PSY 230-ONL Final Exam

Dopamine and norepinephrine are classified as ____. A. catecholamines B. proteins C. second messengers D. purines

A. Catecholamines

A graded depolarization is known as an ____. A. EPSP B. IPSP C. ESPN D. EPIP

A. EPSP

The cell membrane is composed of two layers of __________. A.Fat B.Protein C.Plasma D.Carbohydrate

A. Fat

Glutamate opens sodium gates, enabling sodium ions to enter the postsynaptic cell. What type of effect is this? A. ionotropic B. modulatory C. orthodromic D. metabotropic

A. Iontropic

The structure that contains a cell's chromosomes is called the _____. A.Nucleus B.Endoplasmic reticulum C.Mitrochondrion D.Ribosome

A. Nucleus

Even at rest, most neurons have periodic production of action potentials, known as the ____. A. spontaneous firing rate B. excitatory firing rate C. all-or-none law D. law of compensation

A. Spontaneous firing rate

Specialized junctions between neurons are called ________. A. Synapses B. Spines C. Dentrites D. Nodes of Ranvier

A. Synapses

The basic building blocks for the majority of neurotransmitters are ____. A. nitric oxide B. amino acids C. carbohydrates D. sugars

B. Amino Acids

When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, it evokes the release of neurotransmitters by opening ____ channels in the axon terminal. A. chloride B. calcium C. oxygen D. bicarbonate

B. Calcium

Depolarization is to ____ as hyperpolarization is to ____. A. inhibition; excitation B. excitation; inhibition C. decreasing the threshold; increasing the threshold D. increasing the threshold; decreasing the threshold

B. Excitation, Inhibition

A neuron excretes neurotransmitters through its membrane by a process called ____. A. synaptic diffusion B. exocytosis C. reuptake D. endocytosis

B. Exocytosis

Inhibitory synapses on a neuron ____. A. increase the probability of an action potential B. hyperpolarize the postsynaptic cell C. weaken the cell's polarization D. move the potential closer to the cell's threshold

B. Hyperpolarized the postsynaptic cell

Releasing hormones are synthesized in the ____ and released in the ____. A. anterior pituitary; bloodstream B. hypothalamus; anterior pituitary C. posterior pituitary; hypothalamus D. hypothalamus; posterior pituitary

B. Hypothalmus; Anterior pituitary

When a vertebrate animal contracts the flexor muscles of a leg, it relaxes the extensor muscles of the same leg. Sherrington considered this evidence for the existence of ____. A. the delay in transmission at synapses B. inhibitory messages C. spatial summation D. temporal summation

B. Inhibitory messages

The two basic kinds of cells in the nervous system are ___________. A.Neurons and axons B.Neurons and glia C.Ribosomes and lysosomes D.Dendrites and axons

B. Neurons and Glia

Increased permeability to ____ would most likely result in an IPSP. A. sodium B. potassium C. calcium D. bicarbonate

B. Potassium

A certain weak stimulus produces no reflexive response, but a rapid repetition of that stimulus may produce such a response. What is this phenomenon called? A. saltatory conduction B. temporal summation C. synaptic combination D. spatial summation

B. Temporal Summation

On the basis of what evidence were the properties of synapses first inferred? A. Single-Neuron Recordings B. PET Scans C. Behavioral Observations D. The electron microscope

C. Behavioral Observations

Reuptake is an alternative to which other process? A. recycling of neurotransmitters B. absorbing neurotransmitters by postsynaptic neurons C. breaking down neurotransmitters via an enzymatic process D. re-releasing neurotransmitters from postsynaptic neurons

C. Breaking down neurotransmitters via an enzymatic process

A hormone is a chemical that is ____. A. a feedback message from the postsynaptic neuron to the presynaptic neuron B. secreted by a gland to the outside world C. conveyed by the blood to other organs, whose activity it influences D. capable of activating or inhibiting muscle fibers

C. Conveyed by the blood to other organs, whose activity it influences

A drug that inhibits the action of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase will have the effect of ____. A. increasing the synthesis of acetylcholine by the presynaptic cell B. prolonging the action of acetylcholine at its synapses C. decreasing the synthesis of acetylcholine by the presynaptic cell D. decreasing the duration of action of acetylcholine at its synapses

C. Decreasing the synthesis of acetylcholine by the presynaptic cell

What do neurons have that other cells do not? A.An endoplasmic reticulum B.A plasma membrane C.Large, branching extensions D.Protein channels

C. Large, branching extensions

The effect of a neurotransmitter on a postsynaptic neuron is determined by the ____. A. number of branches of the presynaptic axon B. speed the action potential traveled down the axon C. receptors on the postsynaptic membrane D. distance between the synapse and the cell body

C. Receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

Compared to ionotropic effects, metabotropic effects are ____. A. slower and briefer B. quicker and longer lasting C. slower and longer lasting D. quicker and briefer

C. Slower and longer lasting

The presynaptic terminal stores high concentrations of neurotransmitter molecules in ____. A. dendrites B. peptides C. vesicles D. axons

C. Vesicles

Neuropeptides are synthesized in the ____. A. postsynaptic terminal B. dendrites C. presynaptic terminal D. cell body

D. Cell body

Activation of autoreceptors tends to ____. A. increase sodium-potassium pump activity B. increase further neurotransmitter release C. stimulate GABA release D. decrease further neurotransmitter release

D. Decrease futher neurotransmitter release

Why is the speed of conduction through a reflex arc slower than the speed of conduction of an action potential along an axon? A. The longer an axon, the slower its velocity. B. There are greater amounts of myelin involved in the reflex arc. C. Interneurons have thicker axons than other neurons. D. Transmission between neurons at synapses is slower than along axons.

D. Transmission between neurons at synapses is slower than along axons.

Spatial summation refers to ____. A. multiple strong stimulations that occur in rapid succession B. a decrease in responsiveness after repeated stimulation C. an increase in the strength of action potentials after repeated stimulation D. multiple weak stimulations that occur at the same time

D. multiple weak stimulations that occur at the same time