PSY 1030, Doug Hensley, Final Exam ch. 10,11,12,15

Anal stage

- 18 months-3 years old - potty training

The Stanford prison experiment

- 70 happy/healthy students were paid to be arrested and taken to jail - stripped naked and not treated well - held captive for 6 days, and they thought they'd never get out, so they went on strike - unethical

Instrumental aggression

- fight someone with no emotional attachment - ex. military - planned, not impulsive

Ego

- tries to figure out how to satisfy both the id and the superego - reality principle - secondary

What are the components of Freud's theories on personality?

a structural model of the mind, psychosexual development, dynamic processes

Persistence

indicator of how successful you will be, behaviors that continue over a long period of time

The Asch experiment

students were told to say the wrong answer out loud in class to see of the other students would follow (and they did, partly because they believed them, and partly because they didn't want to feel the discomfort of being different)

Normative motivations

the desire to obtain approval from a group or avoid embarrassment

Approach-Avoidance distinction

the distinction between motivations to seek positive vs. negative experiences

Violent aggression

the goal is to inflect serious physical injury or even death

Deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness in a group situation

True or False: Increased income = Increased happiness

true

Dreams and dreamwork

- Freud believes dreams are expressions of your unconscious

Rorschach inkblot test

- a projective personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings and interpret his or her personality structure - unreliable

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

- a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes/pictures - how you're motivated - low reliability because choosing which pictures you like better is hard to score

Self-control

- able to resist temptation - sacrifice instant gratification - the marshmallow test

Latency stage

- age 6-puberty - calm, just focus on school, sit back - reduced interest in sex

Phallic (oedipal) stage

- ages 3-6 - want love and affection from opposite sex parent, and act just like the same sex parent

What are the phases of fight or flight?

- alarm - resistance - exhaustion

Neuroticism

- anxious, emotional, self-pitying - opposite: calm, emotionally stable, comfortable with themselves

Ways of coping with stress

- be optimistic (optimistic people live 8 years longer) - get out, walk around, work out - meditate, pray, journal, read the Bible - surround yourself with good friends - have hope in God - get a pet :)

Cognitive dissonance

- behavior + attitudes are not in harmony - learn to do things you hate - ex. get paid, but you have to do something you don't like for it - uncomfortable feelings - how cults work

Oral stage

- birth-18 months - main pleasure in mouth

Happienss

- can be an emotion or general state of well-being - most people consider themselves to be generally happy people

Behaviorism

- classical and operant conditioning - no unconscious - you are the way you are because of enforcment

Dynamics

- constant motion, energy, and conflict between component parts of the mind - id, ego, personality, etc. are always at work

The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R)

- created using face validity - objective personality test

Minnnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)

- created using the criterion-key method - objective personality test - for diagnosing mentally ill patients - 520 questions

Traits

- describe (not explain) personality - generally consistent throughout lifespan - ex. honest, kind, cheerful, short-tempered

Groupthink

- each group think they're the best and smartest and will beat everyone else - Psychologist Irving Janis originally borrowed this term from the George Orwell novel 1984

The Schachter and Singer Two-Factor Theory

- emotion comes before reaction, but labeling the arousal intervenes before you experience the emotion. - ex. cry for both happy and sad, so we have to think about and interpret the emotion

What are the conditions that should be fulfilled by the environment in order for people to develop a healthy self-concept?

- empathy, withholding judgment - congruence, staying the same - positive regard/self-regard, high self-esteem and positive regard from others

Levels of Analysis / Fundamental Motivations

- evolutionary needs (food, water, mate) - developmental needs (look at life history, everone's goals are different) - cognitive needs (what are your motivations? how do you think?)

Attributions

- explaining behavior based on charactaristics of the person and situation - intentional vs. unintentional actions - good things happen- internal, "I did that" / bad things happen- external, "that was her fault"

Social-cognitive theories

- focus on the way human cognitive mechanisms interact with social variables to create characteristic behavior patterns - humans are casual agents (create their own personality rather than let it rule them)

Genital stage

- happens around time of puberty - looking for a mate

Openness to experience

- imaginative, likes variety, independent - opposite: down to earth, likes routine, conforming

Proximate causes of altruistic behavior

- immediate/direct - include motivations, and physiological, biochemical, and neural processes, as well as learning

Self-narrative

- individuals form an identity by integrating their life experiences into an internalized, evolving story - the story we tell about ourselves

Display rules of emotion

- intensify (ex. because we know what's expected like at a ball game or a funeral) - de-intensify - mask - neutralize

Stress

- interferes with important goals - catastrophes, finances, change in job or living arrangements can all cause this

Social comparison theory

- kids compare themselves to other kids in school - the people you hang out with are pretty much like you - Milgram's theory

Altruism

- offer assistance without expectation - inspired to do good things when someone does good things for you

What are the types of self-serving bias?

- overestimating your own contributions, like in a group project - overestimating your positive attributes- everyone thinks they're better than average - good things are of your own effort / bad things are just bad luck or someone else's fault

Id

- pleasure principle - instant gratification - first thing you're born with - basic drives, like hunger, thirst, sex

Types of positive illusions

- positive view of self- can't think of personal weakness - illusions of control - unrealistic optimism

Anger

- reaction to something bad

What are the keys to proper intimacy?

- self-disclosure: share something secret with someone - response: partner should reciprocate and show support and share his own personal information

Extroversion

- sociable, energetic, assertive - opposite: passive, reserved, quiet

Anna Freud's ego defense mechanisms

- stomp like a little kid when you want something - displacement: take all your anger and put it toward something else, like punching a wall - sublimation: take something wrong in society and make it acceptable, like taking martial arts instead of punching random people

Humanism

- strong feeling of who you are

What determines facial attractiveness?

- symmetry - averageness (people date others of the same attractiveness level) - exaggerated masculinity and femininity

Displacement

- take all your anger and put it toward something else - ex. punching a wall

Sterotyping

- tendency to attribute clusters of traits to specific categories of individuals and objects - sometimes get wrong ideals about people and cultures

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

- think other people's behavior is internal (their fault), while ignoring or underestimating the possibility that behavior may be influenced by situational/external factors - ex. student doesn't come to class, then the teacher thinks he's lazy

Ingroup bias

- think your group is the best (ingroup is good, outgroup is bad) - ex. fraternities, politics

If an adult is fixated on one specific psychosexual development stage, what is the explanation?

- this adult probably had a traumatic event during the stage he is fixated on as a child - ex. a girl had to get stitches in her lip/mouth as a baby during the oral stage, and now she is always chewing on her hair and pencils and is always eating something

Authority: The Milgram Experiment

- to test obedience - 65% of people are obedient to the point of electrocuting someone to death - it only takes one person to say "stop" for something to stop in a group of people, but no one wants to be the one

Agreeableness

- warm, kind, empathetic - opposite: hostile, unkind, suspicious

Eysenck's two-factor model

- we have 1-3 major traits on the surface

Spotlight effect

- we think everyone is going to notice all the bad things about us, but they don't - ex. if you drop a plate, you think everyone is looking at you

Sublimation

- when you take something wrong in society and make it acceptable - ex. instead of punching people in the streets, you take a martial arts class

Ultimate causes of altruistic behavior

- why some types of behavior (like altruism) exist in the first place - show how some behaviors benefit the survival and reproduction of human beings over evolutionary time - natural selection

Objective personality tests

- yes/no questions - statistical

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

- you can change your emotion by changing your facial expression - ex. if you're sad, but you push yourself to laugh, you'll actually change your mood to be happier

What does it mean for emotions to be captured by body memories?

- you can display, verbalize, and act out emotions - ex. there is an international sign (or body language) for anger

The bystander effect

-people are less likely to help strangers in need if there are other people present at the scene - ex. if someone falls and there's one other person around, he'll help him / if someone falls and there are several people around, no one will help him

Fight or Flight

-stress response - panic mode

Conscientiousness

-thorough, well-organized, responsible - opposite: inefficient, disorganized, irresponsible

Essential components of emotion

1. there's a place in our brain specifically and solely for them 2. they're subjective (ex. everyone thinks different things are funny) 3. physiological changes 4. cognitive changes 5. you can tell when someone's feeling some typa way

Strengths

24 principle strengths + 6 specific virtues enduring qualities which result from consistently having made constructive life choices in specific areas.

Kendrick's Hierarchy of Needs

<Top> - parenting - keep your mate - find a mate - status, esteem - affiliation - self-protection - physiological needs (food, water, sex, sleep) <Bottom>

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

<Top> - self-actualization (morality, creativity, lack of prejudice) - esteem (confidence, achievement, respect for/from others) - love/belonging (friendship, family, sexual intimacy) - safety (resources, family, health, property) - physiological (food, water, sex, sleep) <Bottom>

Who came up with the General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)?

Hans Selye

Who first described "fight or flight"?

Walter Cannon

Causes rooted in specific mental states

adrenaline rush + extreme alertness

General Aggression Model (GAM)

aggression will (or will not) occur in any given situation as a result of a complex interaction among four factors: 1. Personal characteristics - ex. a person's traits, sex, beliefs, and attitudes 2. Characteristics of the specific situation - ex. provocation, frustration 3. Emotions, thoughts, and biological arousal levels which result from the interaction of 1. and 2. above 4. Decision-making processes (how the person sizes up the situation and decides to act)

Actor-observer bias

based on if you're in it or watching

Intimacy

being willing to be vulnerable with someone and provide mutual support

Nonviolent aggression

can be verbal like taunting, insulting, criticizing, and gossiping

What is the #1 stressor?

death

Affect

describes the general quality of your feelings, not a specific emotion/mood

Personality is Integrated

different parts of your personality works together

Intrinsic motivation

do something because it's rewarding internally, personal accomplishment

Extrinsic motivation

do something because you're working toward an external reward

Perceived self-efficacy

each person gravitates towards the things they're good at, which influences how much effort they put into something because it's much easier to do something that you love

What is the highest disorder mortality?

eating disorders

Impression construction

effected by factors like self-concept, desired identity images, and undesired identity images

Social Psychology

effects/influence of society on an individual

The Cannon-Bard Theory

emotion and reactions happen at the same time

James-Lange Theory

emotion comes before reaction (ex. get scared, then run)

Reducing prejudice with intergroup contact

equal status, common goals, intergroup cooperation, formalized social support

Superordinate traits

extroversion/introversion + emotional instability/stability

True or False: "I did not do it"

false

True or False: Decreased income = Decreased happiness

false

True or False: Stress can never make you so ill as to cause heart problems

false

True or False: Venting is the best way to get rid of anger

false

True or False: counting to 10 when you're angry only makes you more frustrated

false

True or False: culture has little impact on us

false

True or False: discrimination is innate

false

True or False: the more dangerous a situation is, the less likely bystanders are to offer aid

false

Positive illusions

false beliefs with beneficial consequences

Basic emotions

fear, anger, joy/happiness, disgust, interest/surprise, contempt, sadness

Affiliation

flock together misery loves company

What are the causes of eating disorders

genes, culture, age, sex, psychology

Intensity

great physical/mental effort, strong will

What's the easiest emotion to identify in others?

happiness

Hostile aggression

harm someone because of emotional provocation

Shared environment

have the same education, income, beliefs, etc. as another person

Goal-setting

increases effort and persistence idea: direct your attention toward things that will help you achieve your goals

Self-regulation

monitor and exert control over your responses to accomplish goals and live up to your personal standard

Loneliness

mostly unpleasant only like it in moderation (like watching TV alone) results from your perception and interpretation of the meaning of being alone or isolated from specific others

Purpose

moving toward something you want/need

Hunger

need homeostasis- your body tells you when you need food for energy

Informational motivations

not based on the fear of looking foolish or wanting to be liked, but rather on a rational desire to seek realistic information about something from a group and adjust behavior accordingly

Impression motivation

obtain a desired goal, increase self-esteem, or alter our public identity

What are the stages of psychosexual development?

oral, anal, phallic (oedipal), latency, genital

Personality is Organized

personality forms a pretty good picture of who you are

Trait stability

personality stays stable- only fluctuates some from life factors like getting married

What are the characteristics of motivation?

purpose, cause rooted in specific mental states, and intentionality

What is the most common response to short-term stress?

resilience

At age 2, what emotions do humans learn?

shame and doubt

Appetite

shaped by outside factors it's a desire to eat

Cardinal traits

so predominant that you become known by it -ex. the name "Judas" is associated with betrayal

How can you tell if someone is lying?

stiff, avoid making eye contact, hands touching their face, words garbled or spoken softly, giving way too much detail

Self-serving bias

tendency to make various sorts of judgment errors—always in your own favor

How do you bring two opposite groups together?

they need a common enemy

Incentive theory

they pull us toward behaviors (not push) ex. if you want money, you get a job; if you stay in school, you'll get a degree, so you stay

The "Big Five"

trait model of personality - O penness to experience - C onscientiousness - E xtroversion - A greeableness - N euroticism

True or False: "I didn't do it"

true

True or False: Forgiveness is the best way to get rid of anger

true

True or False: Stress can cause depression

true

True or False: Stress can make you susceptible to colds

true

True or False: facial expressions are learned

true

Personality

unique variations on the set of evolved mental and behavioral characteristics, traits, goals, plans, beliefs, self-narratives

Conformity

we bring our behaviors and/or attitudes in line with group norms and pressures

Intentionality

we choose some things and not others ex. you go to the bathroom because you just need to, not because you wanted to, but you're still motivated to do it)

Belonging

we have to have frequent positive interactions with a least a few people we want enduring stable relationships

The mere exposure effect

we start to like the things we're exposed to

Positive assortment

we're attracted to people that are like us and nearby

What are the best motivators to achieve your goals?

write it down + set realistic goals

Triadic reciprocal determinism

you can't understand personality without understanding the way your environment, behavior, and feelings/thoughts are constantly interacting and influencing one another

Projective personality tests

you'll project your personality in your answer to the questions

Energy Balance

your body knows how many calories you need based on how much energy you expend

Baseline body weight

your consistent/average body weight over time

Characteristic adaptations

your goals, values, beliefs, social roles, and plans

Personality is Relative

your personality stays pretty much the same throughout your lifespan

Who said women like to care for babies and seek moral support as a stress response?

Shelley Taylor

Instincts

innate tendencies that push you toward something ex. eat, drink, sleep

How are motivations measured

intensity + persistence

Human aggression

intentional/deliberate harm dangerous desire to be the best

Superego

internal conflict, shame

Lazarus Cognitive-Motivational-Relational Theory

label the emotion and then experience it

Drive theory

like to be comfortable and motivated to find this balance ex. if you're hot or cold, you get goose bumps/sweat, or take your jacket on/off

Coping with stress

make sure stressful situations do not overwhelm you

Achievement motivation

measures a person's attainments and accomplishments primarily in relation to those of others "well done"