PSY 221 Chapters 11-14

Which of the following statements accurately reflect the findings of studies designed to explore whether playing violent video games increases aggression?

Accurate Playing violent video games increases anger and other aggressive emotions. Playing violent video games reduces altruism and other prosocial behaviors. Playing violent video games increases aggressive thoughts. Playing violent video games increases aggressive behavior. Not Accurate

Complete the passage explaining how income inequality and violence may be connected in the United States.

Income inequality at every level of nation, state, county, and neighborhood strongly predicts aggression of just about every kind. Compared to other industrialized nations, the United States has a high level of income inequality, and this has been linked to high levels of violence in the United States.

According to their evolutionary account of aggression, MacDonald and Leary say that social rejection leads to aggression because:

Social rejection was a "death warrant" for ancestral humans. As such, it activates a threat response system.

Stereotype Threat Study

Steele and Aronson (1995)In one study, researchers examined the effect on women's math test scores of bringing to mind the stereotype that women don't perform as well as men in mathematics (Spencer, Steele, & Quinn, 1999). In one condition, participants were told there was no gender difference on a particular test they were about to take. Other participants were told that there was a gender difference in favor of men. As Figure 11.10 (see p. 398) shows, men and women performed equivalently when they thought there was no gender difference on the test, but women performed worse than men when they thought there was a gender difference.

Tara is enraged after finding out that her boyfriend cheated on her. Based on research described in the textbook, which of the following strategies could help Tara reason calmly about the situation?

Tara could use her own name when reflecting on her feelings, as if she were someone else.

Psychologist Shelley Taylor proposed that we can reduce stress and improve our own health by connecting with and providing support to others. The term she used for this approach is

Tend and Befriend

Peggy Reeves Sanday's research indicates that rape-prone cultures

Tend to exhibit high levels of many types of violence.

Complete the passage about two concepts relating to determinants of behavior when someone is in need of assistance.

The assistance given to someone in need of help by an observer is called bystander intervention. It is a situational factor and it is dependent on the number of people observing. The presence of other can lead to a diffusion of responsibility, in which nobody assumes accountability for helping the person in need.

Anthony shoves a classmate who cut him off in traffic earlier. According to Miller et al.'s frustration aggression hypothesis this might be because __________. According to Bandura's social learning theory this is probably because ___________.

The classmate was impeding Anthony's goal of getting to class on time; Anthony has frequently observed others react to such situations with aggression.

Complete the passage about different types of aggression.

The primary aim of hostile aggression is to harm another person—either physically or psychologically. It is motivated by feelings of anger and hostility. Behavior that is intended to hurt another person but for which the motive is something other than pure hostility is called instrumental hostility. Many acts of aggression have both types of motive.

outgroup homogeneity effect

The tendency for people to assume that within-group similarity is much stronger for outgroups than for ingroups.

own-race identification bias

The tendency for people to be better able to recognize and distinguish faces from their own race than from other races.

Which of the following are behaviors that high-power individuals tend to exhibit according to the approach/inhibition theory of power?

The theory predicts that they will be more likely to engage in aggressive behavior—as well as hostile and violent behavior. In fact, they are more inclined to be impolite and rude. They are often inattentive to those around them. According to the theory, high-power individuals are inclined to go after their own goals and are less careful in how they assess others, and thus have reduced ability to judge the emotions of others and to show empathy. They are less constrained by boundaries on overt sexual expression.

stereotype threat

Their performance can be impaired by stereotype threat, the fear that they will confirm the stereotypes others have about them and their group.

Helping strangers is more likely to occur in a rural environment than in an urban environment. Which of the following explanations has been proposed by social psychologists?

There is less diversity in small towns than in larger cities and people are more likely to help those who are similar to themselves.

Peggy Reeves Sanday investigated the connection between sexual attitudes and the prevalence of rape in the cultures that she studied. Which of the following statements best summarizes her findings?

There was no connection between sexual repression and the prevalence of rape.

The book says that women are more likely to receive help than men, especially if

They are dressed in more feminine clothing

According to Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen, cultures of honor are defined by concerns over one's reputation for:

Toughness and machismo.

Which of the following statements are true about the restorative justice process?

True Offenders apologize for the crime or undertake acts of atonement. Legal and counseling professionals mediate between perpetrators and victims. Perpetrators take responsibility for the crime. False Victims who participated in the programs experienced as many thoughts of revenge as victims who did not. Perpetrator and victim are separated.

Nick Haslam and Steve Loughnan (2014) have distinguished between two forms of dehumanization. Denial of human ________ occurs when targets are viewed as animals or savages, whereas denial of human ________occurs when targets are viewed as inanimate entities, such as computers or robots.

Uniqueness; nature

Imagine that you are sitting in class and smoke starts to filter into the room, but nobody else seems to be doing anything about it. According to research described in the textbook, you are

Unlikely to report the smoke to the professor for fear of embarrassing yourself in front of the class.

Talia is providing nonmonetary assistance to others with no expectation of receiving any compensation in return. Talia is engaging in

Volunteerism

Tim is a child with attention deficit disorder. According to research conducted by Frances Kuo, which of the following activities would be most helpful in helping Tim feel calmer and concentrate better?

Walking around a green park

Steve Neuberg (1988) primed some participants with hostile words and others with neutral words before the participants played the prisoner's dilemma game. How did exposure to the hostile words affect the actions of the participants? Participants primed with hostile words

Were more likely to defect in the game.

Andrew works in the interfraternity relations office at a college and has been called in to mediate a feud between two fraternities that has gotten out of hand. Match each example from the scenario to the description that best fits it.

When the sides agree to end their conflict, Andrew arranges an ongoing dialogue between them to achieve a lasting reduction of mutual mistrust. Correct label: reconciliation When one house makes a concession, Andrew reminds the other side that they had requested the concession. Correct label: addressing retroactive devaluation Andrew persuades the leadership groups of the rival houses to talk to each other in the same room. Correct label: face-to-face communication When one house describes their position in only simplistic arguments, Andrew insists on more details. Correct label: rhetoric complexity

In the typical prisoner's dilemma game, which of the following strategies would bring you the best immediate personal outcome as a participant?

You defect, and your partner cooperates

Which of the following are examples of a group as defined in the textbook

a baseball team the board of directors of a corporation you and your classmates assigned to work together on a graded project

Altruism is unselfish behavior that benefits others without regard to consequences for oneself. Match each of the following terms relating to altruism with the correct definition.

a motive for helping others in need that may arise from a need to reduce one's own anguish Correct label: personal distress assistance that a person regularly provides to another person or group with no expectation of compensation Correct label: volunteerism identifying with someone in need, including feeling and understanding what that person is experiencing, accompanied by the intention to help the person Correct label: empathic concern a benefit, such as praise, positive attention, something tangible, or gratitude, that may be gained from helping others, and serves a motive for altruistic behavior Correct label: social reward

Deinidividuation is

an aspect of the emergent properties of groups—behaviors that emerge only when people are in groups. ex: Behavioral Effects: impulsivity and irrationalityemotionality and antisocial activityAntecedent Conditions: anonymity and diffusion of responsibility:arousal and sensory overload of being in a large groupInternal State of Deindividuation: lessening of self-observation and self-evaluation:lessened concern over others' evaluations and with shame, fear, and guilt

minimal group paradigm

an experimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on unreasonable and seemingly meaningless criteria and then examine how the members of these "minimal groups" are inclined to behave toward one another

For centuries, social theorists have known that this is a potent construal that leads to aggressive behavior. In fact, along with hostility itself, this is an essential component of hostile aggression.

anger

When you and someone else act in ways that will benefit you both you are engaging in ____________________. This act is thought to be part of our evolutionary heritage since engaging in it offered significant advantages for hominid predecessors—as it does for humans in modern day societies.

cooperation

In each the following scenarios, a characteristic of the victim will either increase or decrease the likelihood of he or she being helped by observes. Decide if each of the following is an "increase" or a "decrease" example.

decrease Correct label: Alex got a bloody gash on her head when she fell on the street, spraining her ankle. increase Correct label: Tracy, who is African American, fell on the street and sprained her ankle in the presence of other African Americans. Correct label: Meredith screamed out for help when she fell and sprained her ankle on the street.

Stevie lives in an area that is associated with the culture of honor, while Garrett does not. Decide whether each of the following is more likely to refer to Stevie or to Garrett.

family descends from farmers in the Netherlands Correct label: Garrett (not culture of honor) family descends from herders in the North of Ireland Correct label: Stevie (culture of honor)has earned the nickname "Macho" and a reputation for being tough Correct label: Stevie (culture of honor)decides it's best that he and his girlfriend quietly leave a bar after an intoxicated patron insults her looks Correct label: Garrett (not culture of honor)becomes hostile and aggressive toward a man who makes fun of his car Correct label: Stevie (culture of honor)

Because Kesa has been experiencing increased, prolonged stress as a result of going over negative events again and again in her mind, her psychologist has recommended that she try self-distancing. This means that she should

focus on her feelings from the perspective of a detached observer.

In one study, Daniel Batson and his colleagues manipulated whether participants were feeling more or less empathic when evaluating another person, and then they asked participants if they would help the person in the future. Some participants thought that both the experimenter and the person needing help knew their decisions (i.e., helping was made public), but other participants thought that their responses were anonymous. The results showed that

high-empathy participants helped more than low-empathy participants, even when helping was anonymous.

In each the following scenarios, a construal factor will either increase or decrease the likelihood of a person in distress being helped by an observer. Decide if each of the following is an "increase" or a "decrease" example.

increase Correct label: Kyle hears a man cry out, "Someone please call 911! I think I'm having a heart attack!" Correct label: Jake is in the park when a man on the ground yells, "You in the Cubs hat, please help me!" decrease Correct label: Gil sees a man in a heap on the street. He is unaware that the man was struck in the head by a board that fell from a building site.

Lower class people are ______ likely to help than upper class people when _________.

more; they are in a neutral state

Joseph Henrich and his colleagues (2001) recruited individuals from fifteen different small societies to play the ultimatum game. They found that individuals from cultures where people

need to collaborate with others to survive offered more money to the responder.

In their research on motives for altruism, Daniel Batson and his colleagues found that

people who felt more empathy were more likely to volunteer to alleviate another person's pain.

Daniel Batson has argued that there are three main motives for helping others. They are

social rewards, personal distress, and empathic concern.

basking in reflected glory

taking pride in the accomplishments of other people in one's group, such as when sports fans identify with a winning team

Match each of the concepts relating to cooperation with the correct definition.

the beliefs and evaluations that people hold about an individual Correct label: reputation a communication means by which one person comments on another's reputation when s/he is not present Correct label: gossip a type of game for examining human cooperation in which payoffs are offered Correct label: prisoner's dilemma a strategy for encouraging cooperation by mimicking another's behaviors Correct label: tit-for-tat strategy

paired distinctiveness

the pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they occur together illusory correlation in which items are seen as belonging together because they share some unusual feature

subtyping

the tendency for people who receive disconfirming evidence to modify their stereotypes rather than abandon them Explaining away exceptions to a given stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole.

In one experiment, a "victim" (actually a confederate) staggered across the aisle of a subway car, collapsed to the floor, and then stared up at the ceiling. In one condition, the victim was bleeding, while in another condition, he was not. Results showed that the

victim was less likely to get help when he was bleeding.

Evidence suggests that the average TV program has on average:

5-6 violent acts per hour

About ________ percent of the television programs that children watch depict at least some violence.

90%

Complete the passage about situational factors in cooperative behavior.

A key situational determinant of cooperation is how often we expect to deal with a person over time. Studies using the prisoner's dilemma indicate that as the likelihood of interacting with someone in the future rises, we become more cooperative. Because of this, a reputation—the collective beliefs, evaluations, and impressions that people hold about an individual—becomes an important determinants of cooperative behavior.

Nick Haslam and Steve Loughnan proposed two varieties of dehumanization: denial of human nature and denial of human uniqueness. Match each example below with the type of dehumanization that best describes it.

A man describes his boss as a "spineless jellyfish." Correct label: human uniqueness A candidate derides his rival as a "computer with no heart for understanding people." Correct label: human nature After a loss, a football coach says, "There's no way my guys can compete against animals like that." Correct label: human uniqueness Discussing an actress's abilities, a critic remarks, "She is entirely wooden on the stage." Correct label: human nature

how self-consciousness can affect behavior

A prediction of self-awareness theory is that focusing attention on the self leads people to a state of individuation, which is marked by careful deliberation and concern with how well their actions conform to their own moral standards

Identify whether the performance in each scenario would tend to be facilitated or hindered according to Zajonc's ideas on social facilitation.

According to Zajonc's theory, performance on novel (i.e., new, unfamiliar) tasks will be hindered by the mere presence of others, and in this example Ramon is trying to operate a car with a manual transmission (i.e., a stick shift) as a beginner. According to Zajonc's theory, performance on difficult (i.e., not easy to solve) tasks will be hindered by the mere presence of others, and in this example Emma is trying to solve a problem she doesn't fully comprehend in front of an audience.

Which of the following statements regarding the role of pluralistic ignorance in the construals of situations where people are in distress are accurate?

Accurate A form of it occurs in these situations when people are unsure about what is happening and assume nothing is wrong because no one else appears concerned. In an experiment, people's adherence to it was caused to increase by placing them with confederates who pretend nothing was a amiss during a situation of distress. It can occur in these situations as a result of being dictated by established social norms. Not Accurate People are just as likely to fall prey to it when they can see the initial looks of concern on the faces of others as when they cannot.

Which of the following statements accurately describe how the presence of others can impact the tendency to behave altruistically in situations where someone is in need?

Accurate Awareness that others have seen the situation results in each bystander assuming someone else will help, thus making bystanders feel less responsibility to do so.In a study, the more people that were present, the less likely an individual was to intervene. Not Accurate The tendency to respond when others are present is the same whether the others are known to each other or not. Since rate for at least one person responding is similar regardless of group size, the size of the group of observers has no practical impact on victims.

Which of the following statements about the studies by Joseph Henrich and his colleagues of cooperation across cultures using the "ultimate game" variation of the prisoner's dilemma are accurate?

Accurate Cultures where individuals did not need the help of others to survive tended to show lower levels of cooperation in the game. The level of cooperation across a variety of cultures in the study was generally higher than adherents of the idea of rational self-interest might have expected. In cultures where individuals needed to collaborate with others to gather resources to subsist, cooperation levels in the game were high. Not Accurate Independence increased people's cooperation and generosity with anonymous others.

Which of the following statements regarding study results about altruism in urban and rural communities are accurate?

Accurate Help is predicted to be more forthcoming in a community of 5,000 than in a city of 500,000. Help is predicted to be more forthcoming in a community of 10,000 than in a community of 20,000. Not Accurate Help is predicted to be more forthcoming in a community of 50,000 than in a city of 500,000. Someone raised in a large city but living in a small town is more likely to display a pattern of altruism indicative of a large city.

Which of the following statements accurately describe the idea of reciprocal altruism?

Accurate Helping others with the expectation that they will probably return the favor in the future offers significant benefits. Researchers believe that expressions of thanks act as social rewards, and are a powerful trigger of subsequent cooperation.In humans, the impulse to reciprocate is a powerful motive, and the tendency to return favors is a likely human universal. Not Accurate While it looks good on paper, and there are examples of it occurring in nonhuman species, examples of reciprocal altruism among humans are rare.

Economic theory assumes that people are rational actors who always act in self-interested ways, attempting to maximize their own gains. Which of these statements about research into whether these ideas would influence cooperation levels of economics majors and economists are accurate?

Accurate In a study using the prisoner's dilemma, economics majors behaved far less cooperatively than other students. Evidence supports the contention that training in the discipline of economics encourages people to act more selfishly. Not Accurate One study found that economists were just as likely to donate to charities than non-economists.

Which of the following statements regarding religion, ethics, and altruism are accurate?

Accurate In a study, exposure to key religious words resulted in making the participants more prosocial. Researchers suggest that the sense of being watched—a prominent theme in many religions—increases altruism. The major religions of the world emphasize compassion, altruism, and treating others—even friends and adversaries—with kindness. Not Accurate In a study, exposure to nonreligious words related to kindness and ethical behavior didn't make the participants more prosocial.

Which of the following statements accurately help explain the relationship between economic factors and increased aggression and violence?

Accurate Inequality undermines cohesiveness, trust, and goodwill among individuals. Evolutionary researchers suggest that inequality puts males into increased competition for economic resources and access to mates—motivating aggression. Powerful feelings of rejection among those on the poorer side of the income inequality divide may trigger violence. Not Accurate Poorer people tend to spend more time playing violent video games than wealthier people.Wealthier people tend to live in cooler climates than poorer people do.

Which of the following statements regarding altruism are accurate?

Accurate It can be defined as unselfish behavior that benefits others without regard to consequences for oneself. Basic tendencies toward self-preservation can restrain altruistic action. Fear of embarrassment can inhibit altruistic action. Not Accurate Only selfless motives are involved in the behavior of altruism.

Which of the following statements accurately describe the prisoner's dilemma?

Accurate It is designed in a way that reveals attitudes on cooperation, competition, and related matters. Studies that rely on use of it and other "economics games" have been criticized due to external validity concerns. It lacks the complexities of real-world cooperation and competition, and is artificial and contrived on its surface. Not Accurate Due to concerns about how well it can predict real-world behavior, it has little influence on thinking about cooperation.

Which of the following statements regarding kin selection—an evolutionary that favors the reproductive success of one's genetic relatives, even at a cost to one's own survival and reproduction—are accurate?

Accurate It predicts that we direct more of our helping behavior toward kin than toward non-kin. It is related to inclusive fitness, the fitness of an individual based on reproductive success and the passing on of genes to future generations. It predicts that we should help close kin more than more distant relatives. Not Accurate It explains why we help non-relatives.

Which of the following statements about gender differences and aggression are accurate?

Accurate Men commit more violent crimes than women by a vast margin. Men are far more likely to kill men than women are to kill women. Not Accurate Girls and boys display the same amount of physical aggression until adolescence. Men are more likely than women to engage in all types of aggressive behavior.

Which of the following statements about gossip—a communicative act in which a person comments on the reputation of another who is not present—are accurate?

Accurate One of the primary reasons people gossip is to figure out the reputations of other people; reputations are often spread through gossiping. Through gossip, we investigate whether other group members are inclined to act in ways that strengthen the group or in ways that might create friction and ill will. The threat of gossip can make people aware of what might happen to their reputations should they act selfishly, thus encouraging more cooperative behavior. Not Accurate Groups in which gossip takes place are less cooperative than those that do not engage in gossiping.

Which of the following statements accurately describe the results of Leonard Berkowitz's experiment on whether anger and the presence of weapons combine to make people more aggressive?

Accurate Participants who were angry and saw a gun were more aggressive than those who did not see an object. Participants who were angry and saw a gun were more aggressive than those who saw a neutral object. Not Accurate Participants who were not angry and saw a gun were more aggressive than those who saw a neutral object. Participants who were not angry and saw a gun were more aggressive than those who did not see an object.

Which of the following statements are accurate regarding simplistic and complex rhetoric during group conflicts, as studied by Phil Tetlock?

Accurate People taking complex positions in conflicts consider many arguments and principles—even opposing ones—and draw many connections between them. Simplistic rhetoric results from simplistic reasoning.Not Accurate Complex rhetoric leads to prolonged conflict because it provides more points of conflict between sides. Tetlock found that politicians showed the same amount of complexity contesting elections as they did when they were elected officials.

Which of the following statements accurately describe research findings about social rejection?

Accurate People who have been socially rejected report higher levels of physical pain and ailments. Social rejection is thought to activate our physiologically based threat defense system. Social rejection triggers feelings of distress, shame, and self-doubt, as well as a submissive and slouched posture. Not Accurate Social pain and physical pain are not similar in nature.

Which of the following statements about psychopaths are accurate?

Accurate Psychopaths are not able to respond emotionally to others' suffering. Psychopaths demonstrate shortcomings in their abilities to respond to others' sadness.Psychopaths are capable of assessing the mental states of others. Not Accurate Psychopaths are not able to understand the emotions of others. When shown photos of facial expressions of emotions, psychopaths cannot recognize the emotions from the face.

Which of the following statements are accurate regarding cultures and rape?

Accurate Rape-prone cultures are more likely to have high levels of violence and a history of frequent wars. Rape-prone cultures are more likely to emphasize machismo and male toughness than cultures that are not rape-prone. Societies where women have higher status are less likely to be rape-prone. Not Accurate Only (some) modern and industrialized cultures have exhibited a pattern of gender egalitarianism that tends to make them less prone to rape.

Which of the following statements accurately reflect criticisms of studies that suggest violent video games lead to aggression in children?

Accurate Rarely do studies of the impact of violent video games measure aggressive behavior in the child's peer group. Studies of the effects of violent video games rarely if ever control for how depressed the child is.In spite of the inferences of these studies, rates of violence by young people are declining, not rising. Not Accurate When key unmeasured variables are controlled for, the association between playing violent video games and aggression disappears.

Which of the following statements regarding volunteerism are accurate?

Accurate Research suggests that volunteerism has a good health component. In the United States, it has been estimated that more than one in four people are volunteers. Not Accurate Unlike altruism, volunteerism is motivated only by non-selfish, empathic concern. Regardless of what is motivating them, anyone who provides monetary support for another person is a volunteer.

Which of the following statements are accurate regarding the commonly held belief that some people are born naturally aggressive?

Accurate Some humans have a defective gene also found in aggressive individuals of nonhuman species. Genes linked to aggression increase it in humans only when certain situational factors are also present. Not Accurate There is a specific genetic predisposition that makes some humans "criminal personalities."

Which of the following statements accurately describe Darley and Batson's Good Samaritan Study?

Accurate The greater the hurry of the participants, the less likely they were to respond to the confederates pleas for help. It highlighted that situational factors—even if they are subtle—powerfully impact whether people will help someone in need. Not Accurate The most significant factor in determining if a participant would stop to help was what the topic they were going to speak on was. It illustrated the importance of the role of social rewards in predicting altruistic behavior.

Which of the following statements about how aggression comes about in individuals are accurate?

Accurate The situations people find themselves in are interpreted through construal processes.Situations can lead to aggression, but they cannot cause aggression by themselves. People's construals of situations can determine whether they act aggressively. Not Accurate Hot weather conditions often cause people to act aggressively.

Which of the following statements accurately represent research evidence supporting the idea that higher temperatures are linked to the increased incidence of aggressive acts?

Accurate Violent crime rates are higher in hotter regions than in more temperate ones. Even when controlling for other factors, crime rates are higher in hotter months. Not Accurate Across cities in the United States, hotter days have higher rates of both violent and nonviolent crime.

Which of the following statements accurately represent the findings of studies designed to explore the idea that exposure to media violence increases aggressive behavior?

Accurate Watching aggressive films made juvenile delinquents confined in a minimum-security prison more aggressive. There is compelling evidence that media coverage of the suicides of prominent people results in "copycat" suicides. Not Accurate Children were found to be more aggressive immediately after watching violent media, but not in follow-up studies. People tend to be more aggressive after seeing films where they identify with the perpetrator of violence, but not when the "good guys" act violently.

Kevin walks home past a house with signs that say "Forget the dog, beware of owner" and "Gun control is being able to hit your target". According to the aggressive cues effect, Kevin is likely to:

Act aggressively towards others, especially towards people in low-status groups.

For each of the following scenarios, decide if the person engaging in aggressive behavior is more likely to be male or female. (Assume that they all have names that could be male or female.)

After a minor traffic accident, Harley gets angry and punches the other driver. Correct label: male Riley spreads a nasty rumor about a classmate as an act of revenge. Correct label: female Skylar makes sure an ex-friend isn't allowed to sit at the in-group's table. Correct label: female Kendall gets into a brawl with a rival when they both want to date the same person. Correct label: male

Complete the following passage about certain influences on levels of cooperation.

After being subliminally primed with labels related to hostility, a group of students in a study using the prisoner's dilemma played in a far less cooperative manner than a group of students primed with non-hostile labels. This and other studies have illustrated the powerful role of construal processes in determining levels of cooperation.

The Darley et al. (1973) study demonstrated that people were participants were most likely to help when ___________ and least likely to help when ____________.

Alone; back-to-back with the other participant

Complete the passage about how the evolutionary perspective explains altruistic behaviors.

Altruistic behavior presents a challenge for evolution since natural selection favors behaviors that increase the likelihood of survival and reproduction. By its nature, altruistic behavior is costly since it devotes precious resources to others. The concept of kin selection explains benefits of generosity toward relatives, while the concept of reciprocal altruism suggests benefits of helping friends and strangers.

Which of the following adjectives apply to the tit-for-tat strategy, a strategy in the prisoner's dilemma game that is cited as a possible model for how cooperation might emerge in competitive environments governed the pursuit of self-interest?

Apply non-exploitive and forgivingcooperative and non-envious easy to read Don't Apply ruthless and brutal blindly prosocial and complicated

Complete the passage describing one perspective for explaining the connection between social rejection and aggression.

Because of the many evolutionary advantages of being integrated into groups and our heavy dependence on others for food, shelter, defense, and affection, social rejection came to trigger a threat defense system. This involves stress-related cardiovascular arousal, the release of cortisol, feelings of distress and pain, and aggressive tendencies.

Complete the passage about one aspect of social class and altruism.

Billionaires including Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan and Bill and Melinda Gates have committed to donating most of their wealth to philanthropic causes. This is in contrast to the fact that those who have more give less—at least in terms of the proportion of the income they donate to charity. This suggests that Zuckerberg and Gates are exceptions in terms of giving most of their wealth to charity.

Research that has examined the penalty records of professional football and professional hockey teams found that teams that wore ________ uniforms were penalized more often for aggressive play.

Black

A group of people who observe a bicycle accident try to help the victim of that emergency. This is an example of

Bystander intervention

Research conducted by Phil Tetlock and colleagues (1981) has shown that ________ reasoning can lead to more effective peacemaking between groups in conflict.

Complex

Peggy Reeves Sanday used archival records to study rape in 156 cultures going back over 3,000 years as the basis for her identification of rape-prone cultures. Which of the following are consistent with Sanday's findings?

Consistent 18 percent of the cultures were found to be rape-prone, with rape being present in another 35 percent (cultures where rape occurs, but not as a ritual, threat, or act of war). Sanday defined rape-prone cultures as those in which rape is used as an act of war against enemy women, as a ritual act, or as a threat to keep women subservient to men. Not Consistent Sanday found that the prevalence of rape was closely related to a culture's sexually restrictive beliefs or practices.In almost half of the cultures studied, there were no accounts of rape—most likely meaning that rape did not occur in them.

Research conducted by David Phillips (1986) found that suicide rates often rose substantially following media reports of someone committing suicide. When people imitate acts that they hear about in the media, this is a form of aggression called

Copycat violence

Which of the following represent social psychology research findings that support the idea that humans are "wired" to care and share for others?

Correct Answer(s) Some non-human primates regularly share food with non-kin in their communities. Toddlers will respond altruistically to others in need. Non-human primates have been observed providing help to fellow primates in great need. Incorrect Answer(s) An "altruism gene" found in humans predicts (when missing) a sociopathic unwillingness to care for others in need.

Leonard Berkowitz's theoretical account of how a construal of anger can lead to aggressive behavior holds that any unpleasant stimulus triggers a fight-or-flight response of anger in people. According to this model, which of the following happen to people then?

Correct Answer(s) They start imagining ways to inflict harm on the people they blame. They tend to think they are being treated unfairly. They perceive others as having adversarial intentions toward them. Incorrect Answer(s) They engage in catharsis as a way to control their anger. They begin to dehumanize the people they blame.

Which of the following construals commonly occur during group conflicts and are used to justify aggression?

Correct Answer(s) misperceiving the other side as extremists assuming the other side is motivated by hostility dehumanizing the other side overestimating differences with the other side Incorrect Answer(s) face-to-face communication between sides increased rhetoric complexity

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a rape-prone culture?

Cultural repression of sexuality

Complete the following passages about differing tendencies toward aggression across cultures.

Cultures differ in their tendencies toward aggression. For instance, Alaskan Inuits rarely express anger or aggression, while in the culture of the Yanomami people of the Amazon region violence is considered an intrinsic part of human nature. More generally, cultures of honor are inclined to see insults as justification for becoming violent, and rape-prone cultures devalue women and practice extreme gender inequality.

According to an evolutionary account of violence, A) physical aggression to protect their children promotes inclusive fitness for men. B) stepparents are more likely to abuse their children than biological parents. C) biological parents are more likely to abuse their children than stepparents. D) Both a and b are true.

D) Both A and B are true.

Jane plays the prisoner's dilemma game while in an fMRI scanner. If Jane chooses to cooperate during the game, she is likely to exhibit increased activation in the same brain region that is activated when she A) looks at pictures of tropical vacations. B) tastes something sweet. C) looks at photos of outgroup members. D) Both a and b are correct.

D) Both a and b are correct

Of the following individuals, who would be most likely to volunteer to take homework to a group of injured children in the hospital?

Dani, who shows a concerned gaze and a slowing of her heart rate when she learns about the children's situation

Complete the following passage about unselfish altruism.

Daniel Batson's concept of empathic concern occurs when observing a person in need results in an understanding of what the person is experiencing and is accompanied by a fast and automatic intention to help the person. It is a pure form of altruism.

Intergroup conflict, and the misinformation it fosters, can lead to _______________, which boosts the likelihood of aggression.

Dehumanization

Complete the following passage about the construal process known as dehumanization.

Dehumanization involves denying human uniqueness (seeing others as animals) or denying human nature (viewing others as inanimate objects). It often accompanies rape, genocide, and other extreme forms of violence, but even the relatively benign factor of being loyal to a social group—such a valued sports team—can make people more likely to dehumanize others.

Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen believe that a culture of honor developed in the southern United States because the North was founded by ________ settlers, who were ________, but the South was founded by ________ settlers, who were ________, and thus had to become tough and willing to protect their property from raids.

English, Dutch, and German; farmers; Scottish and Irish; herders

Decide if each of the examples of aggression below is better described as hostile aggression or instrumental aggression.

Erik enters his apartment and surprises a burglar, who hits him as he runs out. Correct label: instrumental When the referee isn't looking, Shira kicks a defender in the shin so her teammate can score a goal. Correct label: instrumental Charles shoves a stranger on the beach after accusing him of flirting with his boyfriend. Correct label: hostile Two construction workers lose their tempers and have a physical altercation.Correct label:hostile

Evidence that social rejection triggers a physical threat defense system, which includes the tendency to act aggressively, supports a(n) ________ explanation of aggression as a result of social rejection.

Evolutionary

Complete the passage regarding the evolutionary perspective on family violence.

Evolutionary theory holds that natural selection rewards parents who devote time, effort, and resources to their own offspring, but offers no rewards for the care of stepchildren. Since it improves the chances for reproductive success, caring for one's own offspring increases inclusive fitness, while caring for children with whom one does not share genes does not offer this benefit.

Which of the following statements help explain what economist Amartya Sen meant when she estimated that there were 100 million "missing" women in the world?

Explanations Especially in cultures that condone sexual violence, women are more vulnerable to patterns of negligence and violence and are underrepresented in the population. Practices in some cultures, including female infanticide and reluctance to immunize or seek medical care for daughters, result in large numbers of girls dying. Not an Explanation With all other factors excluded, the life expectancy of women is shorter than that of men. If it were equal, there would be roughly 100 million more women.

Which of the following explanations have been offered to explain that altruism rates are generally lower the bigger the size of the community?

Explanations diffusion of responsibility stimulus overload greater diversity Not an Explanation helping others is viewed negatively in urban areas

Robert Axelrod has argued that the success of the tit-for-tat strategy is due to five principles: the strategy is cooperative, not envious,

Forgiving, not exploitable, and easy to read.

A study of the cultivation of empathic concern by Oliner and Oliner found which of these characteristics in individuals who risked their lives to save Jews during the Nazi Holocaust?

Found by Oliner and Oliner They explicitly evoked altruism as an ethical principle. Their parents and grandparents had often told stories from their lives and from their culture in which altruism was a theme. Not Found by Oliner and Oliner They were particularly prone to social distress, having come from areas where atrocities against others were less unusual. They tended to come from families that valued social rewards as a motivation for altruism.

According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis,

Frustration can lead to aggression when someone is blocking or interfering with your goals.

Which of the following statements best captures political scientist Robert Axelrod's perspective on cooperation?

Given its universality and emergence in the most unlikely of social contexts, cooperation must be part of our evolutionary heritage.

The culture of honor is associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

Greater sexism

Identify the true statements about our earliest ancestors and group living.

Groups provided our earliest ancestors with assistance in the caring of children Groups allowed our earliest ancestors to acquire food more efficiently. Groups gave our earliest ancestors better protection from aggressors and predators Social psychologists believe that being part of a group does indeed address our psychological "need to belong."Social psychologists generally maintain that these benefits are so crucial to survival that we have a psychological need to be with others and belong to groups.

Which of the following statements are in keeping with an evolutionary approach to explaining gender differences with aggression?

In Keeping Male physical traits that provide an advantage in competing with other males for mates are passed along genetically. Women invest more in offspring than men, and thus are less likely to desert their offspring and compete for other reproductive opportunities than men. Aggression benefits men in terms of being able to compete for reproductive opportunities. Not in Keeping Anger and aggressive actions are made more salient to young boys than to young girls.

Which of the following statements are in keeping with culture of honor research conducted by Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen?

In Keeping Men in honor cultures are particularly sensitive to insults, which can lead them to respond with violence. Men in cultures of honor tend to be concerned about their reputations for toughness and machismo. Not in Keeping The culture of honor is prevalent in areas populated by descendants of farmers. The researchers found no positive aspects to the firm rules for politeness of the culture.

Which of the following statements are in keeping with a cultural approach to explaining gender differences with aggression?

In Keeping Mothers talk more about emotions with their daughters than their sons, thus cultivating greater empathy in women. Men are socialized into roles that encourage physical aggressiveness. Not in Keeping Girls are taught at an early age that anger is a positive emotion.

Which of the following statements is in keeping with research on differences in social class and altruism?

In Keeping Researchers hold that upper-income people are able to be more independent because they enjoy more resources and opportunities than lower-income people. Researchers suggest that a relative scarcity of resources leads lower-income individuals to be more empathically attuned to others. Not in Keeping High-income individuals give a higher proportion of their income to charity than lower income people. Lower-income people are better judges of their friends' emotions, while higher-income people are better at judging the emotions of strangers.

Complete the following passage about an explanation for male violence that combines perspectives.

In a recent synthesis of evolutionary and cultural approaches to male violence, researchers have proposed the precarious manhood hypothesis. It holds that a man's gender identity is variable and vulnerable and that this makes men more reactive to threats to their identity, and more likely to behave aggressively to prove their maleness.

The idea that we primarily look out for ourselves, our offspring, and our close relatives to ensure that our genes will be passed on is referred to as

Inclusive Fitness

which are accurate of Zajonc's theory of social facilitation?

It holds that the mere presence of others makes one aroused. Zajonc's theory predicts that the more aroused we are (i.e., the higher our arousal level is), the more likely we will react to a situation using our dominant response. Zajonc's theory holds that an increase of dominant responses encourages simple tasks and prevents complex tasks. It explains why the presence of others affects one's performance.It predicts that arousal will make a person more likely to use a dominant response.

Alex and Janet are playing the prisoner's dilemma game, and Janet has been told to use the tit-for-tat strategy. Alex begins the game by being competitive and defecting on the first round. According to the tit-for-tat strategy, what should Janet do?

Janet should be cooperative on the first round, and then mimic Alex's choices.

If we know that Jon left school after the eighth grade and has been working as a janitor for the past twenty years, what research-based predictions could we make about his health status?

Jon is more likely to die at an earlier age than those in higher-status jobs.

According to research, which of the following practices would likely be effective in the cognitive control of anger?

Likely to be Effective thinking about why you are upset, but referring to yourself by your name rather than as "me" or "I" thinking of the frustrating event that occurred to you as if it were part of a movie Not Likely to be Effective hitting a punching bag while keeping the image of a person who insulted you in mind throwing darts at a picture of a person with whom you are angry

Three kinds of motivation are associated with altruism. Individual acts of altruism can result from more than one of these, but for each example below, decide which of these motives is primarily being described.

Lira is upset at the sight of a homeless woman shivering. Though not rich herself, Lira feels guilt since she has, in comparison, so few needs. She hands the woman a $5 bill. Correct label: personal distress Late one night Miguel sees a man being beaten by two other men. He instinctively feels concern for the victim and comes to his aid without regard for his own safety. Correct label: empathic concern For the third time this winter, Joanne sees someone absentmindedly drop a glove. She picks it up and returns it because this invariably makes people grateful to her. Correct label: social reward Having made billions off a website, a couple donates enormous sums of money to their charitable foundation because they want to be thought of as good people. Correct label: social reward

Jeff is standing in line at a movie theater when someone cuts in front of him. Research indicates that Jeff is more likely to show signs of aggression toward the "cutter" if he

Lives in a southern geographic region as opposed to a northern geographic region.

Mateo's group of friends tends to engage in a fair amount of gossip, whereas Felipe's group of friends never gossips. Based on research on gossip, which of the two groups of friends would you expect to be more cooperative, and why?

Mateo's group of friends, because the threat of being gossiped about makes them less likely to behave selfishly

A study conducted by Nancy Eisenberg and others showed people videos of accident victims. Which of these physiological responses were more typical in the viewers who were more likely to help the accident sufferers than those who were not?

More Typical in Empathetic Viewerseyebrows pulled in and upwarda concerned gaze Less Typical in Empathetic Viewersheartbeat accelerationa pained wince

Sometimes a solution to a problem is _____ attractive before your opponent offers it. This is called ________.

More; Reactive devaluation

Which of the following was NOT among the findings of Shelley Taylor's research on women with breast cancer?

Most women passively accepted their condition.

Complete the following passage about a certain type of misperceiving that occurs during group conflicts.

One construal bias that occurs during conflict is when group members assume their opponents' interests are exactly the opposite of their own. This can lead to reactive devaluation, attaching less value to an offer or concession in a negotiation.

Complete the following passage about a powerful influence on people's decisions to help others in distress.

One of the reasons that construal processes—how people interpret situations—have such a strong influence on whether or not people help in situations of distress is because many instances of distress are surprisingly ambiguous in everyday life.

Recall that Leonard Berkowitz and his colleagues asked pairs of men to work on a series of problems. The men were instructed to deliver shocks to their partners when their performances needed improvement. Some participants were induced to experience anger during the task, whereas others were not. In addition, some participants saw neutral objects next to the machine, some participants saw a gun next to the machine, and some saw no objects. Results showed that

Participants in the gun condition were more aggressive than those in the no-object and neutral-object conditions only if they were angry.

Recall that Nancy Steblay (1987) reviewed thirty-five studies that compared helping rates in rural and urban environments. What did she find?

People are more likely to receive help in rural areas than in urban areas.

Complete the passage describing one explanation for the connection between aggressive acts and hot weather.

People can mistakenly blame their arousal—which is a physiological response to heat—on some other circumstance they encounter (such as a frustrating driver or an irritating romantic partner). This misplaced attribution can give rise to amplified feelings of anger, which can lead to aggression.

Complete the following passage about unselfish altruism.

People vary significantly in their altruistic behavior according to situational features, such as how much time they have, what sort of need or suffering they encounter, and who is present when others are in distress.

Which of the following is NOT among the explanations for income equality given in the textbook?

People who are genetically more prone to violent behavior tend to be at the lower end of the socioeconomic spectrum.

Stephen notices that Jenny is sitting by herself in the cafeteria, crying. Watching her cry makes Stephen feel upset, so he goes over to try to comfort her. Stephen's behavior is likely motivated by the ________ motive for helping others.

Personal distress

Taylor sees a little girl crying on the side of the street and decides not to find out what is wrong because he doesn't have much experience with children. He looks around and wonders why no one else is helping, given that they all look more capable of intervening than he fills. Taylor is likely engaging in:

Pluralistic ignorance

You volunteer to participate in a game in which you are told that you and another participant, whom you will never meet but is playing nearby, must each make a decision: either you cooperate and benefit both of you, or you defect and benefit only yourself. Depending on what you and the other person choose, you stand to receive a certain amount of money. You are participating in the ________ game.

Prisoner's dilemma

According to Berkowitz's neo-associationistic account of aggression, which of the following situations is most likely to lead to aggression?

Rachel is angry after being made to hold her arm in cold water during a psychology experiment.

Trina is a straight-A student who takes detailed notes. Before an exam, four other students approach Trina and ask if she is willing to share her notes with them. Based on research on the situational determinants of cooperation, with whom is Trina most likely to share her notes?

Randy, who often studies with Tina

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of rape-prone cultures, as described in research by Peggy Reeves Sanday? A) Rape is used as an act of war against enemy women. B) Rape is portrayed in movies, television, or other cultural products. C) Rape is part of a ritual act, such as a rite of passage to adulthood. D) Rape is used as a threat against women to keep them subservient.

Rape is portrayed in movies, television, or other cultural products.

Gossip, forming alliances, and excluding others are all examples of ________ aggression.

Relational

The collective beliefs, evaluations, and impressions other people hold about an individual are referred to as his or her ________.

Reputation

Complete the following passage describing motivations for altruism.

Research supports the idea that people help others out of egoistic, or selfish, motives that include reducing one's own personal distress and the potential for receiving social rewards such as praise, attention, and gratitude.

Kyle, an American citizen, is watching a news story about non-U.S. citizens who are being detained for security reasons. Research suggests that Kyle may be more likely to dehumanize the detainees if he is

Sitting next to a friend

Which of the following best describes the relationship between income inequality and aggression?

States and countries with higher levels of income inequality have higher rates of aggression.