PSY 236 Exam 1

Fill in the Blanks Individual differences in traits are the most evident in __________ situations

social

Fill in the Blanks Mischel argued that a correlation of .30 between traits and behaviors was ________ in size.

substantial

TRUE/FALSE: PEOPLE TEND TO SELECT ROMANTIC PARTNERS WHO HAVE SIMILAR LEVELS OF THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS.

False

TRUE/FALSE: WHEN WE USE THE WORD TRAIT, WE MEAN THAT THOSE BEHAVIORAL PATTENRS DESCRIBE HOW A PERSON ALWAYS BEHAVE, REGARDLESS OF THE SITUATION

False

True or False: Each of the Big Five Traits is independent of the others. That is, scores on one Big Five trait tend to be uncorrelated with scores on the other 4 traits.

False

True or False: Modern personality science is focused almost exclusively on empirical work and therefore is relatively unconcerned with theory-building as an important part of personality science.

False

True or False: The Big Five model's major contribution to personality science is as a theory of the causes of individual differences, that is, WHY people vary on the dimensions of traits it describes.

False

True or false: A pattern of behaving must not vary across situations if we are to consider it to be a trait.

False

True/False: Negative Emotionality (NEM) and Positive Emotionality (PEM) are negatively correlated with one another; that is, high scores on one are associated with low scores on the other.

False

Fill in the Blanks The primary scientific strength is is in the __________ on behavior.

Five Factor Model

Fill in the Blanks ___________ is the means by which people share information about others that can contribute to people's reputation within a social group.

Gossip

NAME ONE OUTCOME ASSOCIATED WITH LOW CONSCIENTIOUSNESS

HIGHER LEVELS OF DIVORCE/RELATIONSHIP DISCORD, LOWER WORK PERFORMANCE, CRIMINALITY

WHAT DO WE CALL LIFE OUTCOME MEASURES THAT WE CAN GATHER ABOUT THE PERSON'S FUNCTIONING WITHOUT HAVING TO ASK THEM (I.E., SELF REPORT), LIKE CRIMINAL RECORDS?

Hard Outcomes

Which of the following traits are we LEAST likely to get a good sense of when we first meet someone?

- Neuroticism

How do naturalistic observations differ from laboratory methods of assessing personality? A They are less structured. B They do a better job of assessing personality as it manifests in everyday situations. C They are more difficult to compare across studies. D All of the above are true

A

Of the Big Five traits, which is the most closely connected to relationship quality and longevity? A Agreeableness B Extraversion C Openness D Neuroticism

A

The degree to which the findings of a particular study extend beyond the population of people in the study and can be considered to apply to a broader set of people is referred to by what term? A generalizeability B unbiased nature C canonical results

A

The tendency of trait psychology to tell us a little bit about a LOT of people, but not as much deep information about an individual person, is referred to as the psychology of .... A "the stranger" B "the commons" C "the generalizeable" D "the least common denominator"

A

Which "level" of personality was likely the one most shaped by the evolutionary pressures discussed in this chapter? A Level 2 - traits B Level 2 - motivations and values C Level 3 - narrative identity

A

Which of the following is NOT a way that NEM is associated with stress. A High NEM causes financial problems, which leads to stress. B Those high in NEM perceive more stressors in their environment. C Expressions of negative emotions can create interpersonal problems, leading to stress.

A

WHAT IS A "RANDOM WALK"?

A SERIES OF IDIOSYNCRATIC INFLUENCES THAT ACCUMULATE TO CREATE CAUSAL PATHWAYS

What is the relationship between Conscientiousness and the 2 emotional traits? A They are unrelated (uncorrelated). B High Conscientiousness is associated with high levels of each. C Conscientiousness can modulate the expression of PEM and NEM. D PEM and NEM are related to effortful control, but not conscientiousness.

A or C

WHICH BASIC PERSONALITY TRAIT IS MISSING FROM THIS LIST: EXTRAVERSION, NEUROTICISM, OPENNESS, CONSCIENTIOUSNESS

Agreeableness

Which answer below reflects the relationship between "getting ahead" and "getting along" motivations? A They are essentially unrelated; people can pursue each of these strategies independently, or at the same time. B There is a tradeoff between the two strategies; behaviors that aim to meet one goal often diminish the other goal. C The getting ahead motivation and the strategies to pursue it will always lead to more resources for the person. D Those whose personality is dominated more by the "getting along" motivation will tend to have a competitive advantage when resources are scarce.

B

Which of the following is a reason self-report methods are used less frequently with children than with adults? A Their cost is prohibitive for use with children. B Children's reading abilities may impact the validity and reliability of their responses to self-report. C Informant approaches to child personality are always more valid and therefore are preferred over self-report.

B

Which of the following psychiatric problems do you think is most likely to be associated with low levels of Conscientiousness? A Schizophrenia B Substance Use Disorders C Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

B

Which of the following statistical techniques was involved in the development of modern personality science? A correlation coefficients B factor analysis C psycholinguistics D mean differences

B

Gordon Allport believed that psychodynamic models of personality were not focused enough on what? A the language that people use B the importance of the subconscious in the developing personality C present feelings and behaviors D dream interpretation

C

Highly extraverted people enjoy parties because A Parties often involve the use of substances. B Highly extraverted people are sociable, which causes them to attend a lot of parties. C Highly extraverted people find social interactions very rewarding. D Parties allow extraverts to use their social skills to gain higher social status.

C

NAME ONE KIND OF "HIGH STAKES" SETTING IN WHICH PERSONALITY MAY BE ASSESSED

COLLEGE ADMISSIONS, JOB PLACEMENT

EFFORTFUL CONTROL IS MOST SIMILAR TO WHICH BIG FIVE TRAIT?

CONSCIENTIOUSNESS

The ability of a measure to faithfully represent the thing it is meant to measure is referred to by what term? A Aggregation B Accuracy C Symmetry D Validity

D

What is the name of the bias in self-report that is the tendency to describe oneself in ways that would meet with the social approval of others? A Social desirability B Evaluativenes C positivity bias D halo effect

D

Which of the following is NOT an element of our evolutionary past that likely contributed to the evolution of human personality? A. Existence of predators B. Climates that allowed for crop cultivation C. The use of fires to cook meat D. The day-night/light-dark cycle

D

Which of the following is not a term used for the trait of focus in this chapter? A self-regulation B conscientiousness C effortful control D conscience

D

NAME ONE ELEMENT OF POSITIVE EMOTIONALITY/EXTRAVERSION

DRIVE, ENERGY, AFFILIATION, SOCIAL DOMINANCE

Name one evolutionary factor relevant to personality.

Detect danger

Of the Big Five Traits, which of the following shows the highest rank-order stability over time?

Extraversion

WHAT IS THE PHRASE TO DESCRIBE HOW INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS VARY ACROSS PEOPLE?

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

WHAT TYPE OF MEASUREMENT IS IT WHEN YOU ASK SOMEONE WHO KNOWS THE SUBJECT TO COMPLETE A PERSONALITY MEASURE ABOUT THE SUBJECT?

INFORMANT REPORT

WHEN WRITING ITEMS FOR A PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE, WHAT IS ONE CHARACTERISTIC YOU SHOULD AIM FOR?

ITEMS THAT ARE CLEARLY WORDED, CAN BE INTERPRETED DIFFERENTLY BY DIFFERENT PEOPLE, YIELDS A HIGH VARIABILITY OF RESPONSES

Fill in the Blanks The "O" in the OCEAN acronymn is for a trait that is the most variably described across different personality models. Some refer to it as "Openness" and others as __________

Intellect

What is the other term for narrative identity?

Life story

WHICH TRAIT IS MOST STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE LIKELIHOOD OF EXPERIENCING VARIOUS PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OR DISORDERS?

NEUROTICISM/NEGATIVE EMOTIONALITY

INTELLECTUALISM, ODDITY, LACK OF CONFORMITY, LOOSE BOUNDARIES, LIBERALISM ARE ALL DESCRIPTORS PART OF ONE OR MORE THEORIES OF WHICH TRAIT?

OPENNESS TO NEW EXPERIENCE

LOW LEVELS OF WHICH BIG 5 TRAIT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POLITICAL CONSERVATISM?

Openness

WHICH 2 TRAITS OF THE BIG 5 HAVE THE CLEAREST LINK TO NEUROBIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES ACROSS PEOPLE?

PE/EXTRAVERSION AND NE/NEUROTICISM

What is the different between reputation and personality?

Reputation: How you are viewed by others. Personality: Who you actually are.

What are the three layers of personality? Which layer develops first?

Traits, motivation, life story. Traits

TRUE/FALSE. WHEN YOU COMPARE THE EFFECTS OF PERSONALITY TRAITS VERSUS SES AND COGNITIVE ABILITY ON LIFE OUTCOMES, PERSONALITY TRAITS ARE MORE IMPORTANT.

True

TRUE/FALSE: EXTRAVERSION/PE AND NEUROTICISM/NE ARE UNCORRELATED WITH ONE ANOTHER.

True

TRUE/FALSE: OUR EVOLUTIONARY PAST AS A SPECIES THAT LIVES IN SOCIAL GROUPS IS ONE REASON WHY WE NOTICE PERSONALITY DIFFERENCES AMONG PEOPLE

True

True or False: Among Big Five personality traits, Conscientiousness is the best predictor of work performance.

True

True or False: Human personality concerns aspects of our evolved behavior that are relatively invariant across persons.

True

True or false: One reason that traits are not equivalent to behaviors is that the same behavior can be related to very different motivations.

True

True/False: Parents tend to socialize children's effortful control by putting them in demanding situations that force them to regulate their behavior on their own.

True

True/False: Stable individual differences in extraversion emerge earlier in life than stable individual differences in neuroticism.

True

Fill in the Blanks The most central element of NEM is __________

Worry

WHAT IS THE MOST CENTRAL OR IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF NEUROTICISM?

Worry

Which of the following is correlated with high levels of extraversion?

attaining positions of leadership

Fill in the Blanks The __________ lobes are responsible for self-regulation processes.

frontal