PSY 210 - Chapter 2 LearnSmart

Which of the following statements are true of a doula?

-A doula is a caregiver -A doula provides continuous support for a mother before, during, and after childbirth

Which of the following are psychoactive drugs?

-Alcohol -Caffeine -Marijuana -Tobacco

Phenylketonuria is best treated by _________.

A specialized diet

How long does the postpartum period last?

About six weeks

In the third stage of birth, the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are expelled from the uterus. This stage is called the:

Afterbirth.

It has become a customer in the United States for a babies father to:

Be with the mother throughout labor and delivery.

The neural tube develops out of the embryo's:

Ectoderm

Which of the following is true regarding maternal exposure to secondhand smoke?

It is associated with numerous negative outcomes for offspring.

How does a woman's exercise during pregnancy affect her body?

It is good for the baby's development and increases a woman's quality of life.

Which of the following is not among the valid criticisms of evolutionary psychology?

It overvalues the role of social behavior

___________ helps preterm infants stabilize their breathing, temperature, and heart rate through close physical contact.

Kangaroo care

XYY syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which the:

Male has an extra Y chromosome.

Chromosomal abnormalities result when a chromosome does not separate properly during _________.

Meiosis

Which of the following best describes the research findings regarding acupuncture use during childbirth?

There are not many studies, but it appears to be safe and may have positive effects.

Susceptibility genes make an individual more:

Vulnerable to specific diseases.

Natalie is 40 years old and in her 15th week of pregnancy. She is concerned that her baby might have Down Syndrome. Her doctor performs _________, which involves withdrawing and testing a sample of amniotic fluid.

amniocentesis

The process of methylation can change the behavior of genes through:

-Biochemical signals -Diet -Exercise

Which of the following malformations can be detected by fetal MRI?

-Chest malformations -Genital/urinary malformations -Central nervous sytstem malformations

Which of the following are gene-linked abnormalities?

-Cystic fibrosis -Spina bifida -Phenylketonuria -Sickle-cell anemia

Maternal obesity can cause which of the following outcomes?

-Elevated rates of hypertension -Respiratory issues -Diabetes

Which of the following are common reasons a cesarean delivery might be performed?

-Fetal distress -Baby is in breech position -Failure to progress through labor

Which of the following are chromosomal abnormalities?

-Fragile X syndrome -Turner syndrome -Down syndrome

Which of the following statements is true regarding genetic defects?

-Genetic abnormalities can be produced by harmful genes -Most genetic disorders are rare -Genetic abnormalities can be produced by an abnormal number of chromosomes

For a particular teratogen, The severity of damage to the embryo or fetus and the type of defect are influenced by which of the following?

-Genetic susceptibility -Time of exposure -The dosage

Which of the following can produce defects and offspring and cause damage during birth?

-Genital herpes -Rubella -Syphilis

Exposure to nicotine during prenatal development has been linked to which of the following?

-Impaired language development -Cognitive deficits -Impaired motor development

Which of the following factors represent sources of variability in the population?

-It is a matter of chances to which chromosomes in a pair goes to the gamete. -Chance, a mistake by cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent can cause gene mutation. -Before the pairs separate, pieces of the two chromosomes in each pair are exchanged.

Prenatal exposure to marijuana has been linked to which of the following?

-Lower intelligence -lower birthweight

Which of the following are risk factors for the development of a neural tube defect in a fetus?

-Maternal obesity -Maternal diabetes -High levels of maternal stress

The prenatal testing that should be performed depends on which of the following?

-Medical history -Mother's age -Genetic risk factor

Which of the following are recessive characteristics?

-Nearsightedness -Blonde hair -Freckles

Which of the following are considered teratogens?

-Nutritional deficiencies -Advanced maternal and paternal age -Maternal stress -Drugs -Infectious disease

When a pregnant woman experiences intense stress which of the following can occur?

-Physiological changes occur that may affect the fetus -Poor prenatal care -Substance abuse

Regarding paternal risk factors, which of the following statements are true?

-There is an increased risk of spontaneous abortion in offspring of older fathers. -If a father smokes during the mother's pregnancy, there is an increased risk of miscarriage.

Specific hazards to the embryo or fetus include which of the following?

-Toxic waste -Chemical pollutants -Radiation

How many chromosomes does a gamete, or sex cell, have?

23 unpaired chromosomes

Prenatal development lasts approximately _________ days, beginning with fertilization and ending with birth.

266

All of the following are physical adjustments that occur during the postpartum period, except:

A steep rise in dopamine production Physical adjustments: -A steep drop in estrogen and progesterone levels -The return of the uterus to pre-pregnant size (involution) -Loss of sleep

Sickle cell anemia occurs most often in

African Americans

The birth process occurs in three stages: the first is the longest, during which the contractions intensify; the second begins when the babies head starts to move through the birth canal; and during the third stage the _________ (the term that describes the placenta the umbilical cord and other membranes) is expelled.

Afterbirth

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Down syndrome?

An extra Y chromosome Actual characteristics: -A round face and a flattened skull -Intellectual and motor disabilities -An extra copy of chromosome 21

All of the following are characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome except:

An extra Y chromosome. Actual characteristics: -Tallness -Enlarged breasts -Undeveloped testes -XXY

Which field seeks to discover the influence of environment and heredity on individual differences in human development?

Behavior genetics

According to Gilbert Gottlieb's epigenetic view, which of the following characterizes the relationship between heredity and environment in development?

Bidirectional

An alternative to evolutionarily psychology is a ___________ view, in which environmental and biological conditions influence each other.

Bidirectional

Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the zygote is now a group of cells that is more specifically called the _________.

Blastocyst

All of the following are generally lower in individuals with FASD, except:

Blood pressure

Each of the following is more likely to be lower in children born to mothers who used marijuana during their pregnancy, except:

Blood pressure

A mother can infect her offspring with HIV/AIDS in all of the following ways, except:

By kissing and hugging the baby Can be infected through: -Contact with maternal blood or fluids during delivery -Across the placenta during gestation -Through breast-feeding.

Which of the following is a non-invasive test that can detect down syndrome as early as 10 weeks into the first trimester?

Cell-free DNA

An incision made in the mothers abdomen to deliver a baby is a procedure known as a ________ delivery.

Cesarean

Which of the following can be used to determine the sex of the penis between 11 and 13 weeks of gestation?

Chorionic villus sampling

__________ is a prenatal medical procedure in which a small sample of the placenta is removed and analyzed.

Chorionic villus sampling

There are times when abnormalities involve whole _________ that do not separate properly, whereas other abnormalities are produced by harmful genes.

Chromosomes

When discovery of the human genome project was that genes:

Collaborate with each other and with non-genetic factors.

What is the complex molecule, shaped like a spiral staircase, that contains genetic information?

DNA

According to developmental psychologist David Moore, genetic factors:

Do not determine phenotypes independently from the context in which they develop.

When a pregnant mother is an adolescent, the mortality rate of the infant _________, as compared to infants born to mothers in their 20s.

Doubles

Which of the following is a chromosomally transmitted form of intellectual disability caused by the presenceof an extra copy of chromosome 21?

Down syndrome

Which of the following is true of the genetic material of a zygote?

Each parent contribute half of the offspring's genetic material.

Once the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, the mass of cells is known as a(n) _________.

Embryo

The period that occurs from about 2 to 8 weeks after conception is known as the ________ period.

Embryonic

The __________ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.

Epigenetic

Currently, in the United States, preterm birth is characterized by ___________.

Ethnic variations

True or false: E-cigarettes are less harmful to a developing fetus and are therefore a good option for pregnant women.

False

True or false: The human genome project discovered that each gene programs one protein.

False

True or false: phenotype is a persons genetic heritage, the actual genetic material.

False

True or false: the US food and drug administration recommends that pregnant women consume caffeine on a regular basis.

False

True or false: those with XYY syndrome are more prone to aggression and violence.

False

True or false: ultrasound sonography during pregnancy can pose significant risk to both mother and fetus.

False

True or false: neural connectivity takes place between the 23rd prenatal week and birth.

False; neural connectivity begins at the 23rd prenatal week and continues postnatally

Conception occurs when a single sperm cell from a male unites with an ovum in a process called ________.

Fertilization

Genes are passed from generation to generation through three processes, called mitosis, meiosis, and __________.

Fertilization

The prenatal stage that begins about two months after conception is the ________ stage.

Fetal

Which of the following is the prenatal period that last about seven months?

Fetal

Which fetal screening method can provide more detailed images than an ultrasound?

Fetal MRI

A cluster of abnormalities that may appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy is referred to as:

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

The basic architecture of the human brain is assembled during the _________.

First 2 trimesters

In the trimester view of prenatal development, both the germinal and embryonic periods of development occur during the __________.

First trimester

Consumption of which of the following by women who are pregnant or about to be pregnant can help prevent neural tube defects?

Folic acid

________ is a B-complex vitamin that is important for normal prenatal development.

Folic acid

In a twin study, the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of _________.

Fraternal twins

The interaction of a specific measured variation in DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment is known as the:

Gene x environment interaction (G x E)

What time is used to describe the focus on the interdependence of two or more genes in influencing characteristics, behavior, disease, and development?

Gene-gene interaction

The units of hereditary information that are short segments of DNA are called ________.

Genes

Which of the following can help their client evaluate the likelihood of giving birth to a child with a genetic disorder and offer helpful strategies for offsetting gene-linked abnormalities?

Genetic counselors

Evocative genotype-environment correlations occur because a child's __________ elicit certain types of environments.

Genetically influenced characteristics

Susceptibility genes in longevity jeans are aspects of an individual's

Genotype

The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception is known as the _________ period.

Germinal

CenteringPregnancy is a relationship-centered program that provides prenatal care in _________ settings.

Group

Gene x environment interaction studies:

Have been plagued by replication difficulties.

Which of the following could be a possible explanation for why evolution would favor longevity?

Having older people around to care for children increases children survival rate

Dr. Turner is studying shyness. He finds that Blake and Luke, identical twins, are more alike in terms of level of inhibition than are Sam and Carl, who are fraternal twins. His research indicates that ________ plays an important role in shyness.

Heredity

When individuals genes may systematically relate to the types of environments they are exposed to, it is called ________.

Heredity-environment correlations

Which of the following is not one of the three related conditions that pose threats to many newborns?

High birth weight 3 related conditions: -Being small for date -Low birth weight -Preterm

AIDS is a disease that damages the body's ________ system.

Immune

For an expectant mother, exercise during pregnancy is associated with decreases in all of the following, except:

Immune functioning Decreases in: -Stress -Levels of depression -Excessive weight gain

According to evolutionary psychology, natural selection favors behaviors that:

Increase reproductive success

The process by which the uterus returns to its prepregnant size 5 or 6 weeks after birth is referred to as:

Involution

Match each sex-linked chromosomal abnormality with the correct definition.

Klinefelter syndrome — An extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities Fragile X syndrome — An abnormality in the X chromosome can cause intellectual disability, learning disabilities, or short attention span. Turner syndrome — A missing X chromosome in females can cause intellectual disability and sexual under development. XYY syndrome — An extra Y chromosome in males can cause above-average height

A common outcome of fragile X syndrome is:

Mental deficiency

A trained health practitioner who helps women during labor, delivery, and afterbirth is best referred to as a ________.

Midwife

At approximately 15 weeks after conception, neuronal ___________ occurs and cells begin moving outward from their point of origin.

Migration

By which process the cell's nucleus duplicates itself and the cell divides?

Mitosis

Match the following words with correct definitions.

Mitosis — A cell's nucleus, including its chromosomes, duplicates itself, and the cell divides. Meiosis — A specialized form of cell division forms eggs and sperm only. Fertilization — An egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell.

____________ selection is the evolutionary process by which individuals of a species best adapted to their environment are the ones that survive and reproduce.

Natural

According to which perspective does adaptive behavior promote an organism's survival in the natural habitat?

Natural selection

Which evolutionary process determines that individuals of a species best adapted to the environment survive and reproduce?

Natural selection

According to Baltes, for what reason do the benefits conferred by evolutionary selection decrease with age?

Natural selection works on elements of reproductive fitness

__________ occurs around the 23rd prenatal week, when connections between neurons begin to form, a process that continues postnatally.

Neural connectivity

The generation of new neurons that takes place beginning at the fifth prenatal week is known as ________.

Neurogenesis

During prenatal development, which type of cells move to specific locations in the brain and start getting connected?

Neurons

According to the US Surgeon General,

No alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy.

The use of opiate-related pain relievers or synthetic opioids during pregnancy is:

Not recommended

Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder in which the red blood cells cannot carry _________ properly and die quickly.

Oxygen

During delivery, large quantities of adrenaline and noradrenaline protect the fetus in the event of _________.

Oxygen deprivation

According to Scarr, which of the following genotype environment correlations is more common in the lives of infants and young children?

Passive

_________ genotype-environment correlation often occur because biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.

Passive

Bobby's dad is a banker and loves numbers, and Bobby and his dad enjoy solving arithmetic problems. According to ___________, Bobby will probably grow up to be skilled in arithmetic.

Passive genotype-environment correlations

Observable and measurable characteristics such as height, hair color, and intelligence are aspects of a person's ________.

Phenotype

_________ is the apparent, observable, measured characteristics of a person; whereas ___________ consists of a persons genetic heritage.

Phenotype; genotype

Which of the following is a genetic disorder in which the individual cannot properly metabolize a certain amino acid and, if left untreated, causes intellectual disability?

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

The umbilical cord connects the baby to the __________, a disc shaped group of tissues in which blood vessels from the mother and the offspring enter twine but do not join.

Placenta

Some women develop ________, which involves major depressive episode that typically occurs about 4 weeks after delivery.

Postpartum depression

The Lamaze method, a method similar to natural childbirth, is known as:

Prepared childbirth

Genes direct cells to reproduce themselves, whereas _____________ are building blocks of cells

Proteins

The general term for drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods is:

Psychoactive drugs

In a gene pair, the _______ gene does not always exert its influence.

Recessive

Researchers have found that massage used during delivery can __________.

Reduce pain

CenteringPregnancy is a __________-centered program that provides prenatal care in a group setting.

Relationship

Human traits and characteristics that are genetically influenced have an evolutionary history that is __________.

Retained in our DNA

When the baby remains in the mother's room most of the time during the hospital stay, it is known as a(n) __________-_________ arrangement.

Rooming-in

__________ Is an arrangement by which the newborn stays with its mother most of the time during the hospital stay.

Rooming-in

Women who plan to have children should be given a blood test before they become pregnant to determine whether they are immune to __________.

Rubella

During the ___________ stage of birth (which is called the "descent and emergence of the baby" stage), The mother bears down hard to push the baby out of her body; this stage typically lasts less than two hours.

Second

When a woman is or might be pregnant,

She should weigh the risks of undergoing an x-ray.

It becomes possible for the fetus to survive outside the womb as early as the ________ month of pregnancy.

Sixth

The Apgar scale evaluates all of the following, except:

Size and weight

In the United States today, about 8% of births include the attendance of a midwife, which represents a ___________ from the percentage of those who used a midwife in 1975.

Substantial increase

Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes is referred to as a(n) _________.

Teratogen

Research indicates that prescription drugs can act as a(n) _________ to the unborn fetus.

Teratogen

Which of the following is widely used to evaluate infants' heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability immediately after birth?

The Apgar Scale

Prenatal diagnostic tests include all of the following except:

The Apgar Scale (a test administered to the baby immediately after birth) Included: -Amniocentesis -Fetal MRI -Ultrasound sonography -Chorionic villus sampling -Maternal blood screening -Cell-free fetal DNA -Fetal sex determination

The most detailed study of genetic variation to date, which is specifically aimed at making it possible to study in greater detail genetic variations in disease, is referred to as:

The Thousand Genomes Project.

Which statement describes a part of the second stage of birth?

The babies head moves through the cervix

Which of the following was a direct goal of the Human Genome Project that was completed in 2003?

To discover the location of genes linked to certain functions in developmental outcomes.

What is the goal of a linkage analysis?

To discover the location of jeans in relation to a marker gene.

Which of the following is a primary role of a genetic counselor?

To help couples evaluate the likelihood of having a child with a genetic disorder.

Prenatal development is sometimes described in terms of equal three-month periods called _________.

Trimesters

True or false: According to David Buss, Evolution shapes more than just our physical features; it also shapes our decision making, aggressiveness, fears, and mating patterns.

True

True or false: Fathers can also experience postpartum depression.

True

True or false: infants born to women using synthetic opioid and opiate-related pain relievers are at risk for experiencing opioid withdrawals

True

True or false: infants who weigh less than 90% of all babies of the same gestational age are called small for date infants.

True

True or false: neuronal migration is when nerve cells begin moving outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations.

True

True or false: the United States has seen an increase in preterm birth due to drugs, high levels of stress, multiple births, and births to women 35 years of age or older.

True

True or false: the emerging view is that complex behaviors are influenced by genes in ways that give people a propensity for a particular developmental trajectory as well as by complex environments.

True

True or false: the exposure of fathers to certain environmental agents can affect their offspring.

True

True or false: the relative importance of the three genotype-environment correlation changes as children develop from infancy through adolescence.

True

True or false: virtually any drug or chemical substance a pregnant women ingests can cross the placenta.

True; unless it is metabolized or is too large

Which of the following would be most commonly used by a behavior geneticist

Twin or adoption studies

The postpartum blues is when a new mother begins to feel depressed, anxious, and upset _________ after birth.

Two or three days

Normally conducted seven weeks into the pregnancy, _____________ is used to detect structural abnormalities in the fetus and, when used later in the pregnancy, can help determine whether the baby is a boy or a girl.

Ultrasound sonography

Someone with which of the following chromosomes has Turner syndrome?

XO

According to a meta-analysis, which of the following is a healthy and effective way for pregnant women to reduce depressive symptoms?

Yoga

What is the term for a single cell formed through fertilization?

Zygote

Match the time frame of prenatal growth with the name of the developing organism

Zygote — conception to two weeks post-conception Embryo — two weeks to eight weeks post-conception Fetus — two months post-conception to birth

Very preterm infants are those born at less than 33 weeks of gestational age, while extremely preterm infants are those born at less than _________ weeks of gestational age.

28

A noninvasive diagnosis of plasma has been able to accurately determine fetal sex as early as _______ weeks.

4.5

What is the definition of genotype?

A persons genetic material

Barbiturates, tranquilizers, and narcotics are all forms of __________ and are used to relieve pain during labor.

Analgesia

When can chorionic villus sampling be used to screen for genetic defects and chromosomal abnormalities?

Between the 10th and 12th week of pregnancy

When a gamete is formed, sometimes the sperm or ovum does not have a normal set of 23 chromosomes. This is referred to as a(n) ___________ abnormality.

Chromosomal

The specialization of cells, also known as a cell _________, begins the week after conception.

Differentiation

In a normal pregnancy, neurogenesis begins:

Once the neural tube has closed.

The _______ is a disc shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join.

Placenta

How are characteristics that suit a species for survival transmitted from one generation to the next?

The genetic code inherited from our parents

True or false: cognitive therapy has proven to be especially effective in the treatment of postpartum depression.

True

What are the three basic types of drugs that are used for a typical labor with no complications?

-Analgesia -Anesthesia -Oxytocin/Pitocin

Which of the following prescription drugs can function as teratogens?

-Antibiotics -Some antidepressants -Synthetic estrogen -Acne medications

Which of the following takes place during the germinal period of prematal development?

-Attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall -Cell division -Creation of the fertilized egg

When a pregnant mother is 35 years of age or older, the risk increases for which of the following?

-Preterm delivery -Fetal death -Low birth weight

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development is associated with:

-Reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference

In general, prenatal care involves which of the following?

-Screening for manageable conditions -A defined schedule of visits for medical care -Testing for treatable diseases

Prenatal care often includes which of the following components?

-Social services -Nutritional services -Comprehensive educational services

Which of the following are cases for which early close contact between mother and infant in the hospital may be a particular benefit?

-The mother is from disadvantaged circumstances -The infant is preterm -The mother is a teenager

In 2015 in the United States, 98.5% of births took place in hospitals. Of the 1.5% of births occurring outside of the hospital, approximately _______% took place in homes.

60 -63% took place in homes -Almost 31% took place in free-standing birthing centers.

What happens in genetic imprinting?

A chemical process silences one member of the gene pair.

Twila is a caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for a mother to be Aysha. Twila will provide help before, during, and after Aysha's delivery, though she is not qualified to perform or assist with medical procedures in case of emergency. Twila is most likely what kind of caregiver?

A doula.

Niche-picking, or ___________, genotype environment correlation occur when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating.

Active

Jake likes to read and write; so when Jake has any free time, he likes to spend it in the library. This is an example of which type of correlation?

Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation

__________ promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat.

Adaptive behavior

Which procedure involves withdrawing amniotic fluid between the 15th and 18th week of pregnancy?

Amniocentesis

In order to be viable, human embryos must possess:

At least one X chromosome.

When can chorionic villus sampling be used to screen for genetic defects and chromosomal abnormalities?

Between the 10th and 12th week of pregnancy.

In an adoption study, investigators seek to determine whether adopted children's characteristics are:

Biological or environmental.

In the period shortly after birth, a connection between the parent and the infant forms. This attachment is known as

Bonding

According to the evolutionary perspective, the developmental period of childhood has been extended because humans require time to develop a large ___________ and learn the complexities of human societies.

Brain

A long delivery can cause a lack of sufficient oxygen, or anoxia. This can result in:

Brain damage

What occurs when a single sperm cell from a male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian tube?

Conception

Who among the following argues that evolution pervasively influences how we make decisions, how aggressive we are, our fears, and our mating patterns?

David Buss

Zach is always smiling; as a result, his teachers tend to respond to him in a more pleasant and attentive way. This is an example of ________.

Evocative genotype-environment correlation

In __________ theory, what matters is that individuals live long enough to reproduce and pass on their characteristics.

Evolutionary

Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors?

Evolutionary psychology

All of a persons actual genetic material makes up his or her ______.

Genotype

Interpreting the results of adoption in twin studies is difficult because of the complexities of

Heredity-environment interactions

Those who were born preterm at a low birth weight are more likely than others to have all of the following except:

High levels of executive functioning

What is the biggest benefit of using kangaroo care with preterm infants?

It can help stabilize their heartbeat, temperature, and breathing.

Males who have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY, have _________.

Klinefelter syndrome

Which of the following is a childbirth strategy similar to natural childbirth that includes a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor?

Lamaze method

The three stages of birth are not of equal length; the first stage is __________ than the others.

Longer

Scientists are searching for _______ genes that make an individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and are more likely to live to an older age.

Longevity

According to a large-scale study, pregnant women's caffeine intake was linked to which of the following in their offspring?

Lower birth weight

A recent study showed that higher support by fathers was related to a(n):

Lower rate of postpartum depression.

________ is typically the first prenatal test, performed between the 16th and 18th week of the pregnancy to identify elevated risk of birth defects like spina bifida and Down syndrome.

Maternal blood screening

________ is a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm.

Meiosis

The cellular reproduction in which the cell's nucleus duplicates itself into cells are formed is called __________.

Mitosis

A _________ gene is marked by cellular damage from an environmental agents such as radiation

Mutated

The _________ tube is the beginning of the formation of the nervous system.

Neural

The process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development is referred to as ________.

Organogenesis

Which of the following is least likely to influence gene expression?

Personality

Most characteristics are dominated by the interaction of many different genes; they are said to be __________ determined.

Polygenically

The _________ period lasts from the end of delivery until the mothers body has returned to a nearly pre-pregnant state (in about 6 weeks)

Postpartum

Which of the following can cross the placenta wall?

Small molecules

Which of the following would NOT be an aspect of the genetic suseptability of an embryo or fetus to a teratogen?

The dose of the teratogen Actual aspects: -The genotype of mother and fetus -The sex of the fetus -The abilities of the placental membrane and placental transport

____________ is the complete set of developmental instructions for creating proteins that initiate the making of a human organism.

The human genome

According to Baltes, as people age, which of the following increases?

The need for culture

About 70% of new mothers in the United States experience __________, in which they begin to feel depressed, anxious, and upset a few days after birth.

The postpartum blues

Fragile X syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which:

There's an abnormality on the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks

The placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled during the ________ stage of birth.

Third

The birthing process occurs in ________ stages.

Three

True or false: and adoption studies seek to discover whether the behavior and psychological characteristics of adopted children are more like those of their adoptive parents or their biological parents.

True

True or false: drinking one or two servings of beer or wine a few days a week during pregnancy can cause negative effects on the fetus.

True

True or false: during the first stage of the birth process, which is the longest of the three stages, the uterine contractions will cause the woman's cervix to stretch and open to about 10 cm.

True

True or false: humans take longer to become reproductively mature than any other mammals.

True

True or false: most mutated genes are recessive.

True

A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing or part of one X chromosome is deleted is referred to as __________.

Turner syndrome (XO)

The embryonic period occurs from _________ weeks to eight weeks after conception.

Two

Fatty tissues develop, various organ systems function more regularly, and the fetus grows longer and gained about 4 pounds during the last __________ of pregnancy.

Two months

When does genetic imprinting occur?

When the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or father passed on the gene.

When a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome, the result is called _________.

X-linked inheritance