Psy 310 Chapters 1 &2
Currently, ethnic minorities constitute about _____ of the US population
1/3
Psychological testing in its modern form originated roughly ____ years ago
100
A new humanism toward mentally retarded persons first arose in the
1800's
Idiocy, and its treatment by the physiological method was first published in ___ by___
1886, Seguin
The idea that intelligence could be better measured by means of the higher psychological processes rather than the elementary sensory processes such as reaction time was suggested in ___ in a paper by____
1896, Binet and Henri
The path-breaking discovery that mental test scores do not correlate with academic achievement was published in
1901
The first modern intelligence test was invented in __ by__
1905, Binet
The first translation of the Binet-Simon scales was completed in ___ by ____
1910, Goddard
The latest revision of the Stanford-Binet was completed in
2003
in a 50 item multiple choice test with four choices per item, what would be the corrected score for an examinee who answered 32 items correctly, answered 9 items incorrectly, and left 9 items blank
29
Suppose a young girl answers correctly on 37 questions from 50-item test but answers erroneously on 9 questions, leaving 2 questions blank. suppose there are 4 alternatives per question. using established principles of probability, what would be her correct score
37
In testing small samples of immigrants, Goddard concluded that about ____ percent of them were "feebleminded"
80
Which of the following could be a test according to the definitions offered in the textbook
A checklist for rating the social skills of a retarded youth. a non-timed measure of mastery in adding pairs of three-digit numbers. A microcomputer appraisal of reaction time. all of the above.
Psychograph
A helmet that measured the bumps on one's head. It generated a "personality profile" based on 32 different areas.
Psychological Test
A standardized procedure for sampling behavior and describing it with categories or scores that are compared to norms or standards to help predict non-test behavior.
Lake Wobegon Effect
A survey showed that virtually all schools exceed the 50th percentile. But, this is an overly optimistic representation of student achievement. A place where the weather is always sunny and the kids are all above average. But it's not possible for everyone to be above average, the average would just increase.
Rapport
A warm, comfortable atmosphere that serves to motivate and elicit cooperation
_____ questioned whether successive increases of hot and cold were equal in the hot-cold rating scale
Al-kindi
Professional Organization that publish standards for test use
American Psychological Association (APA)
The ____ test is multivariate assessment of heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color in newborns
Apgar
_____ tests are often used to predict success in an occupation, training course, or educational endeavor
Aptitude
Testing vs Assessment
Assessment refers to the entire process of compiling information about a person and using it to make inferences about characteristics and to predict behavior. A test only refers to one source of information used in the assessment process.
What were researchers in the brass instruments period trying to measure?
Basic psychological processes; Researchers were trying to measure how a person could think based on objective measurements such as reaction time, hand strength, and perception. They thought these things predicted "speed of thought" or intelligence.
8 Ethical responsibilities of test users
Best interest of client Confidentiality and duty to warn Expertise of the test user Informed consent Obsolete tests and standard of care responsible report writing communication of test results Consideration of individual differences
a nonverbal group test designed for use with illiterates and recruits whose first language was not English
Beta
The concept of "intelligence quotient" was suggested by __ in ___
Binet, 1905
Individual tests of intelligence, projective personality test, and neuropsychological test batteries are examples of Level ___ tests.
C
The famous Strong Vocational Interest Blank has roots that go back to the
Carnegie Interest Inventory
The term "mental test" was first popularized by
Cattell
Civil service examinations were first introduced in
China
five subjects (civil law, military affairs, agriculture, revenue, and geography) were tested in this country's civil service examination
China
The first applications of testing can be traced to
Chinese testing of officials for office in 2200B.C.
____ is a Swiss theologian who published his popular Essays on Physiognomy in Germany in the late eighteenth century
Clark Wissler
5 uses
Classification Diagnosis and Treatment Plan Self-knowledge Program Evaluation Research
3 important contributions from brass instruments era
Created standardized procedure Normal Distribution Data analysis procedures for reliability and validity
The character of the 1905 Binet and Simon scale owed much to a prior scale developed by
Damaye
Army alpha vs Army beta
Developed by yerkes, Alpha was for people who could read english, beta for illiterate or non-english.
Three elements of informed consent
Disclosure Competency Voluntariness
Currently, most college admission tests are directed by the
Educational Testing Service
The first person to propose a classification system for mental retardation was
Esquirol
The first person to write about the difference between mental illness and mental retardation was
Esquirol
Who is generally credited with developing the first battery of psychological tests
Francis Galton
For a brief time, Binet's professional path paralleled that of
Freud
The first form of numerical rating scales can be traced to
Galen in the 2nd century
Cattell's test battery was mainly an extension of the battery developed by
Galton
The researcher who gave himself four seconds to come up with as many associations as possible to a stimulus was
Galton
All of the following persons studied under Cattell EXCEPT
Goddard
How did Wissler end brass instruments era?
He found little relationship between each test. If each test was measuring intelligence, then those who did well on one test should do well on another. This was not the case. He then advocated that environment was the major contributor to intelligence.
In general, Head Start children show immediate gains in
IQ School readiness academic achievement All of the above
Test results should be communicated....
In a way that the client can understand, avoiding jargon. Should answer the referral question, tie assessment results to treatment, and set goals and progress monitoring.
Errors most commonly made
Incorrect timing Lack of clarity in directions Failure to explain whether the examinees should guess
Of what value was the WW I testing to the Army
It is not really clear whether the Army made much use of the test results
The psychologist who set the modern agenda for psychological testing by proclaiming "perhaps" tests would be useful in "training, mode of life or indication of disease" was
J McKeen Cattell
In developing his test, Rorschach was most heavily influenced by
Jung
Which test uses a forced-choice triad approach
Kuder Preference Record
Structured approach
MMPI, more structured tests (like multiple choice)
which test is considered to have better norming
MMPI-2
in the equation X=T+e, what is the best that a test developer can do?
Make e very small X=observed score T=true score e=error
The test that introduced the use of validity scales to determine fake bad, fake good, and random response patterns was the
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
what subspecialty of psychology uses specialized tests on people to make inferences about the locus, extent, and consequences of brain damage
Neuropsychology
Tests that use a well-defined population of person for their interpretive framework are referred to as
Norm-referenced
What effect does an excessive emphasis on nationally normed achievement tests for selection and evaluation appear to promote
Outright fraud and cheating
Virtually all modern personality tests owe a debt to the
Personal Data Sheet
____ is concept dating back to the 4th century BC that suggest we can judge the inner character of people from their outward appearance especially the face
Physiognomy
2 ethical responsibilities of test publishers
Publication and Marketing issues Competence of test purchasers
the psychologist who devoted his life to developing educational programs for the retarded was
Seguin
Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of psychological tests?
Standardization to a mean of 100
5 defining features
Standardized procedures Sample of behavior Norms or Standards Scores or Categories Prediction of non test behavior
The early testing pioneer who studied aboriginal groups in Australia was
Stanley Porteus Stanley threw a shrimp on the barbie
Which of the tests below has faded into oblivion
Szondi test
Which test below is clearly based upon wholly faulty premises
Szondi test
Which test is based on the premise that projective preferences reveal recessive genes predisposing individual to specific psychiatric disturbances
Szondi test
Who was the first individual to both suggest multiplying the intelligence quotient by 100 to remove fractions and to use the abbreviation IQ
Terman
Which test(s) have roots that trace back to Yerkes and the mass testing of Army recruits during WW1
The Wechsler scales The Scholastic Aptitude test The graduate record exams all of the above
Regarding immigration and "feeblemindedness" which of the following statements characterizes national opinion in the early 1900s
The feebleminded reproduced at an alarming rate newer immigrants were mentally inferior to traditional immigrants immigrants threatened the nation's overall biological fitness All of the above
For which test have clinicians mainly relied upon an impressionistic analysis for scoring
Thematic Apperception Test
This test consists of a series of pictures depicting persons engaged in ambiguous interactions
Thematic Apperception Test
Which test was originally developed to investigate the need for achievement
Thematic Apperception Test
which test was originally developed to investigate the personality functioning of normal individuals
Thematic Apperception Test
Tarasoff case and duty to warn
There was a graduate student who made death threats about another person. The therapist told the police but not the victim. The graduate student later killed the victim. Therapists now need to warn the potential victim.
According to McReynolds and Ludwig, the first person to devise and apply rating scales for psychological variables was
Thomasius
Stereotype threat
Threat of confirming a negative stereotype of one's group
Which psychologist believed that global measures of intelligence did not, so to speak, "cut nature at its joints"
Thurstone
One of the first personality tests to use the method of internal consistency in scale development was the
Thurstone Personality Schedule
Goddard
United States tested immigrants at ellis island
Wissler
United states Cattell's student killed brass instruments era
Cattle
United states invented term 'mental tests'
Who is typically credited with founding the first psychological laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig Germany
Willhelm Wundt
Whose results showed virtually no tendency for mental test scores to correlate with academic achievement
Wissler
the "thought meter" was developed by
Wundt think of the thought meter shaped like a bundt cake
The WWI effort to test army recruits was headed up by
Yerkes
a psychometrician is best understood as
a developer and evaluator of psychological test
Test anxiety and test performance
a. An extensive body of research has confirmed the notion that test anxiety is negatively correlated with school achievement, aptitude test scores, and measures of intelligence. We cannot confirm causation. b. Consider the study by Sarason (1961). High and low anxious college students were each given a test under neutral or anxiety-inducing instructions. When the instructions induced anxiety, performance levels for high-anxious subjects dropped.
Aptitude vs Intelligence test
a. Intelligence tests measure assess general intelligence, whereas aptitude measures just one ability domain.
Sex, experience, and race's impact on testing
a. Most studies find that sex, experience, and race of an examiner make little difference on test results. The few studies that report a large effect size in one direction are contradicted by other studies showing the opposite trend. Still, we cannot conclude that sex, experience, or race never effect test scores. In the Terrell, Terrell, and Taylor study, they concluded that mistrustful African Americans do worse when tested by white examiners.
During his time, how did most experimental psychologists react to Wissler's discouraging findings regarding brass instrument testing
abandon the brass instruments approach to testing
On a footprint test, Australian aboriginal people scored _____ other racial groups examined
about the same as
______ tests are often used to measure a person's degree of learning, success, or accomplishment in a subject matter
achievement
Galton's methods were an improvement upon existing "brass instruments" approaches because they
allowed for quick and efficient data collection
Under what circumstances is it considered ethical to ask client to take a test such as the MMPI-2 home for completion?
almost never Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory®-2
A group test that consisted of eight verbally-loaded tests for average and high functioning recruits
alpha
Two tests were used to test army recruits during WW I
alpha and beta
the ability of test to predict non-test behavior is determined by
an extensive body of post-publication validational research
According to APA guidelines, who is qualified to use an individual intelligence test
an individual with at least a master's degree in psychology or an allied field
Psychological assessment is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
an objective process based on a single source of information
regarding a test manual, ethical guidelines indicate that test publishers
are required to publish a test manual
The term_____ was invented during WWII to describe a program to select men for secret service assignment in the Office of Strategic Services
assessment
appraising or estimating the MAGNITUDE of one or more attributes in a person is referred to as
assessment
which is the most comprehensive term
assessment
How did Wissler respond to his own test results
became an environmentalist researching ethic differences
_____ share a common assumption that behavior is best understood in terms of clearly defined characteristics such as frequency, duration, antecedents, and consequences
behavioral procedures
The single most important principle in the ethics of testing is
best interests of the client
The instructions on this test mainly used pictorial and gestural methods for explaining the questions and problems
beta
in Moore's adoption study, which group scored higher on IQ test
black children adopted into white families
J. McKeen Cattell studied psychology with
both Galton and Wundt
In testing children, Binet warned psychologists to be on the lookout for
both suggestibility and failure of attention
Placement, screening, certification, and selection are all examples of
classification
Binet and Simon's purpose for their test was
classification, not measurement
Criterion-referenced
compares results to a fixed set of predetermined criteria.
Norm-referenced
compares results to the performance of others
Goddard's views on mental retardation can be characterized as
complex and inconsistent
Measures of _____ emphasize novelty and originality in the solution of fuzzy problems or the production of artistic works
creativity
In a(n) ______ test, the objective is to determine where the examinee stands with respect to very tightly defined educational objectives
criterion-referenced
When the armed forces first started using specialized aptitude tests, washout rates
decreased significantly
Intelligence quotient
developmental quotient= mental age/chronological age X 100
The text mentions tht the following element(s) can be used to define informed consent from a legal standpoint
disclosure competency voluntariness all of the above
Putting forth a variety of answers to a complex or fuzzy problem is an example of ____ thinking
divergent
the Tarasoff case was the impetus for changes in the concept of
duty to warn
Why were group tests originally slow to catch on
early versions had to be laboriously scored by hand
What did Goddard report as the primary culprit of the low intelligence scores of immigrants
environmental deprivation
The purpose of the norm is to
establish an average performance indicate the prevalence of high and low scores determine deviations from expected all of the above
with respect to the confidentiality of test results
exceptions can be made only if withholding information would present a clear danger to client or others
A statistical technique known as ___ was needed for the development of sophisticated aptitude tests
factor analysis
all of the following are common sources of error in group testing EXCEPT
failure to provide alloted break time
Binet
france developed the first modern intelligence test
Wundt
germany established first psychological lab
In early Chinese testing, the beauty of penmanship was weighted very heavily in determining test scores. Why
good penmanship was essential for fitness in office
Galton
great britain father of mental testing
according to the text, which kind of test generally requires the greatest vigilance from the examiner
group and individual tests require equal vigilance
regarding the publication of new or revised instruments, the most important guideline is to
guard against premature release of a test
What was Goddard's position with respect to restrictions upon immigration
he did not join the popular call for immigration restriction
What was Goddard's position with respect to heredity and intelligence
he was a strict hereditarian who conceived of intelligence in simple-minded Mendelian terms He believed that much undesirable behavior was due to inherited mental deficiency he called for the colonization of the mentally defective all of the above
Most intelligence tests use a _____ assortment of test items
heterogeneous (diverse in character or content)
what is the relationship between test anxiety and school achievement?
high anxiety correlates with low achievement
Regarding payment, what arrangement did Galton make with his subjects
his subjects paid him a small fee to be tested
Which two subjects did Binet often use to try out new tests of intelligence
his two daughters
In determining the boundaries of flexible testing procedures, the examiner should consider
how the test was likely administered to the norm sample
Modern personality testing began with the practical need to
identify WW I Army recruits susceptible to breakdown
At the turn of the century, the following labels were used for diagnostic purposes in mental retardation
idiot, imbecile, and feeble-minded
with regard to professional ethics, which of the following are NOT true
if one is conversant with the written professional guidelines, answers to ethical testing issues are always simple and straightforward
access to psychological test is restricted because
in the hands of unqualified persons, psychological tests can cause harm the selection process is rendered invalid for persons who preview test questions leakage of item content to the general public completely destroys the efficacy of a test all of the above
Which of the following is possible sign of hearing loss
inattentiveness poor articulation difficulty in following oral directions all of the above
Undoubtedly the single greatest source of error in group test administration is
incorrect timing of tests
An important advantage of ________tests is that the examiner can gauge the level of motivation of the examinees
individual
Experiments with the "thought meter" were relevant to what well-known historical controversy
individual differences in stellar crossing time how 2 astronomers using same telescope would report different crossing times as stars moved across a grid line on the telescope
Sir Francis Galton attempted to measure all of the following EXCEPT
infant intelligence
Which of the following does not need to be included in the marketing of tests
information about potential misuse a balanced presentation of the manuals or guides statistics on reliability, validity, norms, and other relevant technical details All SHOULD BE included
When test takers are made aware, in language they can understand, of the reasons for testing, etc, this is called
informed consent
according to the principle of _____, test takers or representatives are made aware, in language they can understand, of the reasons for testing, the type of tests to be used, the intended use and the range of material consequences of the intended use
informed consent
the 1908 revision of the Binet and Simon scale included the following innovation(s)
introduction of the concept of mental level
The first classification system for mental retardation relied mainly upon
language skills
In response to public criticism, Binet recanted his early findings about
magnetic induction of mood changes
By far the most common use of psychological tests is to
make decisions about persons
Though, in the end, Galton's tests were found invalid, they did make a substantial contribution to the testing movement by demonstrating that
meaningful scores could be obtained through standardized measures
The purpose of the "thought meter" was to
measure the essential speed of thought
Criterion-referenced tests
measure what person can do
projective approach
mental operations beneath the surface are at play (ink blot test)
Goddard considered children who were ____ to be feeble-minded
mentally four or more years behind
The first Stanford-Binet was useful mainly with
mentally retarded persons normal and superior children normal and superior adults all of the above
What current level did the first proposed classification system for mental retardation fail to recognize
mild
In general, aptitude tests measure ____ than intelligence tests
more specific and delimited abilities
suppose a tester asks "where is the sofa" and the child looks puzzled. In general, is it acceptable for the tester to rephrase the question, asking "what is a couch"
no, because the rephrased question is easier and therefore not comparable
The 1905 Binet nd Simon scale was calibrated to a population average of
none of the above
which of the examiner characteristics listed below has been found to make a consistent and significant difference in the outcome of individual test results
none of the above (white)
In a(n) ______ test, the performance of each examinee is interpreted in reference to a relevant standardized sample
norm-referenced
In light of consent guidelines, what requirement does a psychologist have if they are interested in testing an 18-year old client with mental retardation
obtain consent from a legal guardian
In discussing how to administer his test, Alfred Binet emphasized the importance of
patience and flexibility in procedures
when instructions for a task are neutral or nonthreatening, test-anxious subjects
perform just as well as low-anxious subjects
Checklists, inventories, and projective techniques re all examples of ____ tests
personality
Franz Joseph Gall is credited with developing this procedure in which bumps on the head explained one's underlying faculties
phrenology
In 1851, Orson Fowler used seven-point rating scale to practice
phrenology
A consulting psychologist evaluates a candidate for law enforcement and notes significantly elevated K-scale (defensiveness). What should the psychologist do?
point out that elevated K scores are common in this group
As a group, Native Americans may tend to emphasize ____ more than European Americans
present time
Galton's test battery assessed ll of the following except
problem solving
The hypothesis that we inadvertently disclose our innermost needs, fantasies, and conflicts when responding to ambiguous or unstructured stimuli is known as the
projective hypothesis
Why did the Wechsler scales become a popular alternative to the Stanford-Binet
provides subtest scores and a verbal and performance IQ scores
according to APA guidelines, who is qualified to use straightforward paper-and pencil test of vocational proficiency
psychologist or a responsible non-psychologist
the "brass instruments" era was a dead end because
psychologists mistook simple sensory processes for intelligence
A specialist in psychology or education who develops and evaluates psychological tests
psychometrician
conscious faking on psychological tests is thought to be
rare
The Thurston Personality Schedule employed ____ in scale development
rational keying
the necessary prerequisites to administer a new test are
reading the manual memorizing key elements of instructions rehearsing the test all of the above
When psychologist tests an individual who she believes to have a brain tumor, in her written report she should
recommend immediate consultation with the appropriate profession
A neuropsychologist investigating the hypothesis that low-level lead absorption causes behavior deficits in children would be an example of using psychological testing for ______
research
In the testing of children, Binet advocated
restarting procedures 10, 20 times if necessary
which of the following is NOT true in relation to psychological tests
results represent a thing with physical reality
What initial problem of sentence completion tests still remains today
scoring and interpretation
the idea of stereotype threat is essentially a sophisticated version of
self-fulfilling prophecy
"Brass instruments" tests measured
sensory thresholds reaction times strength all of the above
Leta Stetter Hollingworth is known for which of the following accomplishments
showing that students with high genius show significantly greater school achievement than those with ordinary genius Showing that gifted children who move ahead in school do not lag behind other children in penmanship or motor skills attributed gender differences in achievement to social and cultural impacts all of the above
Why are tests merely a sample of behavior
so that the time required for testing is not excessive
Owing to the special nature of this kind of impairment, subjects my receive less credit on a test item than is due
speech impaired
Uniformity of administration procedures is the definition of
standardization
The norm group is referred to as the
standardization sample
Being aware of obsolete tests (i.e. MMPI) and outdated test results are illustrations of _________?
standards of care
________ may have the long-term effect of pressuring African American students to "protectively dis-identify" with achievement in school and related intellectual domains
stereotype threats
It is appropriate to characterize the first Stanford-Binet as a ____ of the Binet-Simon scales
substantial revision
Suppose subjects are matched on overall IQ. On timed subtests from an intelligence scale such as the WAIS, the performance of low-anxious subjects _______ that of high anxious subjects
surpasses
Kend and Rosanoff (1910) gave the association method a distinctly American flavor by
tabulating the reactions of 1000 normal subjects
the overly optimistic picture of student achievement is called
the Lake Wobegon Effect
In a study by Finn, one group of students received feedback bout the MMPI-2, whereas another group received an equal amount of supportive, non directive psychotherapy instead of the feedback, which group showed greater gains in self-esteem and symptom relief
the MMPI-2 feedback group
What was the catalyst for the development of Binet and Simon's test
the call for an instrument to identify cognitively impaired school children needing special instruction
Where is the most reliable source to get directions and instructions for administering specific psychological tests
the instruction manual that typically accompanies a test
To further his study of individual differences, Galton set up a psychometric laboratory at
the intentional health exhibition in London
In the selection and testing of a standardized sample, it is crucial that
the sample is representative of the population for whom the test is intended
physiognomy
the study of determining the inner character of people from outward appearance
Phrenology
the study of the bumps on one's head. Bumps mean that the brain underneath was more developed in that area
In most cases, if a test question asks "what shape is a ball?" a correct answer would be recorded if
the subject responds verbally "round" The subject responds verbally with "spherical" the subject gestures with his index finger in a circular pattern all of the above
Regarding the relationship between bodily energy and mental energy, Cattell believed
the two were inseparable from one another
Tens of thousands of WW I recruits received literal zero for many Army subtests because
they didn't understand the directions
How do the majority of recent testing textbooks portray Henry Goddard
they do not mention or refer to him at all
in general, how do test manuals for group standardized tests handle the issue of guessing
they provide explicit instructions to examinees as to the advantages and potential pitfalls of guessing
What was Goddard's opinion bout the placement of children who were "feebleminded"
they should be segregated to keep them from contaminating society
It is important that the standardization sample be representative of the population for whom the test is intended because
this allows for the examinee's relative standing to be determined
in Terrell's study, which group of black subjects showed the lowest IQ test results when tested by a white examiner
those with high cultural mistrust
when testing a person with a mild motor handicap, examiners may wish to omit
timed performance subtests
the first true intelligence tests were developed for what purpose
to identify children who were unlikely to profit from ordinary instruction
Which of the following was used as a situational test by the Office of Strategic Services
transporting equipment across a raging brook scaling a ten foot high wall surviving a realistic interrogation all of the above
Binet began his career in psychology by studying the
two point threshold how far apart before you can tell it is 2 points, not one touching you
Initially, Goddard was ____ about the purported threat of feeble-mindedness posed by the immigrants
unconcerned
Vernon and Brown relate the tragic case of a young girl who was put in an institution for the mentally retarded because of a test IQ of 20, when in fact, it was later shown her real IQ was 113. the original low score was a result of
unrecognized deafness in the girl
The distinction between aptitude tests and achievement tests is based largely upon
usage
which of the following is an essential step in the standardization of a test
use of identical stimuli with all examinees precise specification of oral instructions for subtests advice to the examiner as to how to handle queries from the examinee all of the above
Binet's tests were heavily loaded toward
verbal skills
If you are a therapist and your client makes repeated death threats against a specific individual, what is your ethical responsibility
warn the individual who your client is making threats against and notify law enforcement
when testing children, testing should begin
when he/she seems relaxed enough to give maximum effort
in one study reported in the text, mistrustful blacks performed relatively poorly when tested by _____ examiners
white
The earliest form of projective testing consisted of
word association tests
test-anxious students have study habits that are _____ those of other students
worse
the test item writer's aim is to make all or nearly all considered guesses _____ guesses
wrong
Suppose that answering "true" to the question "I drink a lot of water" happens to help predict depression. Would it be wise to include this item on a test to identify depression
yes, because the essential characteristic of a good test is that it predicts relevant behaviors
which age group is most prone to periodic accumulations of fluid in the middle ear during intervals of mild illness
young subjects
