PSY 290A Final Study Set

The primary cause of research fraud is ____.

Competitive pressure

You develop a new measure of self-efficacy and you find that people who score high on your measure also score high on a standardized measure of self-efficacy. You have demonstrated ____.

Concurrent validity

Which technique is for estimating the magnitude of an unknown population parameter?

Confidence interval

A researcher describes the unique characteristics of an individual research participant and uses the participant's real first name when writing about her study. Which ethical principle is being compromised?

Confidentiality

The practice of keeping data strictly secret and private is:

Confidentiality

If a between-subjects study explores the effect of caffeine on appetite by comparing the appetites of teenagers with no caffeine in their systems with middle-aged adults with 100 mg of caffeine in their system, the study is ________.

Confounded

Reliability is just a fancy word for:

Consistency

What term refers to a variable that cannot be observed or measured directly but is useful for describing and explaining behavior?

Construct

Which type of validity requires multiple research studies, usually conducted over a long period of time?

Construct

Hypothetical attributes or mechanisms that help explain and predict behavior in a theory are referred to as:

Constructs

When researchers use behavioral observation techniques to measure behaviors in movies, what is the measurement process called?

Content analysis

A researcher has pairs of college student participants play a card game in the laboratory. However, the game is rigged to ensure that one participant experiences a long losing streak so that the researcher can observe how the losing students behave when they are frustrated. For this study, what kind of behavioral observation is being used?

Contrived observation

A researcher who brings dating couples into the laboratory to be observed while they are solving a problem is most likely using _____.

Contrived observation

An artifical/structured situation is set up so that participant behavior can be recorded. This is called:

Contrived observation

Which sampling technique is most likely to result in a biased sample?

Convenience Sampling

A researcher recruits a sample of 25 preschool children for a research study by posting an announcement in a local daycare center describing the study and offering a $10 payment for participation. What kind of sampling is the researcher using?

Convenience sampling

Which sampling technique is most likely to result in a biased sample?

Convenience sampling

How does convenience sampling compare to probability sampling?

Convenience sampling is a faster process.

What kind of validity requires that a researcher create two different measures of the same variable?

Convergent

A new survey of depression correlates positively and strongly with two other surveys of depression. This is an example of:

Convergent Validity

What outcome is likely to occur for a hypothesis test evaluating a treatment that has a very large and robust effect?

Correctly rejecting the null hypothesis

A researcher reports that there is no consistent relationship between grade point average and the number of hours spent studying for college students. The correlation between grade point average and the number of hours studying is an example of a ___.

Correlation near 0

In correlational studies, the consistency of a relationship is typically measured and described by the numerical value obtained for a ____.

Correlational coefficient

When a person applies to rent a house, he/she sometimes is required to consent to a credit check along with his/her application. Landlords know that there is a relationship between credit score and likelihood of paying rent on time. In this situation, paying rent on time is best characterized as the ____ variable

Criterion

The third step of the scientific method uses a general hypothesis to develop a testable predication. This step involves the use of ____.

Deduction

What kind of reasoning uses a general statement to make conclusions about specific examples?

Deductive

Cues given to the participants about how they are expected to behave define a situation's ____.

Demand Characteristics

Concurrent validity involves:

Demonstrating that the scores on the new test correlate with scores on established tests

The introduction section of a research article typically ____.

Describes the overall purpose and rationale of the research

A researcher conducts a survey to determine the average number of minutes that college students spend on their smartphones in a typical day. Which research strategy is being used?

Descriptive

Which risk to a study exists whether or not participants in different groups are able to communicate with each other?

Differential attrition

Research indicates the people who suffer from depression also tend to experience insomnia. However, it is unclear whether the depression causes insomnia or the lack of sleep causes depression. This is an example of the ____.

Directionality problem

One responsibility of the IACUC is to ensure that ______.

Discomfort is minimized in nonhuman subjects in research

Which section of a research article is most likely to provide suggestions for additional research?

Discussion

A researcher developed a new intelligence test for elementary school children. However, the researcher fears that the scores from the test may actually be measuring the children's reading ability. To show that the test is really measuring intelligence and not reading ability, the researcher must demonstrate ____validity.

Divergent

_____________ validity is demonstrated by showing little or no relationship between the measurement of two different constructs.

Divergent

Which type of validity involves demonstrating that we are measuring one specific construct and not combining two different constructs in the same measurement process?

Divergent Validity

In an observational study of autistic children, you record how much time each child spends playing alone during a 30 minute observation period. This is an example of the ____ method of quantifying behavior.

Duration

Visual illusions, such as the vertical/horizontal illusion, provide a demonstration of one problem with the ____ method of knowing or acquiring knowledge.

Empirical

When your doctor uses a stethoscope to listen to your heart, the doctor is gathering information by using the

Empirical method

__________ uses observation or direct sensory experience to obtain knowledge

Empiricism

The primary advantage of a stratified random sample is that it ______.

Ensures that group sizes will be adequate for statistical analysis

The study of proper action

Ethics

An explanation is empirical if it is based on ____.

Evidence of the Senses

The extent to which we can generalize the results of a research study to people, settings, times, measures, and characteristics other than those used in that study.

External

Dr. Ramos is interested in studying how indoor temperature can influence people's sleep quality during the summer. A sample of 100 households is selected in which the residents keep their houses at 76 degrees during the summer. The residents wear a monitoring device that measures their sleep cycles for several nights to get baseline readings. Then, 50 of the homes are randomly assigned to the warm temperature condition in which the residents agree to keep their houses at 82 degrees Fahrenheit. In the other 50 houses, the residents agree to keep their houses at 70 degrees. For several nights, Dr. Ramos collects the sleep data for the people living in the houses to see how the residents' sleep patterns have changed. Assuming that the study allows people to use as many or as few blankets as they like, number of blankets would be a(n) ____ variable in the experiment.

Extraneous

Which of the following words or phrases makes the best subject word(s) for a database search?

Extroverts

You assess the validity of a test by just looking at it. This is an example of using:

Face validity

The Tuskegee study involved ______.

Failing to provide treatment for men with syphilis.

A between-subjects experiment with 25 scores in treatment I and 25 scores in treatment II must have a total of 25 participants in the experiment.

False

A football player who knows that his performance will be better if he wears his lucky shirt is using the method of faith

False

A negative correlation means that as the X values decrease, the Y values also tend to decrease

False

A negative correlation means that as the X values decrease, the Y values also tend to decrease.

False

A political scientist uses a survey to determine whether college students' sleeping habits are related to their grade point averages. This researcher is using the descriptive survey research design.

False

A problem with primary sources is that they may provide an incomplete or misinterpreted description of a research study or a research result.

False

A recent study reports that the more sexual content that adolescents watch on TV, the more likely they were to engage in sexual behaviors. However, it is unclear whether the sexual content on TV leads to sexual behavior or whether sexual behavior leads to a preference for sexual content on TV. This is an example of the third-variable problem.

False

A researcher is not obligated to use anesthesia for surgery in nonhuman subjects in research.

False

A researcher knows that there is a relationship between obesity and watching television for young children. However, it is not know whether children watch more TV because they are overweight or whether they are overweight because they watch so much TV. This is an example of the third variable problem.

False

A researcher who deliberately misinforms participants about the research study is committing passive deception.

False

A statistically significant correlation means that the correlation is large and strong

False

A summary value, usually numerical, that describes a sample is called a parameter.

False

A textbook is a primary source.

False

A type 1 error means that the hypothesis test has failed to detect a real treatment effect.

False

A valid measure is one that yields highly similar results across different experimental conditions.

False

According to the APA ethical guidelines, researchers can use deception whenever they wish and need to justify the use of deception only if participants could suffer significant physical or emotional harm.

False

All experiments must have either a no-treatment control group or a placebo control group.

False

All journal articles are primary sources.

False

An advantage of between-subjects designs is that they require fewer participants than are typically needed for within-subjects designs.

False

Applied research is intended to answer theoretical questions

False

Archival research involves applying the techniques of behavioral observation to record behaviors in contemporary books or movies.

False

Basic research is all about solving practical, "real world" prooblems

False

Basic research is intended to answer practical problems.

False

Because there is a strong positive correlation between depression and risk of divorce, we can conclude that depression causes divorce.

False

By definition, a biased sample is a good representation of the population.

False

Correlation proves causation

False

Counterbalancing effectively eliminates order effects.

False

Counting how many times a child exhibits disruptive behavior during a 30-minute observation period is an example of measuring behavior using the duration method.

False

Demonstrating that scores from a new measurement procedure are related to scores from an established measure of the same construct is called convergent validity.

False

Finding information in a textbook would be an example of using the rational method of inquiry

False

If decreased in the x variable are accompanied by decreases in the y variable, then the correlation between X and Y is negative.

False

In a between-subjects design, to compare proportions between groups, an independent-measures t-test is appropriate.

False

In a between-subjects experiment, increasing the variance within treatments increases the likelihood of finding significant differences between treatments.

False

In a distribution with a mean of M = 36 and a standard deviation of SD = 8, a score of 40 would be considered an extreme value.

False

In an experiment, the dependent variable is manipulated by the researcher in order to examine it's impact on the independent or outcome variable.

False

In an experiment, the process of manipulation involves changing the value of the dependent variable from one treatment condition to another.

False

In contrived observation, the researcher joins the individuals to be observed and engages in activities with them.

False

In general, a sample with large variance is more likely to produce a significant result than a sample with small variance.

False

Individuals who score low on one variable also tend to score low on another variable. This is an example of a negative relationship between variables.

False

Intelligence is an example of an operational definition.

False

It is a good idea to start with a specific idea and then make that idea more general as you conduct your literature review.

False

It is always necessary to have at least 25-30 participants in a study

False

It is widely considered ethical to coerce participants to participate in a study if the research findings could be very beneficial to society.

False

Magazine articles that describe previous research are primary sources.

False

Men's shirt sizes are classified as small, medium, large, and extra-large. This is an example of measurement on a nominal scale.

False

Milgram's obedience study is ethically questionable because the shocks posed a threat of physical harm

False

Observing a person's behavior while having him or her complete a problem-solving task in the laboratory is an example of participant observation.

False

One difference between a scientific answer and answers gained by other methods is that the scientific answer is more likely to be an absolute or final answer.

False

One problem with observational research is that it can be very time consuming. However, this problem is minimized by using participant observation.

False

One safeguard against fraud is review by the IRB.

False

Pseudoscience is based on objective empirical evidence.

False

Random assignment guarantees that participant characteristics do not become a confounding variable.

False

Randomizing a variable such as participant gender guarantees that it will not become a confounding variable.

False

Ratio data are numerical and lack an absolute zero point.

False

Research studies consistently demonstrate that debriefing participants effectively eliminates the problems caused by deception.

False

Roshenhan's study in which individuals were admitted to psychiatric hospital in order to observe patients and patient-staff interactions, is an example of contrived obervation.

False

Secondary sources must contain complete reports of research

False

Secondary sources must contain complete reports of research.

False

Since convenience sampling offers no guarantee of a representative and unbiased sample, it should not be used in behavioral research.

False

Stress is an example of an operational definition.

False

Suppose there is a correlation of +0.87 between the length of time a person is in prison and the amount of aggression the person displays on a psychological inventory. This means that spending a longer amount of time in prison causes people to become more aggressive

False

The Tuskegee study involved injecting patients with live cancer cells without their knowledge or consent.

False

The case study design can be used to establish causal relationships between variables.

False

The case study design can be useful for studying unusual clinical cases such as rare psychiatric disorders.

False

The coefficient of determination is computed by taking the square root of the correlation coefficient.

False

The goal of the correlational research strategy is to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.

False

The goal of the descriptive research strategy is to describe the relationships that exist between variables.

False

The hypothesis "if humans could fly, depression would decrease" is an example of a strong hypothesis

False

The most complete coverage of existing journals is provided by full-text databases.

False

The principles outlined in the Belmont Report are no longer used today.

False

To establish split-half reliability, you must administer the same measurement to the same group of people at two different times.

False

Using a hypothesis to predict how people will behave demonstrates the use of indication.

False

Using a hypothesis to predict how people will behave demonstrates the use of induction.

False

Using a small sample size can help minimize the problems with variance.

False

Using a survey to measure students' food preferences is an example of the behavioral modality of measurement.

False

When a research report demonstrates a significant treatment effect at the .05 level, you can be more confident that the effect is real than if the researcher had reported a significant effect with an alpha level of only .01.

False

When the data for a correlational study consist of one or more scores that are not numerical values, the relationship between the variables cannot be evaluated.

False

When the goal of a research study is to describe and compare different subgroups in a known population, the best strategy is to use proportionate stratified random sampling.

False

Without some correction, such as the Spearman-Brown formula, a correlation measuring split-half reliability will tend to overestimate the reliability for the full test.

False

You have dinner reservations at 7:30 at a restaurant that is 30 minutes away and it is already 7:20.Based in this information, you know that you are going to be late. This is an example of using the empirical method

False

The Nuremberg Code was developed ________.

Following war crime trials after World War II in the 1940s.

The explicit effort of a researcher to falsify or misrepresent data is referred to as:

Fraud

In the observational study of adolescents at the mall, you count the number of social interaction behaviors that occur within a one-hour observation period. This is an example of the ________ method of quantifying behavior

Frequency

The Spearman correlation is used when both scores are _____.

From the ordinal scale

A hypothesis is a ____ statement and a prediction is a ____ statement.

General ; Specific

A major goal of research is to ______________ from a small group of participants included in a study to the larger group from which they came.

Generalize

When you identify a gap in the literature, you ____.

Have found a potential research idea

Researchers often use a coding system to associate data with a particular participant during the course of a research study in order to _______.

Help protect condifentiality

Dr. Feliciano is conducting a study of sleep on children's activity level that takes place over several days; however, Halloween falls in the middle of his study, and he notices that on Halloween, the children are especially active during his observation. Which threat to internal validity has confounded this study?

History

One responsibility of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) is to ensure that ____.

Human participants will be kept safe in research

If you are a psychologist embarking on a research study, what should you do first?

Identify an idea and search the literature to form the research question

Under what circumstances is a very small treatment effect still likely to be statistically significant?

If the sample size is large and the sample variance is small

Under what circumstances can a very small treatment effect be statistically significant?

If the sample size is large and the sample variance is small.

during a study using the behavioral research strategy, is it common to prepare a list of behaviors called behavioral categories before the actual observation begins. The purpose for this procedure is to ____.

Improve the reliability of the measurements

The results section of a research article typically ____.

Includes the outcome of statistical analyses

What is the advantage of a simulation compared to a traditional laboratory study?

Increased external validity

Based on observations of his own children, Jean Piaget formed a theory about the cognitive development of all children. This is an example of ____ reasoning.

Inductive

Using observations of a small number of humans to make a statement about human behavior in general is an example of ____ reasoning.

Inductive

What kind of reasoning uses a few specific observations to produce a statement about a larger possible set of observations

Inductive

A researcher studies a group of 25 preschool children in order to answer questions about the entire population of preschool children. What general categories of statistical techniques will this researcher be using?

Inferential statistics

Which general category of statistical methods is intended to answer questions about populations by using sample data?

Inferential statistics

Method of Tenacity

Information is accepted as true because it has always been believed or because superstition supports it

Deception is in direct contradiction with which element of the ethical guidelines?

Informed consent

If a researcher explains what will happen in a research study using language that potential participants are unlikely to understand, then the researcher has violated the intent of ______.

Informed consent

If individuals are pressured into participating in research because the researcher is in a position of power or authority, then which ethical principle is being compromised?

Informed consent

A committee consisting of scientists and non-scientists that throughly review the proposed human-conducted research of any institution is referred to as:

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Although surveys can be used with a variety of different research strategies, the defining characteristic of the survey research design is that the____.

Intent is simply to describe behaviors

A defining characteristic of the correlational study is that the______.

Intent is to demonstrate the relationship between variables.

Two observers record similar observations on a behavioral rating scale for a group of children they are watching. The researchers have established what kind of reliability?

Inter-rater reliability

You are running a study with 4 raters watching behavior and coding it using a behavioral inventory. As a researcher, it would be absolutely critical to demonstrate:

Inter-rater reliability

A person who buys a lottery ticket because she just feels lucky is using the method of _____________.

Intuition

Which method of acquiring knowledge is being used when people make decisions based on instinct or hunches?

Intuition

When using operational definitions, it is important to keep in mind that the operational definition ____.

Is not the same as the construct itself

What is the most relevant question you should ask when reading an introduction?

Is the literature review up to date?

Which statement identifies a potential problem with Internet Surveys?

It can be difficult to control or even know the composition of the sample.

How does the descriptive research strategy differ from the experimental or nonexperimental research strategies?

It does not concern relationships between variables.

What is a concern with simple random sampling without replacement?

It does not produce independent selections.

What is the purpose for using habituation in an observational research study?

It helps ensure that the people being observed are not influenced by the presence of an observer

Which of the following statements accurately describes the scientific method?

It is a circular process that leads to a tentative answer.

The main advantage of contrived observation(compared with other types of observational research)

It is more efficient because the researcher does not have to wait for specific behaviors to occur naturally

Why is probability sampling rarely used in behavioral science researcher?

It is often not possible to list every individual in a population.

What is the purpose for using a control condition in an experiment?

It provides a baseline to evaluate the size of the treatment effect.

What is the effect of counterbalancing?

It spreads order effects evenly across the treatment conditions.

Why is a confounding variable unacceptable in a true experiment?

It threatens internal validity by providing an alternative explanation for the results.

Who is acting as a confederate?

Jay, who pretends to be a research participant even though he is actually working with the experimenter.

A variable measured on the nominal scale of measurement is akin to:

Label

The larger the sample size, the more likely it is that values obtained from the sample are similar to actual values for the population. This is the:

Law of Large Numbers

An explanation is rational if it is based on ____.

Logical Deductions

Which method for administering a survey requires the greatest amount of time from the researcher?

Making phone calls

In the scientific method, a prediction is evaluated by ____.

Making system, planned observations

Fraud involves ________.

Making up data to fit the hypothesis.

A measurement procedure is valid if it ____.

Measures what you intend to measure

Which section of a research article can help you to develop ideas for studies by changing the characteristics of the participants or modifying the procedures for your own study?

Method

Looking up your local weather report online is an example of using the ____.

Method of Authority

Using a sports star to sell clothing in a television commercial relies upon which nonscientific method of acquiring knowledge?

Method of Authority

Which method of acquiring knowledge is being used by students who are learning from teachers and textbooks?

Method of Authority

Marisol just found out she is pregnant and tells everyone that she has a feeling she will have a girl. In this case, Marisol is using the ____.

Method of Intuition

For scores measured on a nominal scale of measurement (for example, job classification), which measure of central tendency is appropriate?

Mode

Which set of correlations correctly shows the highest to lowest degree of relationship?

NOT -0.91, +0.83, -0.03, -0.10

Which type of subject role is most desirable for a research study?

NOT Apprehensive subject role NOT negativistic subject role Maybe faithful subject role

Regression is the statistical process for ____.

NOT Determining the strength of a relationship

The Spearman correlation is used when both scores are ____.

NOT For nominal variables

Administering a survey by telephone _____.

NOT Is typically quite time-efficient, Requires improvisation of questions

During a study using the behavioral research strategy, it is common to have two observers record behavior simultaneously. What is the purpose for this procedure?

NOT It helps ensure that the people being observed are not influenced by the presence of an observer, It is used to ensure the external validity of the study

What is an advantaged to administering a survey over the Internet?

NOT It is especially easy to get a representative sample.

Bird watching is most similar to which type of research?

NOT Participant observation.

The process of selecting individuals to participate in research

NOT Random recruitment

A statistically significant correlation means that _____.

NOT The correlation is large

Why is random assignment used in between-subjects experimental designs?

NOT To hold participant characteristics constant

Regression is the statistical process for _____.

NOT determining the strength of a relationship

The coefficient of determination is ____.

NOT independent of the value of the correlation coefficient

The APA ethical guidelines ____.

NOT permit research using active deception but do not allow research with passive deception, do not allow research using either active or passive deception

An advantage of holding a variable constant rather than using random assignment to form your groups is that holding a variable constant ____.

NOT reduces error due to participant differences

To construct a frequency distribution graph displaying a set of scores that were measured on an interval or a ratio scale, you should use a ____.

NOT scatter plot

A researcher is interested in the sleeping habits of students at the local state college. The average number of hours spent sleeping each night for the entire set of students enrolled at the college is an example of a ____.

NOT statistic

Dr. Sian varies the amount of a new sedative given to three groups of participants (0, 1, and 2 mg) and then observes the reaction for each group. The 0-mg condition represents the ____ condition.

No-treatment control

In _____________ sampling, the population is not entirely known and individual probabilities cannot be determined.

Non-probability

A researcher recruits participants for an experiment by posting an announcement in the psychology department asking for volunteers. What kind of sampling is being used?

Nonprobability

The phrase "science is objective" means that scientific answers are ____.

Not influenced by researcher bias

Which form of deception is permitted in psychological research?

Observing participants who don't know they are being observed

The disadvantage of full-text databases is that they contain ____.

Only a fraction of the publications in an area

How do studies using the experimental research strategy differ from other types of research?

Only experiments can demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between variables.

On a questionnaire Dr. Ortega asks participants to answer the following question: "what do you think about the current presidential administration?" This is an example of a(n) question

Open-ended

Which type of question allows participants the greatest flexibility in deciding how to answer?

Open-ended

In a survey, questions that require the participant to write out a lengthy response to a question are:

Open-ended questions

Using the number of yawns in a one-hour period as a definition and a measurement of sleepiness is an example of ____ sleepiness.

Operationalizing

A teacher separates the students in his class into high, medium, and low reading skill groups. What scale of measurement is being used to create the groups?

Ordinal

An artifact such as experimenter bias is a threat to the validity of measurement because the ____.

Outcome measurements may be distorted by the artifact

A researcher who wanted to observe behaviors in a private social club would probably need to use ___.

Participant observation

Which observational research design has the greatest risk that the observer will influence the behaviors being observed?

Participant observations

A researcher conducts a study in which 50 college students are assigned to different treatments and tested. In the study, the students are called ____.

Participants

The human individuals who take part in research studies are typically referred to as:

Participants

A researcher who deliberately omits informing participants about the true intent of a questionnaire is committing

Passive deception

A research study reports that participants who scored high on a new test measuring relationship satisfaction had more physical contact with their romantic partners during an interview whereas participants who scored low on the test avoided physical contact with their romantic partners. Assuming that more physical contact is associated with higher relationship satisfaction, this study is a demonstration of ____ validity.

Pedictive

Using a PET scan to measure brain activity while participants solve mathematics problems is an example of using what modality of measurement?

Physiological

What would the scatter plot show for data that produce a Pearson correlation of r = +.88?

Points clustered close to a line that slopes up to the right

A researcher is interested in the anxiety levels among patients in a nursing home. The entire set of patients living in the nursing home is an example of a ____.

Population

Dr. Ziser conducts an experiment on life satisfaction using participants above the age of 80. All people above the age of 80 would make up the ______.

Population

If two variables change in the same direction, the relationship is:

Positive

Research results indicate that the more servings of red meat eat from age 15 to 25, the higher their cholesterol scores will be at age 60. This is an example of a ____ relationship between variables.

Positive

The results from a research study indicate that adolescents who watch more sexual content on television also tend to engage in more sexual behavior that their peers. The correlation between the amount of TV sexual content and amount of sexual behavior is an example of a ____.

Positive correlation

Combat veterans may be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). You wonder about the best way to treat PTSD. This is an example of getting research ideas from ____.

Practical problems

A student's score on a measurement of impulse control allows researchers to form an accurate expectation for how well the student will control his or her impulses in class. This test illustrates ____ validity.

Predictive

You develop a new measure of anxiety and you find that people who score high on your measure show more anxious behavior than people who score low on your measure. You have demonstrated ____.

Predictive validity

A _____ source contains original research reports.

Primary

An empirical journal article is an example of a ____ source

Primary

You can safely assume that ____.

Primary sources contain descriptions of research by those who conducted it

In ______________ sampling, the entire population is known and each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Probability

To select a sample of 10 employees from a factory workforce of 100, a researcher puts each employee's name on a slip of paper, then shuffles the papers in a hat and randomly picks 10 names. What kind of sampling is being used?

Probability

Which kind of sampling requires such extensive knowledge of the population that the researcher could list every individual in the population?

Probability

Psychology majors at the state college consist of 40% males and 60% females. The psychology department is conducting a survey of its majors and obtains a sample by randomly selecting students so there will be 20 males and 30 females from the list of psychology majors. What kind of sampling is used in this example?

Proportionate stratified random

A researcher would like to examine the political attitudes for students at a local university. The researcher will evaluate a sample of 200 students but would like to be sure that the ages and genders of individuals in the sample accurately represent the ages and genders for the entire student body at the university. What would be the best sampling method for the researcher to use?

Proportionate stratified random sampling

To say that something is refutable means that it can be:

Proven False

The purpose of an operational definition is to ____.

Provide a definition and a method for measuring a hypothetical construct

The discussion section of a research article typically ____.

Provides interpretation of the findings

The method section of a research article typically ____.

Provides the details of how the research was conducted

The database that contains brief summaries of psychology articles and information on where to find the original publication is ____.

PsycINFO

_______ involves number whereas ______ involves narrative/written reports

Quantitative research; Qualitative research

A researcher wants to obtain a sample of 30 preschool children consisting of 10 two-year-old children, 10 three-year-old, and 10 four-year-old children. Assuming that the children are obtained from local daycare centers, this researcher should use ____ sampling.

Quota

A researcher would like to select a sample of 50 people so that five different age groups are equally represented in the sample. Assuming that the researcher does not know the entire list of people in the population, which sampling technique should be used?

Quota Sampling

If every possible outcome is equally likely during sample selection, then the sample is said to be _____.

Random

What type of question is a Likert-type question?

Rating scale

What type of question typically produces a numerical score for each participant?

Rating scale

Which type of question is a Likert-type question?

Rating scale

After measuring a group of individuals, a researcher finds that Jared's score is three times greater than Jasmin's score. These measurements must come from a(n) ____ scale.

Ratio

Determining a person's reaction time (in milliseconds) would involve measurement on a(n) ____ scale of measurement.

Ratio

Kenji believes that food poisoning causes food aversions, so when he finds out that his friend Brielle hates seafood, he assumes that Brielle must have had food poisoning after eating seafood sometime in her past. Kenji is using the ____.

Rational Method

Last year Tomas and his friend Jamie were both too short to ride the rollercoaster. Jamie went to the park this year and was tall enough to ride. Because Tomas is taller than Jamie, he thinks that he will be able to ride the rollercoaster as well. Tomas is using the ____ to answer his question.

Rational Method

_________ seeks answers by the use of logical reasoning.

Rationalism

Participants who know that they are being observed may modify their behavior. This problem is known as ____.

Reactivity

Standardizing procedures, standardizing treatment settings, and limiting individual differences all have the effect of ____.

Reducing variance within treatments

Which section of a research article is most likely to provide a complete list of all the publications cited in the article?

Reference

Measurement that includes a large error component will have very low ____.

Reliability

One way to detect fraud in research is to ____.

Replicate the study

Publicly repeating a study by copying the methods exactly is referred to as ____.

Replication

Which element is part of the APA ethical guidelines?

Researchers must perform research in their area of expertise.

Which examples illustrates a positive correlation?

Salary level decreases as educational level decreases

Dr. Ziser conducts an experiment on life satisfaction using participants above the age of 80. Because she cannot include all people above the age of 80, she will select what is known as a ____.

Sample

Your PsycINFO search has yielded several hundred articles. The most efficient next step is to ____.

Scan through the titles to see which ones seem most suited to your interests

When people make an observation, then form a hypothesis that explains the observation, and then make more observations to test the credibility of the hypothesis, they are using the ____.

Scientific Method

What is meant by the saying, "science is empirical?"

Scientific answers are based on direct observation

A newspaper article discussing someone's research is an example of a ____ source.

Secondary

The review of the literature in the introduction section of a research report is an example of a ____ source.

Secondary

Which type of source summarizes information from sources of original research reports?

Secondary

Although it is possible to obtain a sample with characteristics that are very different from the population through random sampling, it is more likely that a nonrepresentative sample is the result of ____.

Selection bias

Using an anonymous questionnaire to determine how many times students send or receive text messages during class is an example of using what modality of measurement?

Self-Report

The direction of a relationship between variables is indicated by the ___.

Sign of the correlation

The starting point for most probability sampling techniques is _____.

Simple random sampling

When comparing means in a single-factor multiple group design, which statistical analysis is most appropriate?

Single-factor analysis of variance

Which statement is the best example of a hypothesis?

Smaller class size is related to better academic performance.

Which pair of variables should produce a negative relationship?

Speed of running and time to complete a race.

A researcher develops a 20-question test to measure anxiety and administers it to a group of participants. To evaluate the reliability of the test, the researcher computes a score for the first 10 questions and a score for the last 10 questions for each participant and then computes the correlation between the two scores. What is the researcher measuring?

Split-half reliability

A strategy for reducing experimenter bias is to ____.

Standardize the equipment

A characteristic, usually a numerical value that describes a sample, is called a ___.

Statistic

A researcher records the change in weight (gain or lost) during the first semester of college for each individual in a group of 25 freshmen and calculates the average change in weight. The average is an example of a _______.

Statistic

One criticism of proportionate stratified random sampling is that _______.

Statistical analysis may be impeded when subgroups are small

A researcher would like to describe and compare the attitudes of four different ethnic groups of students at a local state college. To obtain participants for the study while ensuring sufficient numbers of participants from each of the ethnic groups, the researcher should probably use ____ sampling.

Stratified random

The technique of quota sampling is most similar to ______ sampling.

Stratified random

quota sampling produces the same advantages from convenience sampling that ______ sampling produces for probability sampling

Stratified random

A sample consists of 25 freshmen, 25 sophomores, 25 juniors, and 25 seniors from a local high school that has an equal number of students in each class. If the sample was obtained using a list of all the students in the high school, it is probably an example of ____ sampling. If the sample was obtained without a list of students, it is likely an example of ______ sampling. stratified random; quota

Stratified random; quota

When using PsycINFO for a literature search, it is most common to enter a(n) ____ into the database.

Subject word

Pseudoscience is based on ____.

Subjective Evidence

A researcher conducts a study in which 50 rats are assigned to different treatments and tested. In the study, the rats are called research ____.

Subjects

One way to detect fraud in research is to _______.

Submit the article for peer review.

A professor teaching an introductory psychology class of 200 obtains a sample of 25 students by selecting every eighth name from the class list. The professor is using ____ sampling.

Systematic

A type of probability sampling where every nth participant from a list containing the entire population is selected.

Systematic

When you "know" that you do not want to eat chocolate-covered crickets, even when everyone around you says that they taste great, your decision is based on the method of ____.

Tenacity

Establishing the reliability of a measurement procedure by using the procedure to measure the same individuals on two separate occasions and comparing the two sets of scores is known as ____ reliability.

Test-Retest

What is demonstrated by showing that the test scores measured today for a group of individuals are nearly identical to the scores obtained with the same measurement procedure last week?

Test-retest reliability

_________ is established by comparing the scores obtained on two successive measurements of the same individual and calculating a correlation between the two sets of scores.

Test-retest reliability

Ten ethical standards put together by the governing board of US psychology.

The APA Ethics Code

__________ reviews all proposed research with respect to the treatment of non-human subjects.

The IACUC

Which statistic estimates the average of all the possible split-half correlations but can only be used when each question has only two response alternatives?

The Kuder-Richardson formula 20

The mode of inquiry that is called the method of faith is a variant of which other method of inquiry?

The Method of Authority

A set of 10 guidelines for the ethical treatment of human participants that came out of the atrocities committed in Nazi Germany

The Nuremberg Code

An approach to acquiring knowledge that involves formulating specific questions and then systematically finding answers is known as:

The Scientific Method

In hypothesis tests, standard error measures _____.

The amount of difference expected just by chance

What is the definition of variance?

The average squared distance from the mean

What is a big advantage of using a multiple-treatment design?

The data can provide more in-depth information about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

What is one of the guidelines for using deception in a research study?

The deception cannot conceal a real risk or danger to participants.

The general goal of a research study using the descriptive research strategy is to _____.

The general goal of a research study using the descriptive research strategy is to _____.

One of the primary responsibilities of the IRB is to carefully review ____.

The informed consent procedure.

A researcher has measured self-esteem for a sample of 40 first-grade children. If the researcher wanted to divide the children into two equal-sized groups consisting of the high self-esteem kids and the low self-esteem kids, which statistical measure would identify the correct score to serve as the boundary between the high and the low self-esteem groups?

The median

If a distribution of numerical scores contains one or two extremely high values, compared to the rest of the scores, which measure of central tendency would produce the most representative value?

The median

Which relationship described below illustrates a negative relationship?

The more exercise children get from age 2 to 7, the lower their chance of having cancer by age 65.

When one simply observes behavior and records that behavior, they are using:

The observational research design

What is a potential problem with the method of authority

The other three choices are all potential problems.

Which correlation is appropriate for measuring the relationship between gender (male/female) and performance on a task (success/failure)

The phi-coeddicient

A limitation of using the method of empiricism is that

The process can be time consuming and often risky

One criticism of a stratified random sample is that ____.

The sample may not be representative of the population

Why should a hypothesis contain a positive statement?

The scientific method assumes something does not exist unless it is prove to exist.

Why is the range effect known as a "ceiling effect" a problem for researchers?

The scores are already so high that there is no chance of measuring improvements

The major advantage of a simple random sample is that it ensures that ____.

The selection procedure is unbiased although its outcome may be biased

A systematic sample does not qualify as a true random sample because ____.

The selections are not independent of each other

What problem is Cohen's kappa intended to correct?

The simple percentage of agreement tends to overestimate the true level of agreement between two observers.

Values such as Cohen's d or r2 (the percentage of a variance accounted for) are used to measure

The size of a treatment effect of the strength of a correlation.

What additional information is obtained by measuring on an interval scale as compared to an ordinal scale?

The size of the differences

Asking people to answer questions on a piece of paper about their opinions of PSY 290 so far would be an example of using what method of observation?

The survey method

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between accessible populations and target populations?

The target population is also sometimes known simply as the population

Tiffany is researching methods used to treat autism spectrum disorders and begins by searching on the Internet. Which statement should make her suspicious that she is on a site rooted in pseudoscience?

The website focuses on testimonials from family members that describe seemingly miraculous cures.

Which hypothesis is problematic because it cannot be tested?

There would be less stress today if 9/11 had never occurred.

How do quantitative research and qualitative research differ?

They generate different types of data

How will participants change their normal behavior if they respond to demand characteristics by adopting "the good subject role?"

They will attempt to produce the data that they think you want.

A researcher conducts a survey examining eating and sleeping behavior as well as academic performance for a group of elementary school children. The results of the survey indicate that the children who eat a more nutritious breakfast tend to have better grades than the children who have a breakfast low in nutrition. However, the research suspects that the children's parents may be responsible for this relationship. Specifically, the better-educated parents probably encourage their children to eat better food and work harder in school compared to parents with less education. If the researcher is correct, this is an example of the ____.

Third variable problem

The goal of the correlational research strategy is to ____.

To examine and describe the relationship between variables.

The Nuremberg Code outlines basic ethical guidelines for the _______.

Treatment of human participants

A Pearson correlation of r = −1.00 means that all the data points fit perfectly on a straight line.

True

A disadvantage of holding a variable constant is that it limits an experiment's external validity.

True

A downside of proportionate stratified sampling is that it can be impossible to compare or generalize about smaller subgroups in a population.

True

A floor effect means that a measurement procedure is not likely to detect a decrease in scores.

True

A good hypothesis should make a positive statement about the existence of a relationship, a difference, or a treatment effect

True

A good way to come up with a research idea is to look in the discussion section of a research article, and find the discussion of ideas for future research.

True

A large sample is generally more representative than a small sample.

True

A limitation of descriptive studies it that they cannot assess the causal relationship between variables.

True

A literature search is successfully ended when you stop uncovering new leads

True

A matched-subjects design attempts to gain the advantages of a within-subjects design, although it actually compares different groups of participants.

True

A measurement procedure can be reliable without being valid.

True

A random process is a procedure that produces one outcome from a set of possible outcomes. The outcome must be unpredictable each time, and the process must guarantee that each of the possible outcomes is equally likely to occur.

True

A reliable measurement procedure produces similar scores when the same individuals are measured twice under similar conditions.

True

A reliable measurement procedure should demonstrate consistency and stability

True

A research obtained a correlation of r=+0.62 between the amount of time spent watching television and level of blood cholesterol. This means that there is a general tendency for people who watch more television also to have higher blood cholesterol.

True

A researcher decides not to report the data from three participants whose results contradicted the researcher's hypothesis. This is an example of fraud.

True

A researcher intends to compare two different treatment conditions. Participants for the first treatment are selected and tested early in the school semester, and participants for the second treatment are selected and tested late in the semester. In this study, the time-of-testing represents a confounding variable.

True

A researcher knows that there is a relationship between obesity and watching television for young children. However, it is not know whether children watch more TV because they are overweight, or whether they are overweight because they watch so much TV. This is an example of the directionality problem.

True

A researcher knows that there is a relationship between obesity and watching television for young children. However, it is not known whether children watch more TV because they are overweight, or whether they are overweight because they watch so much TV. This is an example of the directionality problem.

True

A researcher records the average age for a group of 25 preschool children selected to participate in a research study. The average age is an example of a statistic.

True

A researcher records the number of mathematics problems answered correctly during a 15-minute period. This is an example of measurement on a ratio scale.

True

A researcher reports a significant correlation using an alpha level of .01. The probability that the researcher is making a Type I error is p < .01.

True

A researcher should make efforts to minimize pain in nonhuman subjects in research

True

According to the APA guidelines, it is unethical to offer pay to participants an exorbitant amount of money to entice them to participate in research that they would otherwise avoid.

True

After reading a discussion section of a research article, asking if there are alternative explanations for the results is a good way to come up with an idea for a future study.

True

Although a case study typically involves a single participant, the results can serve as a counterexample that influences an entire theory

True

Although a case study typically involves a single participant, the results can serve as a counterexample that influences an entire theory.

True

Although some forms of deception are allowed, a researcher cannot deceive participants about potential risk in the study.

True

An artifact such as demand characteristics can threaten both the internal and the external validity of a research study.

True

An important element of the scientific method is that research results should be made public

True

Based on a few students whom you know, you decide that art majors wear funky clothes and that physics majors tend to be nerd. This is an example of inductive reasoning.

True

Based on a few students whom you know, you decide that art majors wear funky clothes and that physics majors tend to be nerds. This is an example of inductive reasoning

True

Before searching in PsycINFO, it is wise to identify the correct subject terms for the topics you have identified.

True

Both correlational studies and differential research examine the relationship between two variables.

True

By definition, a representative sample is a good match to the population.

True

Case studies are examples of research using the idiographic approach.

True

Clinton is using the empirical method when he decides to eat a handful of berries to see if they are poisonous

True

Clinton is using the empirical method when he decides to eat a handful of berries to see if they are poisonous.

True

Convienence sampling is convienent & easy, but has its limitations.

True

Correlations are often used to help demonstrate the reliability and validity of measurement

True

Correlations are often used to help demonstrate the reliability and validity of measurement.

True

Dallas is using the rational method when, upon seeing that birds eating certain berries do not die, concludes that the berries are not poisonous

True

Debriefing is a post-study explanation of the purpose of the study that is given to a participant.

True

Deductive reasoning involves using a general statement as the basis for reaching conclusions about specific examples

True

Deliberately putting inaccurate information in a research report is an example of fraud.

True

Demand characteristics are cues within a research study that suggest how the participants are expected to behave or respond.

True

Demonstrating the grade point averages for a group of college students are positively related to their SAT scores is a demonstration of predictive validity for the SAT.

True

Differential attrition can threaten the internal validity of a between-subjects experiment.

True

For a positive correlation, decreases in X tend to be accompanied by decreases in Y

True

For a within-subjects experiment with data measured on an interval or ratio scale, researchers typically compute a mean score for each treatment condition.

True

For a within-subjects experiment, one advantage of a two-treatment design compared to a multiple-treatment design is that it is easier to counterbalance.

True

For data that consist of two or more groups of scores with each score a numerical value measuring the same variable, the most common statistics are those that measure and evaluate the mean differences between groups.

True

Habituation is a technique used in behavioral observation to minimize the risk that the participants' behavior is influenced by reacting to the presence of an observer.

True

Ideas for research can come from casual observation of the people around you

True

Ideas for research can come from reading a magazine.

True

If a researcher measures two individuals on a nominal scale, it is impossible to determine which individual has the larger score.

True

If deception is used, participants must be debriefed as soon as possible after the study.

True

If the scientific method is being used to evaluate a hypothesis predicting a specific relationship between two variables, then it is essential that both variables can be measured

True

If we can't test it, it's not scientific

True

If you cannot list all the individuals in the population, then you cannot take a simple random sample.

True

In General a correlation obtained from a large sample is more likely to be significant than a correlation obtained from a small sample.

True

In a between-subjects experiment, if the participants in one group are noticeably more intelligent than the participants in another group, then participant intelligence is a confounding variable and threatens the internal validity of the experiment.

True

In a distribution with a mean of M = 76 and a standard deviation of SD = 7, a score of 91 would be considered an extreme value.

True

In an experiment examining how caffeine influences people's perceptions of their own efficiency, one group of participants is given decaf coffee before they make their judgments. This would be classified as a placebo control condition.

True

In general, a correlation obtained from a large sample is more likely to be significant than a correlation obtained from a small sample.

True

In most situations, researchers have participants read and sign a consent form in order to document informed consent.

True

In the process of research, descriptive research always comes before correlational studies

True

In the scientific method, the process of forming a hypothesis means that you are trying to find a possible explanation for the phenomenon that you have observed

True

Inductive reasoning involves using a small sample of observations and then forming a general conclusion about a larger set of observations.

True

Intelligence is an example of a construct

True

Interval data are numerical, but lack an absolute zero point.

True

It is always possible that patterns observed in sample data do not accurately represent patterns in the population.

True

Manipulation checks are particularly important for simulations to ensure that the simulation is effective.

True

Measuring interrater reliability helps ensure that behavioral observations are objective and are not influenced by subjective interpretations of the researcher.

True

Measuring levels of circulating cortisol (a stress hormone) is an example of operationally defining the variable stress.

True

One advantage of a between-subjects design is that each score is completely independent of the other scores in the data.

True

One advantage of administering a survey by mail is that it minimizes the risk of interviewer bias.

True

One advantage of simple random sampling with replacement is that the likelihood of selecting one specific individual does not depend on which other individuals are selected for the sample.

True

One concern with measuring split-half reliability is that many different correlations are possible depending on how you decide to split the test items in half.

True

One concern with telephone surveys is interviewer bias.

True

One critical component of the scientific method is that all answers or explanations must be demonstrated empirically.

True

One disadvantage of open-ended questions is that the responses can be very difficult to summarize and analyze.

True

Operational definitions are necessary to convert hypothetical constructs into observable variables.

True

Part of the scientific method involves using a hypothesis to make predictions

True

Predictive validity is all about whether or not the test predicts future behavior/performance.

True

PsycINFO provides broader coverage of journals than PsycARTICLES.

True

Qualitative research provides rich details about an event or individual

True

Replication, the repetition of a research study using the same basic procedure used in the original study is a key part of science and also helps to guard against fraud.

True

Research participants must be informed of all relevant aspects of the study, including any risks or dangers that may be involved

True

Research results show that participants who shout their favorite curse words over and over can endure a painful stimulus longer than participants who shout a neutral word. For this study, the dependent variable is the amount of time that the pain is endured.

True

Researchers seeking to conduct studies with nonhuman subjects must get their studies approved by their institution's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).

True

Researchers use random assignment in an effort to create groups that are as similar as possible.

True

Results from a research study indicate that students who exercised just before studying had better scores on their exams than students who did not exercise before studying. For this study, the independent variable is exercise versus no exercise before study sessions.

True

Secondary sources are a great place to start a literature search, but you should include primary sources to get the whole story.

True

Simple random sampling without replacement means that the likelihood of selecting one specific individual will depend on which other individuals are selected for the sample.

True

Simulation and field studies are used to increase the external validity of experiments.

True

Simulation involves bringing aspects of the real world into the laboratory.

True

Stratified and proportionate stratified sampling both involve selecting individuals from predetermined subgroups in the population.

True

Stratified random sampling is used instead of simple random sampling when a researcher wants to ensure that the subgroups within a population are represented in the sample

True

The Pearson correlation measures the degree to which the X and Y data points fit on a straight line.

True

The accessible population is a subset of the target population

True

The case study design can be used to establish casual relationships between variables.

True

The discussion section of an APA-style research report often contains a description of the limitations of the research.

True

The goal of a hypothesis test is to demonstrate that the patterns observed in the sample data represent real patterns in the population and are not simply due to chance or sampling error.

True

The goal of descriptive statistics is to simplify, summarize, and organize data

True

The hypothesis that eating 8 servings per day of green vegetables promotes weight loss is an example of a strong and testable hypothesis

True

The method of institution can be vulnerable when making ethical or moral decisions by doing what feels right

True

The mode is the best way to measure central tendency for data from a nominal scale of measurement.

True

The most commonly used sampling method in psychological are nonprobability sampling methods.

True

The purpose of an experiment is to demonstrate that changes in one variable are responsible for causing changes in a second variable.

True

The review of the literature in an introduction of a research article should form the foundation for the study.

True

There are some studies for which written informed consent from participants is not required.

True

To determine how much difference there is between two individuals with respect to some characteristic, you must use either an interval or a ratio scale of measurement.

True

Using a simple random sample eliminates bias from the selection process.

True

Using shoe size as a measure of intelligence would produce measurements that have very high test-retest reliability.

True

Using the amount of class participation as a definition of self-confidence is an example of an operational definition.

True

Validity of a measurement procedure is often established with a correlation.

True

When a researcher does not know the exact number of individuals in the population but still wants to control the composition of a sample, the best technique is to use quota sampling.

True

When a researcher does not know the exact number of individuals in the population, it is necessary to use a nonprobability sampling method.

True

When a sample is obtained by dividing the population into subgroups (strata) and then randomly selecting equal numbers from each of the subgroups, the sample is technically a stratified random sample.

True

When two people are rating/recording a behavior, it's important to compute inter-rater reliability to make sure the two raters are consistent and on the same page with their judgements

True

Whenever an operational definition is used for a hypothetical construct, the question of reliability is important to consider.

True

With a very large sample, even a very small correlation can be statistically significant

True

With a very small sample, it is possible to have what appears to be a strong correlation when in fact there is no relationship between variables.

True

Without some correction, the percentage of agreement between two observers will tend to overestimate the true level of interrater reliability.

True

You have a terrible toothache, so you visit a dentist to find out what is wrong with your tooth. This is an example of using the method of authority.

True

Participants taking on the negativistic subject role ____.

Try to act in a manner such that their data are in contrast to the hypothesis

A researcher reports a significant correlation using an alpha level of .01. In this situation, the probability that the researcher is making a ____.

Type I error is p < .01

A potential drawback of secondary sources is that they ____.

Typically do not contain detailed information about any specific study

If there are many individual differences that could confound your study, what is the best approach for creating equivalent groups in that case?

Using random assignment

Which behavior is an example of plagiarism?

Using someone else's ideas in your research report without a citation.

The degree to which the measurement procedure actually measures the variables it claims to measure is referred to as:

Validity

What is the most relevant question you should ask when reading a results section?

Were appropriate statistics used?

Which research design involves measuring the same group of participants in two different treatment conditions?

Within-subjects

What is the most relevant question you should ask when reading a method section?

Would different participants produce different results?

A measure of the difference between scores for a group of individuals who have all received the same treatment

]within-subjects variance

Dr. Jones systematically varies the brightness in the laboratory (400, 800, and 1600 lumens) while holding other variables constant, and observes that the participants' activity level decreases as the brightness decreases. This illustrates ____.

a causal relationship between brightness and activity level

When two or more variables are measured for each individual and then are examined to identify patterns/relationships that exist between the variables:

a correlation study

Which combination of factors is most likely to result in a significant outcome for a hypothesis test?

a large sample size and a small variance

Correlational data is usually visually presented as:

a scatterplot

The group of individuals from which researchers actually select participants for research studies is called the ____ population.

accessible

A researcher who tells participants that a study is about group decision-making rather than how people cave to peer pressure is committing ____.

active deception

The Belmont Report identifies which of the following principles:

all of the above

One characteristic of random sampling with replacement is that it ____.

allows for the same individual to be selected more than once

Resentful demoralization occurs when _____.

an untreated group learns of the treatment received by another group and then becomes less motivated

What is the most common statistical analysis for a single-factor two-group design (hint: you are comparing two groups to see if they are different).

anova

A researcher initiates a study to determine whether playing organized sports helps children with anxiety feel less anxious. This study can best be classified as ____ research.

applied

What kind of frequency distribution graph shows the frequencies as bars that are separated by spaces?

bar graph

An experimental strategy where different groups of participants are used and exposed to various experimental conditions

between-subjects

In an experiment examining the effects of background noise on people's ability to understand a verbal message, one group of participants is given a comprehension quiz after listening to a passage being read to them with no background noise. For comparison, a second group of participants is given a comprehension quiz after listening to a passage being read to them with 60 decibels of conversation as background noise. This is an example of a ____ design.

between-subjects

A researcher would like to conduct an experiment, but is concerned about strong order effects. One solution is to use a ____.

between-subjects design

Which of the following is/are examples of nonprobability sampling methods?

both of the above

If both variables in a correlational study are non-numerical, the data can be organized in a matrix and then analyzed using a _____.

chi-square hypothesis test NOT mixed design analysis of variance, T test

Clinical equipoise refers to a _______.

clinician's ethical responsibility to provide the best possible treatment for research participants

The correlational research strategy is often used to establish the ___ of a measurement by demonstrating that the scores from the study's test are strongly related to the scores from established tests.

concurrent validity

In an experiment, any variable that varies systematically with the treatment conditions and might influence the participants' scores is called a(n) _______ variable.

confounding

In order to establish an unambiguous relationship between two variables, it is necessary to eliminate the possible influence of _____ variables.

confounding

A monotonic relationship is _______.

consistently unidirectional

The most commonly used sampling method in psychological research is probably ______ sampling.

convenience

r is just a symbol for

correlation

A researcher determines the amount of sleep for each child by interviewing the children's parents. Then the researcher watches the children in the classroom to obtain measurements of their level of attention. The researcher hopes to demonstrate that amount of sleep is related to attention level. This researcher is using a ____ research strategy.

correlational

A researcher watches children on a playground to obtain measurements of their level of activity. Then the researcher watches the children's caregivers on the playground to obtain measurements of their level of verbal reprimanding of children. The researcher hopes to demonstrate that the caregivers verbal reprimanding is related to children's activity level. This researcher is using a ____ research strategy.

correlational

One category of data is obtained by measuring two different variables for each individual in a single group of participants. What statistics are most commonly used for data in this category?

correlations or chi square tests

A way to control for order effects in a within-subjects experiment is to use ____.

counterbalancing

In an experiment, manipulation of the independent variable requires ____.

creating at least 2 treatment conditions defined by 2 different levels of the independent variable

Increasing variance within groups ____ the likelihood of finding a difference between the treatment conditions.

decreases

Dr. Ramos is interested in studying how indoor temperature can influence people's sleep quality during the summer. A sample of 100 households is selected in which the residents keep their houses at 76 degrees during the summer. The residents wear a monitoring device that measures their sleep cycles for several nights to get baseline readings. Then, 50 of the homes are randomly assigned to the warm temperature condition in which the residents agree to keep their houses at 82 degrees Fahrenheit. In the other 50 houses, the residents agree to keep their houses at 70 degrees. For several nights, Dr. Ramos collects the sleep data for the people living in the houses to see how the residents' sleep patterns have changed. In this example, the sleep quality of participants is the ____ variable.

dependent varaible

A confounding variable is a variable that influences the ____.

dependent variable and varies systematically with the independent variable.

statistical techniques that summarize, organize, and simplify data are best classified as _____ statistics.

descriptive

One category of data is obtained by measuring one variable for each individual in a single group of participants. What kind of statistics are most commonly used for data in this category?

descriptive statistics

Differential attrition refers to ____.

differences in the number of withdrawals among experimental groups

A researcher would like to examine the relationship between self-esteem and academic performance for high-school students. This researcher could use a correlational study or a(n) ___.

differential study comparing academic performance scores for a group of high self esteem students and a group of low self-esteem students.

A researcher reports a positive relationship between sugar consumption and activity level for a group of eight-year-old children. However, the researcher cannot be sure whether the extra sugar is causing the children to be more active or whether the extra activity is causing the children to eat more sugar. This is an example of the ____.

directionality problem

In research with nonhuman subjects, researchers ________.

do not need to justify their research

Order effects can become a confounding variable because ____.

earlier conditions affect outcomes under later conditions

Holding a variable constant prevents a participant characteristic from confounding a study by ____.

eliminating variability in that characteristic

Science is

empirical, public, objective

The primary advantage of a stratified random sample is that it ____.

ensures that group sizes will be adequate for statistical analysis

Confidentiality _______.

ensures that information is kept secret and private

When an observer switches recording from one behavior during one interval to another behavior during another interval, it is known as ____ sampling.

event

The Tuskegee study involved ____.

failing to provide treatment for men with syphilis

A student who believes that his performance on tests is influenced by wearing a lucky hat is using the

faith

A researcher reports that participants made fewer errors on a simulated air-traffic-control task when quiet background music was playing than when there was no music. For this study, the number of errors is the independent variable.

false

An experiment comparing a treatment condition with a no-treatment control condition has no independent variable.

false

Deceiving participants about the purpose of a research study is strictly forbidden in all circumstances by APA guidelines as well as by government regulations.

false

For a between-subjects experiment, any factor that increases the variance within treatments also increases the likelihood of finding a significant difference between treatments.

false

Simple random sampling guarantees that the sample will be representative of the population.

false

Stratified random sampling and quota sampling are both classified in the category of probability sampling techniques.

false

The electric company uses the correlation between summer temperatures and energy consumption to anticipate energy demands. In this example, temperature is the criterion variable.

false

The median is the most commonly used measure of central tendency

false

A Type I error means that a researcher has ____.

falsely concluded that a treatment has an effect

A Type II error means that a researcher has ____.

falsely concluded that a treatment has no effect

The ____ method for quantifying observations involves counting the number of times a behavior occurs in a specified period of time.

frequency

when it comes to quantifying observations, the ____ method is all about quantity of behavior and the ___ method is all about time.

frequency; interval

A major goal of research is to ____ from a small group of participants included in a study to the larger group from which they came.

generalize

Simple random sampling is least likely to ____.

guarantee that the sample will be representative and unbiased

One responsibility of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) is to ensure that ____.

human participants will be kept safe in research

Researchers typically try to ____.

increase the differences between treatments and decrease the variance within treatments.

A positive value for a correlation indicates ____.

increases in X tend to be accompanied by increases in Y

The manipulated variable in an experiment is the ____ variable.

independent

When comparing means in a two-group design, which statistical analysis is most appropriate?

independent-measures t test

Compared to a between-subjects design, the variance in a within-subjects design is greatly reduced because the ____ are measured and statistically removed.

individual differences

personal characteristics that differ from one participant to another.

individual differences

In a scatter plot, each

individual is represented by a single point

For a within-subjects study comparing two treatments, A and B, a researcher expects that practice in the first treatment will improve the participants' scores in the second treatment. If the order of treatments is counterbalanced, then the practice will ____.

influence scores in treatment A for half the participants and scores in treatment B for half the participants

Having complete information about the research and your role in it would be an example of:

informed consent

In a between-subjects experiment, when the process of assigning participants to the treatment conditions produces groups with different characteristics, the ____ of the study is threatened.

internal validity

The extent to which a research study produces a single, unambiguous explanation for the relationship between two variables.

internal validity

In a within-subjects research study, factors that change over time, such as history and maturation, can be threats to ____.

internal validity only

In studies with a group of individuals being tested in a series of treatment conditions, factors such as history, instrumentation, and maturation threaten ____.

internal validity only

Holding a participant characteristic (such as age or gender) constant strengthens ____ and weakens ____.

internal validity; external validity

Holding a variable constant is a technique for removing one threat to ____ but it can limit the ____ of an experiment.

internal validity; external validity

Information that is accepted based on a "gut" feeling is information accepted via the method of:

intuition

The primary limitation of a two-group design is that it ____.

it may not provide a complete picture of the relationship between the variables.

A variable measured on the nominal scale of measurement is akin to:

label data NOT NUMERICAL

A(n) _______ is any setting dedicated to the discipline of science and may be perceived by participant as artificial whereas a(n) ______ is a place that the participant perceives as a natural environment.

laboratory; field

In a between-subjects design, large individual differences can produce ____.

large within-treatment variance, making it difficult to see real treatment effects

The specific treatment conditions that are used in an experiment are called the ____.

levels of the independent variable

Although field studies tend to have higher external validity that traditional laboratory studies, they also tend to have ____.

lower internal validity

A researcher exposes people to a stressful situation (such as public speaking) to examine the effect of stress on depressed mood. The researcher includes a measure of stress as a ____.

manipulation check

In an experiment comparing two treatments, the researcher assigns participants to treatment conditions so that each condition has 10 adults with college degrees and 10 adults with high-school diplomas only. For this study, what method is being used to control participant education level?

matching

In an experiment with two groups, the researcher makes sure that there are at least five participants in Group 1 with IQs of at least 110 and at least five participants in Group 2 with IQs of at least 100. This is an example of:

matching

In a within-subjects study that extends over a relatively long time, it is possible that there will be systematic changes in the participants' skills or knowledge during the time of the study. When these changes influence the participants' scores, causing scores at the end of the study to be different from scores at the beginning, the effect is called ____.

maturation

An artist tries putting a freshly painted canvas outside during a rainstorm to see how the painting will change from the pattern of the raindrops. Which method of acquiring knowledge is she using?

method of empiricism

It is possible for a distribution of scores to have more than one ____.

mode

Debriefing is _____.

more effective the sooner it is delivered

Jane Goodall's research, examining the behavior of chimps in Africa, is an example of ____.

naturalistic observation

If two variables change in opposite directions, the relationships is:

negative

A college professor reports that students who finish exams early tend to get better grades than students who hold on to exams until the last possible moment. The correlation between exam score and amount of time spent on the exam is an example of

negative correlation

If a frequency distribution is shown in a bar graph, what scale was used to measure the scores?

nominal or ordinal

A case study typically involves the study of______.

one individual

According to the principle of clinical equipoise, it is unacceptable to conduct a study comparing two treatments when_______.

one treatment is known to be more effective than the other

In a between-subjects design, ____.

only one score is obtained for each participant

Which of the following are examples of non-probability sampling methods:

only the first two options, but not the third

The single-factor two-group design includes ____.

only two levels of one independent variable

Essay questions on an exam are examples of ____items.

open-ended

A researcher is interested in the sleeping habits of American college students. A group of 50 students is interviewed and the researcher finds that these students sleep an average of 6.7 hours per day. For this study, the 50 students are an example of a

parameter

Milgram's obedience study is ethically questionable because the_______.

participants were potentially psychologically harmed

When a researcher omits information, it is an example of:

passive deception

A limitation of using the rational method is that

people are generally not very good at reasoning

In a correlation study, the two variables are typically referred to as the ______ variable and the ______ variable

predictor; criterion

Active deception refers to ______.

presenting misinformation to participants

The use of a random process to assign individuals to groups in an experiment.

random assignment

Limiting individual differences is a way to ____.

reduce the variance within treatments

The tendency for individuals who have extreme scores (high or low) on one measurement and to have less extreme scores on a second measurement is called ____.

regression toward the mean

To establish the concurrent validity of a measure, of academic motivation a researcher examines the ____.

relationship between the measure and another well-established measure

When a sample has the same characteristics as the target population, the sample is said to be a(n) ____ sample.

representative

A limitation of using matching rather than random assignment to form groups in a between-subjects experiment is that matching ____.

requires another level of work

The multiple-choice question on this exam are examples of _____ items.

restricted

If a sample is selected from a population, the sample mean is essentially guaranteed to be different from the population mean. In general, the naturally occurring difference between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter is called

sampling error

Reading a book chapter that summarizes an area of research is an example of using a:

secondary source

Studies involving deception _______.

should not be done if the deception involves concealing possible harm

In a between-subjects design, the separate groups must be as ____.

similar in participant characteristics as possible.

Where is a score of X = 45 located in a distribution with a mean of 40 and a standard deviation of 12?

slightly above average

The most commonly used descriptive statistics for a set of numerical scores are the mean and the

standard deviation

A researcher uses an anonymous survey to investigate the drinking habits of American college students. Based on the set of 56 surveys that were completed and returned, the researcher finds that these students consume an average of four drinks each week. For this study, the average of four drinks is an example of a(n) ____.

statistic

In a within-subjects experiment comparing two treatments, the researcher is concerned that the results may be confounded by outside events that occur between the first and second treatments. One way to reduce the likelihood that internal validity will be influenced by an outside event is to ____.

switch to a between-subjects design

If one score in a correlational study is numerical and the other is non-numerical, the non-numerical variable can be used to organize the scores into separate groups which can the be compared with a ______.

t test or chi-square hypothesis test

Although a research question usually concerns the ____, the actual research participants are selected from the ____.

target population; accessible population

Dr. Ramos is interested in studying how indoor temperature can influence people's sleep quality during the summer. A sample of 100 households is selected in which the residents keep their houses at 76 degrees during the summer. The residents wear a monitoring device that measures their sleep cycles for several nights to get baseline readings. Then, 50 of the homes are randomly assigned to the warm temperature condition in which the residents agree to keep their houses at 82 degrees Fahrenheit. In the other 50 houses, the residents agree to keep their houses at 70 degrees. For several nights, Dr. Ramos collects the sleep data for the people living in the houses to see how the residents' sleep patterns have changed. In this study, the independent variable is the ____.

temperature of the houses

A hypothesis should be:

testable, refutable, and positively stated

In a hypothesis test, standard error measures

the amount of difference expected just by chance

Research shows that there is a correlation between drinking coffee ad memory performance in the morning. However, someone has stated that people with better memory might simply like coffee more than those who have worse memory. This is an example of:

the directionality problem

A cluster sample usually does not qualify as a true random sample because _____.

the individuals within each group are usually not independent

The idiographic approach to research involves ____.

the intensive study of one individual

History, maturation, and instrumentation are especially threatening to studies when _____.

the series of treatments extends over a long period of time

When a third variable is responsible for the relationship between two variables this is referred to as:

the third-variable problem

If a study finds that there is a strong relationship between two variables, this means that ____.

there is a relationship between the variables but causality has not been established

In an experiment, a confounding variable is a(n) ____.

threat to internal validity

In an experiment, participants are usually assigned to treatments using random assignment. The reason for using random assignment is ____.

to help control extraneous variables

In an experiment, participants are randomly assigned to treatment conditions ____.

to help protect the internal validity of the study

The Belmont Report provides basic ethical guidelines for the ______.

treatment of human participants in research

A between-subjects experiment comparing three treatments requires three separate groups of participants.

true

Holding a participant variable constant has the double advantage of (1) preventing the variable from becoming a confounding variable and (2) reducing variance within groups.

true

In a between-subjects experiment, one way to reduce the variance within treatments is to create more homogeneous groups by holding constant a participant characteristic such as age or gender.

true

In a frequency distribution graph, the frequencies are listed on the vertical axis.

true

In order to establish an unambiguous cause-and-effect relationship between two variables, it is necessary to eliminate the possible influence of extraneous variables.

true

In the scientific method, the actual research study is not done until after the researcher has formed a hypothesis and made a specific prediction.

true

Measuring levels of circulating cortisol (a stress hormone) is an example of operationally defining the variable Stress.

true

One advantage of holding a variable constant is that it can reduce variance within a group

true

One general concern for within-subjects research is that participation in one treatment condition may influence an individual's scores in a later treatment condition. This creates a threat to internal validity known as order effects.

true

Studying one person in great depth is referred to as a case study

true

The possibility that an extraneous variable can become a confounding variable is eliminated completely by holding it constant.

true

The tendency for extremely high scores on one measurement to be followed by lower scores on a second measurement is called statistical regression.

true

The term "variance" is just a fancy word for "differences"

true

There is a strong possibility that a convenience sample will be biased.

true

To demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables, a researcher must make one of the variables change rather than waiting for it to change naturally.

true

Using a simple random sample eliminates bias from the selection process.

true

When a sample is obtained using a random process to select participants from a list containing the entire population, the sampling method is a simple random sample.

true

In a correlational study, commonly,

two or more variables are measured

The law of large numbers states that larger samples are _____.

usually more representative of a population

Characteristics or conditions that can change or have different values for different people are referred to as:

variables

The concept of degrees of freedom is associated with the ____.

variance for a sample

A Pearson correlation of r = −0.25 indicates that a graph of the data would show points ____.

widely scattered around a line that slopes down to the right

Passive deception refers to

withholding information from participants

An experimental strategy that uses the same group of people/subjects and exposes them to the various conditions

within-siubjects

The advantage of full-text databases is that they contain ____.

word-for-word copies of each publication

If the data in a scatter plot form a nearly perfect circle, the Pearson correlation would be approximately ____.

zero

Lowell is very concerned about his grandmother, who has recently been diagnosed with dementia. He wants to learn more about it, and checks out the jacket quotes on some currently popular books. Which quote should reassure him that the book is based in science rather than pseudoscience?

"From laboratory research to clinical trials: evaluating the treatment of dementia."

A scatterplot shows a set of data points that are widely scattered around a line that slopes down to the right. Which of the values would be closest to the correlation for these data?

-.40

A scatter plot shows a set of data points that are clustered close to a line that slopes down to the right. Which of the following values would be closest to the correlation for these data?

-.80

A scatter plot shows a set of data points that are clustered close to a line that slopes down to the right. Which value would be closest to the correlation for these data?

-0.8

A scatterplot shows a set of data points that are clustered close to a line that slopes down to the right. Which of the following values would be closest to the correlation for these data?

-0.80

By convention, it has be determined that alpha levels should be set no larger than

.05

A study produces a correlational of r=.50, the coefficient of determination (r^2) is this:

.25 or 25%

If a between-subjects experiment produces 50 scores in treatment 1 and 50 scores in treatment 2, then the experiment must have employed ____.

100 participants

Dr. Nguyen is studying how amount of sleep influences mood for kindergarteners. A sample of 100 children is selected. Fifty children are allowed to sleep for 11 hours each night. The other 50 children are awoken after 8 hours. After three nights, Dr. Nguyen records the mood for each child and compares the two groups of scores. In this example, how many levels are there for the independent variable?

2

A between-subjects experiment comparing four treatment conditions produces 20 scores in each treatment condition. How many scores were obtained for each participant?

20

How many participants would be needed for a within-subjects experiment comparing four different treatment conditions with a total of 20 scores in each treatment?

20

How many groups of participants would be needed to partially counterbalance four treatment conditions?

4

A study with 50 research participants has a degree of freedom of ________.

49

At a minimum, how many participants would be needed for a matched-subjects design comparing three different treatment conditions with 20 scores in each treatment?

60

The weights of a group of patients in a weight loss program range from 185 to 312. A doctor constructs a frequency distribution graph showing the number of children for each of the six age groups. What kind of graph would be appropriate for this distribution?

A histogram

A statement that describes or predicts relationships between or among variable is:

A hypothesis

A young child believing everything that her kindergarten teacher says to be true is an example of ____.

A method of faith

If people score high on one measure and score low on another measure, there is ____

A negative relationship between the two measures

______________ is the large group of interest to the researcher, whereas ___________ is the smaller set of individuals who actually participate in the research.

A population; a sample

If people score high on one measure and also score high on another measure, there is ____.

A positive relationship between the two measures

If people score low on one measure and score low on another measure, there is ____

A positive relationship between the two measures

Reading an original research report by the experimenters who conducted the study is an example of:

A primary source

Under which of the following circumstances is informed consent not necessary?

A public opinion survey where participants complete anonymous questionnaires

a correlation is a fancy word for:

A relationship

A distinction between science and pseudoscience is that

A science is based on hypotheses that are testable and refutable

For a correlational study in which participants are scored as "high," "medium," and "low" on both variables, which correlation is designed to measure the consistency of the relationship?

A spearman's correlation

Which study below would be a considered a Category I study by the IRB?

A study involving observations of behavior in a public place

Which of the following would be an example of a self-report measure of anxiety?

A survey measuring anxiety

______ is a set of statements about the mechanisms that underlie a particular behavior or thought process.

A theory

What is the most common statistical analysis for a single-factor multiple-group design? (Hint: You are comparing 3 or more groups to see if any of them are different from each other).

ANOVA

A(n) ____ is a brief summary of a psychology article.

Abstract

After you have scanned through a list of titles to determine which articles might be relevant to your research question, you should then read the ____ of each article to determine whether to keep it in your literature review.

Abstract

Which example violates the ethical guidelines concerning deception?

Administering shocks without giving participants advanced warning and obtaining consent

A good hypothesis must ____.

Allow for all variables to be measured

A refutable hypothesis must ____.

Allow for the possibility that the observations will not support the hypothesis

The procedure for indirectly measuring and defining a variable that cannot be observed or measured directly is referred to as:

An operational definition

Research studies that are intended to answer practical problems would be classified as ____.

Applied

______ research is all about solving practical, "real world" problems.

Applied

A researcher is using our basic understanding of the brain to develop a treatment for dementia. This would be an example of:

Applied research

Finding out why clients diagnosed with schizophrenia do not consistently take their medication would be an example of ____.

Applied research

Looking back at historical events or records to measure behaviors or events from the past is referred to as:

Archival Research

When researchers apply behavioral observation techniques to historical records in order to measure behaviors that occurred in the past, the measurement process is called _______.

Archival research

What term is used for an external factor that may influence or distort the measurements in a research study?

Artifact

What is indicated by a negative correlation between grade point average and the number of hours spent studying for a sample of college students?

As the number of hours increases, grade point average decreases.

The Milgram study involved _______.

Asking participants to administer what appeared to be severe shocks to other people

A researcher is intrigued by an explanation of children's problem-solving strategies found in a journal article and develops a research study to determine whether the article's ideas are correct. This study can be classified as ____ research.

Basic

A study that aims to modify existing psychological theory related to personality traits would be considered ____ research.

Basic

Counting the number of times a third-grade student leaves his seat without permission during a 30-minute observation period is an example of using what modality of measurement?

Behavioral

_____ are measures of actual behavior/action.

Behavioral

What is an ethical principle identified in the Belmont Report?

Beneficence

If the individuals in a sample have characteristics that are noticeably different from the individuals in the population, then the sample is said to be ______.

Biased

Which statement correctly identifies a similarity between a correlational study and the differential research design?

Both demonstrate the existence of a relationship between two variables.

A researcher conducting a study on a single person with multiple personality disorder is an example of ____

Case study research

While driving, you notice that you seem to encounter more impatient and rude people on the road than you do in person, and you wonder why that would be the case. This is an example of getting research ideas from ____.

Casual Observation

While watching your kids play in the backyard, you get some ideas about what factors may be causing them to compete or collaborate. This is an example of getting research ideas from ____.

Casual Observation

Research the presents no more than minimal risk to participants and involves no intervention and no deception is an example of what type of research?

Category II

A researcher plans to evaluate a new reading program by measuring students' reading skill before and after the program begins. If all the students have high reading skills scores before the program begins, then the measurement procedure has a sensitivity problem known as a ____.

Ceiling effect

The results from a correlational study show a positive relationship aggressive behavior for six-year-old children and the amount of violence they watch on television. Based on this relationship, which of the following conclusions is justified?

Children who watch more TV violence exhibit more aggressive behavior

The results from a correlational study show a positive relationship between aggressive behavior for 6-year-old children and the amount of violence they watch on television. Based on this relationship, which of the following conclusions is justified?

Children who watch more TV violence exhibit more aggressive behavior

A teacher obtains a sample of children from a fifth-grade classroom by randomly selecting the third, fifth, and eighth rows and taking all the students in those rows. This is an example of ____ sampling.

Cluster

The workers in a factory are organized into five-person teams. When conducting a work-environment survey, a researcher randomly selected 10 teams to obtain a total sample of 50 workers. The researcher use

Cluster

Randomly selecting clusters or pre-existing groups from a list of all of the clusters that exist in a population is referred to as:

Cluster sampling

A Pearson correlation of r=+0.9 indicates that a graph of the data would show points ______.

Clustered close to a line that slopes up to the right

Which statistic was developed to correct problems with interrater reliability?

Cohen's Kappa