PSY 309 BKLO 1-30

Emilia recently began to brush her hair by herself every day. We can expect... BKLOs#1,4,5 ...her to continue doing this forever. ...her to continue to do this behavior is she is motivated to do so. ...her to stop doing this behavior as she matures.

...her to continue to do this behavior is she is motivated to do so.

Behaviorism emphasizes all of the following except? #7 The influence of thoughts on behaviors The environments' role in influencing behaviors Observable behaviors A way of viewing and understanding the world focused on behaviors

The influence of thoughts on behaviors

Experience cannot modify instinctive behaviors. #27 True False

false

The now class "Little Albert" study was designed to demonstrate: #20 Babies are easily scared Discrimination of feared stimuli Fears can be classically conditioned

fears can be classically conditioned

A ____ between two variables is how they are related to one another. #17 correlation functional relation causal relation

functional relation

Knowledge that is possessed without direct experience of the organism because it is passed on through genes is known as ____. #27 Commonly held knowledge Instinctive knowledge Evolutionary knowledge Phase-specific learning

instinctive knowledge

Which of the following is/are reason(s) for behavioral changes? BKLO#6 phases of the moon temporary changes in motivation maturation learning

temporary changes in motivation maturation learning

Psychologists study learning by presenting an experience to participant(s)/subject(s) and determining if that experience influences future responses or behaviors. #19 True False

true

Please match the correct variable to the type of variable it is using the following study description. W2 Dr. Kellum hypothesized that placing delineator posts along the line between where cars can drive and where bikers can bike would reduce the number of accidents involving bicyclists. She looked up the number of accidents involving bicyclists the previous year along a specific road on campus and then put up delineator posts along the line between where cars can drive and where bikers can bike. She then measured the number of accidents involving bicyclists after putting up the posts. The number of accidents involving bicyclists Presence of delineator posts Quality of drivers on the road A. Dependent variable B. Potential confounding variable C. Independent variable

A - The number of accidents involving bicyclists C - Presence of delineator posts B - Quality of drivers on the road A. Dependent variable B. Potential confounding variable C. Independent variable

Match the following types of learning with their descriptions. #2 Habituation Sensitization Phase-Specific Learning Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Observational/Social Learning A. When an organism becomes less responsive to a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure B. When an organism (typically an animal) is exposed to a specific stimuli at a specific point in time, they rapidly learn the behavior C. When an organism learns merely by observing another behave or receiving instruction from another D. When an organism learns an automatic response to a stimuli that does not automatically cause that response E. When an organism learns to increase or decrease the likelihood of the future occurrence of a behavior based on environmental experiences F. When an organism becomes more responsive to a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure

A. When an organism becomes less responsive to a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure -habituation B. When an organism (typically an animal) is exposed to a specific stimuli at a specific point in time, they rapidly learn the behavior -phase-specific learning C. When an organism learns merely by observing another behave or receiving instruction from another -observational/social learning D. When an organism learns an automatic response to a stimuli that does not automatically cause that response -classical conditioning E. When an organism learns to increase or decrease the likelihood of the future occurrence of a behavior based on environmental experiences -operant conditioning F. When an organism becomes more responsive to a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure -sensitization

Which of the following are accurate? #4,5 An organism that learned something must be able to engage in the behavior to demonstrate learning. An organism that learned something must be motivated to engage in the behavior to demonstrate learning. Previous learned behavior can be replaced by new learning experiences. Learning is not permanent because without repetition or retrieval practice, it may be lost.

An organism that learned something must be able to engage in the behavior to demonstrate learning. An organism that learned something must be motivated to engage in the behavior to demonstrate learning. Previous learned behavior can be replaced by new learning experiences. Learning is not permanent because without repetition or retrieval practice, it may be lost.

Which of the following is/are (there may be more than one correct) a functional relation? W2 As time spent studying increases, grade on exam increases until it reaches a maximum of 100%. As minutes spent exercising increases, ratings of depressed mood decrease. When Kyle begins to study his anxiety decreases drastically. As he continues to study, his anxiety continues to decrease but not as quickly and it eventually reaches no anxiety as he continues to study. For each chore Jo completes she earns 10 cents.

As time spent studying increases, grade on exam increases until it reaches a maximum of 100%. As minutes spent exercising increases, ratings of depressed mood decrease. When Kyle begins to study his anxiety decreases drastically. As he continues to study, his anxiety continues to decrease but not as quickly and it eventually reaches no anxiety as he continues to study. For each chore Jo completes she earns 10 cents.

Match the label for the following types of functional relations with the descriptions of the functional relations #24 Positive linear Negative linear Positive, Positively accelerating relation Negative, Positively accelerating relation Positive, Negatively accelerating relation Negative, Negatively accelerating relation A. Straight line that decreases from left to right B. Straight line that increases from left to right C. Curved line that decreases from left to right and when x is small the increase in y is large, but as x gets larger, the increase in y gets smaller D. Curved line that decreases from left to right and when x is small the increase in y is also small, but as x gets larger, the increase in y gets larger E. Curved line that increases from left to right and when x is small the increase in y is also small, but as x gets larger, the increase in y gets larger F. Curved line that increases from left to right and when x is small the increase in y is large, but as x gets larger, the increase in y gets smaller

B - Positive linear A - Negative linear E - Positive, Positively accelerating relation D - Negative, Positively accelerating relation F - Positive, Negatively accelerating relation C - Negative, Negatively accelerating relation A. Straight line that decreases from left to right B. Straight line that increases from left to right C. Curved line that decreases from left to right and when x is small the increase in y is large, but as x gets larger, the increase in y gets smaller D. Curved line that decreases from left to right and when x is small the increase in y is also small, but as x gets larger, the increase in y gets larger E. Curved line that increases from left to right and when x is small the increase in y is also small, but as x gets larger, the increase in y gets larger F. Curved line that increases from left to right and when x is small the increase in y is large, but as x gets larger, the increase in y gets smaller

Match the following names of theories of learning to the appropriate theories. #7,10,12 Behaviorism. Thorndike's belief of one of the two major ways learning takes place; involving pairing experience with behavior. Thorndike's belief of one of the two major ways learning takes place; involving additional stimuli eliciting the same response as an original stimulus. Cognitive theories A. A way of viewing the world and understanding the world that emphasizes behavior and how the environment influences behavior B. Learning takes place when the organism recognizes when events will occur and understands how to influence those events. C. The association of the stimulus and the response D. Associative shifting

Behaviorism. A. A way of viewing the world and understanding the world that emphasizes behavior and how the environment influences behavior Thorndike's belief of one of the two major ways learning takes place; involving pairing experience with behavior. C. The association of the stimulus and the response Thorndike's belief of one of the two major ways learning takes place; involving additional stimuli eliciting the same response as an original stimulus. D. Associative shifting Cognitive theories B. Learning takes place when the organism recognizes when events will occur and understands how to influence those events.

Which of the following statements is not true about learning? #1 Learning is thought to occur as a result of experience. Learning refers to a change in the likelihood of an organism engaging in a behavior in the future. Learning is thought to be relatively permanent. Learning is thought to be permanent.

Learning is thought to be permanent.

Please choose the best operational definition for the variable "exercise". Minutes spent engaging in any of the following activities: running, speed-walking, lifting weights, taking an exercise class, doing yoga. W2 Time spent at the gym. Days per week I went to the gym. Running, speed-walking, lifting weights, taking an exercise class, doing yoga.

Minutes spent engaging in any of the following activities: running, speed-walking, lifting weights, taking an exercise class, doing yoga.

Lila is designing a psychology study and needs to put all of the following protections in place for her human participants except: #21 Make sure she protects her participants' confidentiality throughout the study and afterwards. Obtain informed consent from her participants prior to their starting the study. Pay her participants enough money to make sure they will want to participate. Debrief her participants after the study regarding what the study was about

Pay her participants enough money to make sure they will want to participate.

When growing up, Juan always got a quarter when he saw his grandfather. Now when he sees a quarter he thinks of his grandfather. Why? #11 These thoughts are paired in memory These thoughts are similar to one another These thoughts are opposite to one another

These thoughts are paired in memory

Which of the following reasons is cited as a justification for research using nonhuman animals? #22 This type of research allows for a better understanding of the causes for behavior. This type of research is conducted when human subjects are not available. This type of research should only be conducted to advance veterinary medicine. This type of research does not require ethical evaluation.

This type of research allows for a better understanding of the causes for behavior.

Dr. Oh studied the impact of time since last meal on rats' completion time for a T-maze. All rats had been previously trained in the T-maze and successfully reached the food pellets at the end within an average of 5 seconds and 10 milliseconds. Dr. Oh then randomly assigned half the rats to be deprived of food for 24 hours following their last meal and the other half of the rats to eat on their normal schedule. Following 24 hours, the rats were placed in the T-maze and their completion time in milliseconds for the T-maze was measured. W2 ____Completion time for the T-maze in milliseconds ____Food deprivation ____Level of desire for the food pellet A. Independent variable B. Dependent variable C. Potential confounding variable

_B_Completion time for the T-maze in milliseconds _A_Food deprivation _C_Level of desire for the food pellet

Which of the following is considered to be the best method to control for a confounding variable? #2 Measure all participants/subjects for the confounding variable and then statistically control for it Keep the variable constant for all participants/subjects You cannot control for confounding variables because they are unknown to the researcher. Randomly assign participants/subjects to groups

keep the variable constant for all participants/subjects

Thorndike called the strengthening of an association by a satisfying event: #8 the law of mass action. the law of exercise. the law of reinforcement. the law of effect.

law of effect

Sonia has taught her cat Phoebe to roll over in order to obtain a piece of cat food. One morning after feeding Phoebe Sonia tries to get her to roll over and Phoebe refuses to comply. Which of Thorndike's laws best explains this failure? #9 The law of contingency. The law of effect. The law of contiguity. The law of readiness.

law of readiness

A(n) _____ ________ is a way to define a variable in such a clear way so that it is possible to observe and measure that variable consistently and accurately. #18 clear explanation variable definition operational definition

operational definition

Which of the following are accurate regarding the statement that behavior is lawful? BKLO#3 Behavior follows 3 primary laws of learning. This is a key assumption of learning theories. Behavior can be understood because there are causes for behaviors. We can understand that when event A causes behavior X and event A happens, as long as nothing atypical stops it from happening, behavior X will occur.

this is a key assumption of learning theories Behavior can be understood because there are causes for behaviors. We can understand that when event A causes behavior X and event A happens, as long as nothing atypical stops it from happening, behavior X will occur.