PSY 2800 Chapter 9

What are cultural differences in perspective taking among storybooks written by Native American vs. non-Native authors?

-Indigenous Author's pictures: More likely to be from the perspective of the animals. -Non-Indigenous Author's pictures: More likely to be from the perspective of a "bird's eye view"

Influence of language on perceptions of agency.

-English speakers were more accurate than Spanish speakers at recalling unintentional actions. -No difference in recalling intentional actions

What is analytic vs. holistic thinking?

-Analytic Thinking: Focus on objects and attributes. (Objects perceived as independent from contexts). -Holistic Thinking: Attending to context and the relations among objects. (Predicting an object's behavior on the basis of those relationships).

How does analytic vs. holistic thinking relate to differences in artistic drawings of a scene?

-Analytic: 2d- Directs attention to focal objects and they are independent from each other. -Holistic: 3d- Shows the relationship between everything in the picture.

How does analytic vs. holistic thinking relate to memory in the Underwater Scene study?

-Analytic: Can remember the object regardless of the background (on average) -Holistic: Can only remember the object with its original background (on average)

How does analytic vs. holistic thinking relate to attention in the Underwater Scene study?

-Analytic: Tends to give attention to the object -Holistic: Tends to give attention to the background

How does analytic vs. holistic thinking relate to dialecticism?

-Analytic: get stressed out about right and wrong- "What is the right answer?" -Holistic: It's okay for there to be differences- "This is what I was taught, but you might have be taught differently and that is okay too"

How do cultural differences in analytic vs. holistic thinking relate to field independence vs. field dependence in the Rod-and-Frame test?

-Analytic=Field independence: tendency to separate objects from the background Sees the line slanted because we examine it independently from the box -Holistic=Field dependence: tendency to view objects as bound to the background Sees the line straight because we are affected by the box/context

How does analytic vs. holistic thinking affect attention?

-Analytical thinkers tend to separate, specific parts of a scene -Holistic thinkers tend more broadly, across an entire scene

How does analytic vs. holistic thinking relate to dispositional vs. situational attributions?

-Dispositional attributions: Explaining behavior based on inner characteristics. - Example of analytic thinking Situational attributions: Explaining behavior based on contextual factors. - Example of holistic thinking

What was the key difference between the English vs. Chinese newspaper reports?

-English newspaper: Reporters were more likely to make dispositional attributions. -Chinese newspaper: Reporters were more likely to make situational attributions.

What are the historical roots of holistic thinking in East Asia?

-Viewed the world as consisting of continuously interacting substances. -Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism: emphasis on harmony, interconnectedness, and change.

Dialecticism

Acceptance of contradiction based on the view that everything is connected and is constantly in flux

What are the historical roots of analytic thinking in "the West?"

Platonic View: The world is a collection of discrete, unchanging objects, categorized as universal properties.

Influence of language on numerical cognition.

Some cultures do not have terms/words for numbers above 2. (Eg. Piraha)

What is the strong vs. weak version of the Whorfian hypothesis? (linguistic relativity)

Strong Version: Language determine thought Weak Version: Language influences thought

Attention

The act or state of applying the mind to something or directing cognitive act cognitive activity in a certain way.

Influence of language on color perception.

We don't have different names for dark and light colors. We can perceive different shades of colors, but we have different tendencies to respond to the boundaries within those colors depending on our language. (Eg. We call them Dark Blue and Light Blue)

Influence of language on spatial perception.

We use different spatial terms based on language. (Eg. Egocentric terms: Left, right, in front of) (Eg. Cardinal direction: North, south, east, west)

What did the results show regarding the influence of mindfulness meditation in nature on memory about nature experiences?

When asked about their favorite memory, the likelihood that they would talk about nature depended on whether or not they meditated in nature