what is a dependent variable
the effect
who is james
the father of psychology, he gave the first psychology lecture, brought psychology to the U.S., wrote the first psychology textbook - we still cover the same topics that he did
who is skinner
the first one to really make connections to humans from animal studies and he created operant conditioning
who is watson
the founder of behaviorism - he wrote an article about it
who is wundt
the founder of psychology, from Germany, he made the first psychology lab, thought that the mind was a hierarchy, and he was Titchener's teacher
what do monists say about the ability to study the mind scientifically
the mind CAN be studied
what do dualists say about the ability to study the mind scientifically
the mind CANNOT be studied scientifically
what do monists think about the nature of relationship between the mind and body
the mind and body are ONE
what do dualists think about the nature of the relationship between the mind and body
the mind and body are SEPARATE
what are glia cells
the most common cells in the nervous system
which gland is the master gland that regulates all other glands
the pituitary gland
what is the difference between the left and right brain
the processing styles - left focuses on details and the right gets the big picture or overall pattern
what is the replication crisis
the results of scientific studies are hard or almost impossible to accurately reproduce
what is developmental psychology
the study of how people grow and adapt over the course of their lives
what is neuropsychology
the study of how the mind thinks, remembers and learns
what is experimental psychology
the use of science to explore the process behind human and animal behavior
what if a correlation is just a random blob
there is no correlation or direction
what waves are seen during stage 1 sleep
theta waves
what do glia cells do
they provide support, nutritional benefits, and other functions in the nervous system and keep neurons running smoothly
how did aristotle think knowledge is gained
through experience
who founded structuralism
titchener
why did we discuss the research of lense and wakefield in class
to show that not all studies are reliable, and you should actually do good research
examples of a generalized seizure
tonic-clonic and absence
what is unconsciousness
total lack of sensory awareness and complete loss of responsiveness to one's environment
what do IO psychologists do
travel from business to business and do trainings, etc
what level is the id in
unconscious
what is climate and environmental psychology
using psychological science to improve the interactions of people with their natural environments
what is forensic and public service/community psychology
using psychological science to support the judicial system and other organizations dedicated to public safety
what is social psychology
using psychological science to understand how we perceive ourselves in relation to the rest of the world and how this perception affects our choices, behaviors, and beliefs
what is clinical psychology
using psychological science to understand, diagnose/assess, and treat a variety of mental health conditions
what is sport and performance psychology
using science to study human behavior and abilities in sport, exercise, and performance
what is industrial and organizational (IO) psychology
using science to study human behavior in organizations and the workplace to promote more productivity
what is heath psychology
using the science of psychology to promote health, prevent illness, and improve health care
how hard is it to wake up from stage 4 sleep
very difficult
what is the risk of overdose for cannabis
very low
what is the risk of overdose for hallucinogens
very low
what is acetylcholine involved with
wakefulness, attentiveness, anger, aggression, sexuality, thirst
examples of a partial seizure
wandering around or chewing motions
who is the founder of behaviorism
watson
what level of consciousness is driving
we don't have enough info to answer this question - it depends
who first proposed the Gestalt viewpoint to help explain perceptual illusions
wertheimer
what is empiricism
when you are born you have nothing going on in your mind, and as you grow up, you learn
who coined the term introspection
wundt
who is the FOUNDER of psychology
wundt
is it hard to wake up from stage 2 sleep
you are clearly asleep and not easily awakened
sleep paralysis
you are fully paralyzed but you become conscious and dreams become hallucinations
sleep walking is when you get all the activity increase from REM, but
your body is not paralyzed
during REM sleep, muscles decrease in tone so...
your body should be paralyzed
what are the principles in the APA code of ethics
Do no harm, accurately describe risks to potential participants, ensure that participation is voluntary, minimize discomfort to participants, maintain confidentiality, do not unnecessarily invade privacy, use deception only when absolutely necessary, provide debriefing to all participants, provide results and interpretations to participants, treat participants with dignity and respect, allow participants to withdraw at any time for any reason
what stage of sleep is growth hormone secreted in
IV (4)
how do you measure the strength of a correlation
If it is -1.00 or +1.00 then it is very strong, and the closer it is to zero, the less strong it is
naturalistic observation example
Jane Goodall observing the world of chimpanzees
what are the steps to the scientific method
Observe behavior or other phenomena, formulate a research question, generate a testable prediction (hypothesis) that addresses your question, collect and analyze data, draw conclusions and use them to create/refine theories
what is human factors and engineering psychology
Striving to make everyday experiences easier, more comfortable, and less frustrating by applying the psychological science of human behavior to the products, systems, and devices we use every day
