PSY 3341 FINAL

Attachment

A strong "affectional" tie that binds a person to an intimate companion, forms a base for exploration and can affect future development

Reflex Activity (birth-1 month)

Active exercise and refinement of inborn reflexes (e.g., accommodate sucking to fit the shapes of different objects)

Social cognitive model

Albert Bandura - claims that humans are cognitive beings whose active processing of information plays a critical role in their learning, behavior, and development - learning by observing the behavior of other people (models)

integrity v. despair

(elderly: 65>) evaluation of life: satisfaction or failure

trust v. mistrust

(infants: 0-1yr) Needs met Attachment formed - learns about the world - learns about themselves

generativity vs. stagnation

(middle age: 40-65 yrs) sense of purpose & productivity

intimacy v. isolation

(young adulthood: 20-40 yrs) emotional closeness - adult attachment core of this stage: trust and vulerability

Clinical death vs biological death

* -cessation of heart and lung activity -the kind of death that occurs at the moment the heart stops beating and respiration stops -death of cells, tissues and organs *Legal:* -Vernon's Civil Statues: Irreversible cessation of spontaneous respiration and cardiac activity -Harvard Group: Flat EEG x2 in a 24 hour period

Positive reinforcement

*-Apply or give something to increase behavior* -Application of reward - candy, food

PKU

- phenylketonuria - metabolic disorder caused by a single pair of recessive genes that results in brain damage and intellectual disability

Noam Chomsky

- proposed that humans are biologically prewired to learn language at a certain time/way - Language acquisition device (LAD): biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain features/rules of language - transformational grammar: rules of syntax for transforming basic underlying thoughts into a variety of sentence forms

Continuous reinforcement

- reinforcing every response - increases numbers of response (rapid acquisition) - used when first learning new behavior

Parietal reinforcement

- reinforcing only some responses - prevents extinction (used to maintain behavior) - ratio or interval -Best if unpredictable

variable interval reinforcement

- unannounced pop-quiz - slow steady responding

what is selective optimization with compensation?

- understand how older adults may cope with and compensate for their diminishing cognitive resources 1. selection: focus on a limited set of goals and skills most needed to achieve them 2. optimization: practice those skills to keep them sharp 3. compensation: develop ways around the need for other skills

amniocentesis

- used to detect chromosome abnormalities such as down syndrome and to determine, through DNA analysis, whether the genes for particular single gene-pair disorders are present - needle is inserted into the abdomen, a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn, and fetal cells that have been shed are analyzed

active euthanasia

-doing something to deliberately bring about death Occurs when the medical professionals, or another person, deliberately do something that causes the patient to die Examples: -when to stop resuscitation -"pull the plug" on ventilator

What aspects of their speech are different from younger adults?

-lower in volume - slower - less precisely articulate -less fluent (more pauses, fillers, repetition, and corrections)

3 types of short term memory

1. phonological loop 2. visual-spatial 3. episodic buffer

what are some characteristics of children who are gifted?

1. precocity - being to master an area earlier than their peers 2. marching to their own drummer - learn in a qualitatively different way from ordinary children 3. a passion to master - driven to understand the domain in which they have high ability

what three types of tasks do older adults have trouble with?

1. speed/timed tasks 2. unfamiliar tasks 3. unused tasks

When do babies perceive the visual cliff?

2 months (Joseph Campus)

When do babies perceive the visual cliff?

2 months (Joseph Campus) -Can perceive depth but wasn't afraid

When does color detection mature?

2-3 months

When does color detection mature?

2-3 months color cones mature -Can now perceive different colors but not different shades of the same color

Motor milestones

2-3 months---Lifts head 90 degrees while lying on stomach 3-4 months---Rolls over 4-6 months---Ulnar grasp 6-8 months---sits without support 6-10 months---stands with holding on, crawls 9 months---Has pincher grasp (as early as 6 months but definitely at 1 year) 9-12 months---walks holding on 12-14 months---walks well 16 months---scribbles with crayon 17-22 months---walks up steps 20-24 months---kicks ball forward 9 years old---can use household tools

what is the age progression for digit span?

2-3 yrs. 2 5 yrs. 4 7 yrs. 5 10 yrs. 6 13 yrs. 6-7

preschool period

2-5 or 6 years

Visual acuity at 1 month?

20/120 on the standard eye chart

what is the change in reported life investment from 25 yrs. to 85 yrs.?

25-34 yrs: work, friends, family, independence 35-54 yrs: family, work, friends, cognitive fitness 55-65 yrs: family, health, friends, cognitive fitness 70-84 yrs: family, health, cognitive fitness, friends 85-105 yrs: health, family, thinking about life, cognitive fitness

early adulthood

25-40 years (adult roles are established)

draw the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of dual store memory.

3 memory stores organized by duration (image on desktop)

When do they distinguish between gender and ethnicity?

3 months

When do they match faces to voices?

3 months

When does depth perception occur?

3-4 months

beanpole family

4 or more generations alive at the same time, each generations small in number

what is the age progression for recognition?

4 yr. 2-4 objects 8-10 yr. 6-9 objects adult 10-11 objects

what is the age progression for recall?

4 yrs. 11-12 objects 8-10 yrs. 12 objects adult 12 objects

what percent of college students have achieved a clear sense of identity?

40%

middle adulthood

40-60 years

humans have how many chromosomes?

46

Chess & Thomas

5 areas of assessment - typical mood - regularity/ predictability of biological function - approach or withdrawal from stimuli - intensity of emotion - adaptability to change in routine or to new things sense of self - temperament - easy (40%) - difficult (10%) - slow to warm up (15%) - by age 3-4, temperament (easy or difficult) did predict poor or well adjustment in adulthood (39%)

When does visual acuity/accommodation occur?

6 months

middle childhood

6 to about 12 (or until the onset of puberty)

When do babies fear the visual cliff?

6-7 months

When do babies fear the visual cliff?

6-7 months (Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk) -fear depth and height

What is the olfactory capability at 1 week?

6-day-old infants who were breast fed showed a clear preference for smelling their mother'S breast pad rather than a clean breast pad Did not have this ability at 2 days

anencephaly

A congenital deformity in newborns characterized by absence of the brain and spinal cord

stranger anxiety

A second fearful response that often emerges shortly after an infant becomes attached to someone is stranger anxiety: a wary or fretful reaction to the approach of an unfamiliar person (Schaffer & Emerson, 1964). Anxious reactions to strangers often mixed with signs of interest become *common between 8 and 10 months*, continue through the first year, and gradually decline in intensity over the second year.

Behavior modification

Applying operant principles to changing specific needs -Primary reinforcer: satisfies psychological need (food and drink) -Secondary reinforcer: Conditioned, previously neutral, acquires reinforcing properties

learning disorder

Performance in one area below IQ level

Assimilation

Piaget's term for interpreting new information using existing schemas

Adaption

Piaget's term for the press of adjusting to the demands of the environment by two complimentary presses, assimilation and accommodation

is recall or recognition better?

RECOGNITION is better (easier, more efficient, remember the most) for accessing memory than recall

What happens to "sensory thresholds" as you get older?

Rise of the threshold with age = sensitivity to low levels of stimulation is lost

Chumship

Same sex friendship that develops in childhood with a person of the same ex-your "best friend"

Piaget's stages

Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal Operations - Sam Pours Concrete Floors

Vygotsky's ideas were?

Sociocultural perspective, higher mental functions, memes, mediation, scaffolding, zone of proximal development

Acuity

The ability to perceive detail - ability to distinguish two points close together - sharpness - newborn: poor, 20/400 & prefers bold patterns w/ sharp contrast, closeness (8" from face)

what is the justice perspective?

a moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual; individuals independently make moral decisions

how is IQ commonly defined?

a numerical measure of a person's performance on an intelligence test relative to the performance of other examinees of the same age - adaptability - success in school - job success - life success - attention, perception, memory, reasoning, and verbal comprehension

Cataracts

a pathological condition of the eye involving opacification (clouding) of the lens that can impair vision or cause blindness

social clock

a person's sense of when things should be done and when he or she is ahead or behind the schedule dictated by age norms

what is MAMA?

adulthood M- moratorium A - identity achievement M - moratorium A - identity achievement

Recall

For cognition and IQ testing, list one of the three areas or types of tasks that older adults have problems with

Timed tasks

For cognition and IQ testing, list one of the three main areas or types of tasks that older adults have problems with

Oral

Freud's first stage of personality development where putting things in the mouth satisfies a basic urge

Anal

Freud's second stage of personality development where control over bodily functions is learned

Phallic

Freud's stage of personality development where gender identity is acquired by the child trying to appease same-sex parent by imitating what they do

progression of memory abilities over infancy & childhood

Infant: habituation recognition classical and operant conditioning imitation (facial expressions) cued recall (shaking mobile/Rovee-Collier) 2 months Cued recall Cue dependent Context specific End of 1st year recall object permanence deferred imitation 6-9 months - remember an action deferred sequence 13 months - remember sequence of actions 2 years verbal, conscious, deliberate recall tell stories of past events autobiographical/episodic true object permanence

what is midlife consciousness?

am i producing something that lives after me? am i being productive or stagnating?

infant morality

amoral-- lacking any sense of morality

Perceptual constancy

sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical world remains constant 2 Types -Size constancy and shape constancy

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

set number of responses (piece work)

the name for the type of reproduction that produces genetic variability & includes the steps of meiosis and fertilization

sexual reproduction

molecular genetics

the analysis of particular genes that influence particular traits and comparisons of animals or humans who have these genes with those who do not

life expectancy

the average number of years a newborn who is born now can be expected to live is 78 years

Lack of conservation

the awareness that altering an object's or a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties

growth

the physical changes that occur from conception to maturity

Behaviorism

the power of the environment and experience to shape behavior

Behaviorism

the power of the environment experience to shape behavior

adolescence

approximately 12-18 (or from puberty to when the individual becomes relatively independent)

Hormonal Stress Theory

argues that aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease

most adolescents are in which stage of morality?

conventional stage 3: mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

most adults are at which level of morality?

conventional stages 3 and 4

the general term for a time in development that is especially sensitive to environmental influence when a particular event is supposed to occur

critical period

external memory

ex: calendars written/digital notes establishing a set routine pill boxes using environment itself as an aid

what does your text say is the 9th intelligence area?

existentialist - exploring and finding meaning in life, especially regarding questions about life, death, and existence

naturalist intelligence

expertise in the natural world of plants and animals (Minster)

long term memory: conscious

explicit - declarative: available to our awareness hippocampus un-effortful, automatic processing: space, time, frequency

2 key factors involved in identity struggle

exploration - the need to explore/consider commitment - the ability to choose/commit

the occurs when the UCS is no longer paired with the CS and the organism quits demonstrating the CR

extinction

day 1

fertilization occurs within 24 hours of ovulation

what do twins and siblings tell us about the contributions of nature (genes) & nurture (environment) to IQ?

findings indicate that both nature and nurture affect intelligence test scores - the intelligence scores of identical twins reared together are more similar than those of fraternal twins - identical twins have similar volume to their brain's gray matter and those areas associated with verbal and spatial intelligence (nature) - identical twins reared apart have lower correlation than identical twins reared together (nurture)

week 17-22

fingernails and toenails, hair, teeth buds, and eyelashes grow. brain development is phenomenal, and brainwaves are detectable

gotlieb epigenetic theory

genes do not dictate development; genes and environment interact with and influence each other from conception on to shape development, to the point that their influences cannot be separated

genotype

genetic makeup a person inherits

rubella

german measles; blindness, deafness, heart defects, and intellectual disability; most dangerous during the first trimester

retrieval

getting information back out when needed

encoding

getting information into our brain

gifted

gifted > 130

whose growth spurt happens first, girls or boys?

girls

the Skinner box

give a reward or punishment towards the birds or rats in the Skinner box, while teaching them a trick (light, food)

pre-conventional

goodness/badness depends on consequences rules are external 1. heteronomous morality -avoid punishment - the more the punishment; the worse the act 2.individualism, instrumental purpose, and echange -gain rewards - do right to get rewards

muscular dystrophy

group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system

organization; give examples

grouping into meaningful categories ex: picture with animals, baseball items, food, cars) internal organization - inherent in the material; ex: hierarchy external organization - connect to something outside the information; ex: acronyms

9 months

has pincher grasp (as early as 6 months but definitely by 1 year)

Mead & Cooley

looking-glass self - self based on how others respond to us - we are reflected in other's responses

parental discipline

love withdrawal power assertion induction

damage to the cells in the retina responsible for central vision cause vision to be blurry & finally fade to a dark spot in the center of the image. this is a leading cause of blindness in adults

macular degeneration

low birth weight infants

many born preterm (less than 37 weeks); leading cause of infant mortality

what explains memory declines in old age?

many older adults do not use strategies such as organization and elaboration even though they know them and are capable of using them - problem with retrieval process - decline in capacity of using working memory - decline in sensory abilities

Multiplicity

many views

none

me; i should get it because i want it

APGAR

measures heart rate, respiratory function, muscle tone, color, reflex

Divided attention

mental focus is on multiple tasks (multitasking)

mesoderm

middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems

DNA

molecule whose chemical code is our genetic endowment

what are moral rules?

moral rules: standards that focus on the welfare and basic rights of individuals

explain the testing effect.

more will be remembered the more you test yourself on it compared to just reading and reviewing

what are the primitive reflexes?

moro, babinski, grasping

spatial intelligence

most obvious in great artists who can perceive things accurately and transform what they see (Michelangelo)

week 8

most structures and organs are present; ovaries and testes are evident; the embryo begins to straighten and assumes a more human appearance

What parental interaction improved 8 month old infants speech development in the Goldstein, King & West experiment?

mothers immediately smiled and touched their infant

What parental interaction improved 8 month old infants speech development in the Goldstein, King & West experiment?

mothers immediately smiled and touched their infant after they babbled or cooed; the other group of mothers were to smile and touch the baby at random times --the mother's who reacted to their baby babbling/cooing made more complex speech like sounds

nervous system third trimester (7, 8, and 9 month)

myelin sheath formed on neurons, functional synaptic connections made (synaptogenesis), increase in neuronal size.

week 3

now an embryo is just 1/10 of an inch; has become elongated, and three layers emerge: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Centarians

person who lives to or beyond the age of 100 years

psychometric theory

personality can be measured

prospective memory

remembering to do something in the future some researchers find decline in prospective memory with age

chromosome

threadlike bodies in the nucleus of each cell and are made up of genes, the basic units of heredity

what infant traits or attributes relate to later high IQ?

time-speed of info processing

Sensitive periods

time/stage in development where they are more responsive to certain stimuli and quicker to learn particular skills

what is TOT?

tip of tongue; the feeling of knowing

TOT phenomenon

tip-of-the-tongue - individuals are confident that they can remember something but just can't quite seem to retrieve it from memory

what was the purpose of the first IQ test?

to determine which students would not profit from typical school instruction identify if school children needed special attention

Examples of Applications of Learning Theory

token economy, behavior modification, ABA, systematic desensitization, ABC's

single gene

trait controlled by a single gene that has two alleles

polygenic traits

traits influenced by multiple pairs of genes, interacting with multiple environmental factors, rather than by a single pair of genes

incomplete dominance

two genes influence a trait but each is expressed in the product (red and white make pink)

4-6 months

ulnar grasp

a procedure used to detect abnormalities where sound waves are used to scan the uterus

ultrasound

intrapersonal intelligence

undersranding one's own feelings and inner life (Horse Whisperer)

Unconditioned response (UCR)

unlearned, natural response - Reflex

Unconditioned response (UCR)

unlearned, natural response - reflex

Satire (adolescents)

use of irony, derision, or wit to expose follow or wickedness

what is fluid intelligence?

using one's mind in new and flexible ways - actively solves new problems - ability to learn new information - reasoning, seeing relationship among stimuli, drawing inferences - not "taught", free of cultural influence - declines earlier and quicker - decline beginning at age 25

what is crystallized intelligence?

using what you have already learned through schooling and experience - facts and expertise - general info, word comprehension, numerical abilities - can continue to increase - steady through 60's then decline

is child morality variable or constant across situations?

variable - profess to be one thing then act differently - kind of like when you are in a relationship and at the beginning you can pretend to be one thing and then later your demeanor can change

why do students cheat and how and when?

why? - higher grades - time constraints - poor teaching - lack of interest how? - plagiarism - using "cheat sheets" - copying from a neighbor - purchasing papers - falsifying lab results when? - when they are not being closely monitored during a test - when they know their peers are cheating - when they know another student has cheated without being caught - when students scores are made public

sensory register memory

"afterimage or echo" environmental information picked up and transformed by sensory receptors

what is Spearman's general "g" factor and "s" specific abilities?

"g" - general intelligence - general factor that underlies any and all specific mental abilities - is measured by every task on an IQ test "s" - specific to particular task

What is the average cost of a basic funeral?

$3,000-5,000

beta-amyloid plaques

(Alzheimers) denotes peptides of 36 - 43 amino acids that are crucially involved in Alzheimer's disease as the main component of the amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimers patients

identity v. role confusion

(adolescence: 12-20 yrs) Consistent sense of self, who am I? who are you? where are you going? where do you fit in society?

delirium

*-acute, short term, rapid onset* *-disturbance of consciousness* -memory, disorientation, perception *-Attention and awareness* -can't focus, sustain, or shift attention *-obviously due to* -a general medical condition -substance induced (medication, drug, or toxin) -multiple etiology an organically-caused decline from a previously attained baseline level of cognitive function. It is typified by fluctuating course, attentional deficits and generalized severe disorganization of behavior. Involves other cognitive deficits, changes in arousal (hyperactive, hypoactive, or mixed), perceptual deficits, altered sleep-wake cycle; and psychotic features such as hallucinations and delusions

6 principles Hirsch-Pasek & Golinkhoff discovered about children's language development

*1)* Children learn the words they hear most often *2)* Children learn words for things and events that interest them *3)* Children learn words best in responsive and interactive contexts rather than passive contexts *4)* Children learn words best in contexts that are meaningful *5)* Children learn words best when they access clear information bout word meaning *6)* Children learn words best when grammar and vocabulary are considered

What is true object permanence?

*18-24 months* This is the fundamental understanding that objects continue to exist—they are permanent—when they are no longer visible or otherwise detect- able to the senses. It probably does not occur to you to wonder whether your coat is still in the closet after you shut the closet door

confidant and equity

*A spouse, relative, or friend to whom the individual feels especially attached and with whom thoughts and feelings can be shared. *Balance of contributions and gains, on satisfaction in relationships

What are disorders of under-controlled behavior?

*ADD/ADHD* *1. Attention problem + activity (2)* *2. Inattention* -Misses details or makes careless mistakes -difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play -does not seem to listen when spoken to directly -does not follow thru on instructions, fails to finish school work, chores (not oppositional) -difficulty organizing tasks, avoids tasks requiring sustained attention, loses things necessary for tasks (forgetful) -easily distracted by extraneous stimuli *3. Hyperactivity* -fidgets with hands or feet, squirms -runs about, climbs excessively or feelings or restlessness -leaves seat when remaining seat is expected -difficulty playing quietly -talks excessively -on the go, acts as if "driven by a motor" *4. Impulsivity* -blurts out answers before questions completed -interrupts conversations, intrudes (butts into games), difficulty waiting turn *5. Occur in two or more setting before age 12* *6. Symptoms present for at least 6 months and are inconsistent with developmental level:* -6 symptoms for children -5 symptoms for adults *7. Negative impact on social and academic/occupational activities* *8. Specifiers* -ADHD - combined -ADHD - inattention -ADHD - Hyperactive impulsive *9. Cause: inactivity of frontal lobe executive functions * *10. Treatment* +stimulants (Ritalin-methylphenidate): increase function of the prefrontal cortex by increasing dopamine levels +stimulants (Ritalin-methylphenidate): -Amphetamine --> increases Dopamine function -(dextroamphetamine: Adderall, Dexedrine) -Concerta- time release -Vyvanse: lisdexafetamine ("time release") -Straterra- affects Norepinephrine -behavior modification -pop psychology, NOT a factor: off sugar, food dyes +side effects: insomnia and poor appetite +Special considerations: allow growth spurts *Oppositional-Defiant Disorder* 1. Recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, hostile, and disobedient towards authority figures for at least 6 months 2. Characteristics: -loses temper -argues with adults -actively refuses to comply with adults requests or rules -blames others for mistakes or misbehavior's -touchy or easily annoyed -angry or resentful -deliberately annoys others -spiteful and vindictive

Elkind's adolescent egocentrism: imaginary audience, personal fable?

*Adolescent Egocentrism* heightened self-conscious, others are as interested in them as they are themselves *Imaginary Audience* feelings like you're the center of attention *Personal fable* adolescents sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility--no one can understand how they really feel

Describe the development of attention from infancy to adolescence.

*As children get older...* 1) their attention spans become longer 2) become more selective in what they attend to 3) better able to plan and carry out systematic strategies for using their senses to achieve goals *Infancy:* - attention captured by movement and sound - with age, attention becomes more selective and less susceptible t0 distraction - @ 2 yrs, able to form plans of actions --> guides what they focus on and what they ignore - systematic attention *Adolescence*: - longer attention spans (3-4 hours) -ability to multitask, and filter out (ignore surroundings) - improved considerably between childhood and adulthood (b/c of increase myelination of the portions of the brain that help regulate attention)

What was included in the 2-3 month milestone?

*Brightness (rods)* - detects 5% change at 2 months *Color (cones)* - mature at 2-3 months - now perceives shades of colors *Scanning* - explore figure interiors - prefers "normal faces"

Brain areas for language

*Broca's area*: region of the left frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in producing words *Wernicke's area*: region of the brain's temporal that is involved in language comprehension

Proximodistal Principles

*Center (trunk) to extremities (toes)* -Growth sequence that starts in the middle of the body and moves towards the extremities

Know the types of child abuse and child, parental and environmental risk factors

*Child Abuse* - mistreating or harming a child physically, emotionally, or sexually, is perhaps the most visible form of family violence. The term 'beanpole family' was created by Brannen. The term means that families now a days have strong intergenerational links (ties between parents and grandparents) and weak intragenerational links (ties between siblings and cousins).

What are cliques and crowds?

*Cliques*: Same-sex friendship groups, provides a secure base for peer relationships and for venturing into romantic relationships. *Heterosexual cliques*: Group of popular dating pairs. *Crowd*: A collection of several heterosexual cliques together for the purpose of organizing social activities.

What is top-down processing?

*Cognitive influences on perception* - *Rules the brain uses to interpret sensory information * The Gestalt - the "percept" - a unified whole - based on "higher level" information (prior knowledge or experience or wiring) - things being grouped perceptually because the stimuli occur close to one another in time and space - ex: leaves and branches merging into trees, and trees merging into forests

Babbles: 4 months

*Consonant+ vowel* -Play with sounds (Piaget's circular reactions) --Dadadada, bababa - Larynx has descended - ALL phonemes still recognizable - Deaf children babble with their hands

DNAR

*DNR/DNAR:* (Do Not Resuscitate)/ (Do Not Attempt Resuscitation) -CPR is the only "medical procedure" you have to have a doctors order NOT to initiate differing rules depending on setting -ICU vs. Nursing Home vs. at home The term/abbreviation for doctor's orders NOT to start CPR

Habituation

*Decrease of responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated exposure* - a method of assessing infant perception (sight or sound) - learning to be bored by the familiar/losing interest - decreased response to a stimuli - stimulus discrimination Ex. peek-a-boo with a baby, first time you pull down the blanket to reveal your face, you can expect laughter. But if you keep doing this, the baby's reaction will eventually decrease

Adult stage?

*Post-formal thought*: Understanding that knowledge is relative, not absolute; there are far more shades of gray than there are clear dichotomies of knowledge. -Thinking that is reflective, relativistic, contextual, provisional (search for truth), realistic, and influence by emotion Accepting that the world (physical and mental) is filled with contradictions: inconsistent information can exist side by side. Attempting to integrate the contradictions into some larger understanding.

dementia

*Dementia: (Neurocognitive Disorder)* + multiple cognitive defects that include impairment in memory to the point where function is impaired -multiple etiologies -cognitive defects interfere with independence in daily activities -concern of a "knowledgeable informant" or the individual of significant decline -evidence of decline documented by neuropsychological testing or by another clinical professional *Dementia: Alzheimer's type* -multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment and learning and one other cognitive domain -insidious onset and gradual progression -steady progressive, gradual decline (without plateaus) -evidence of "causative mutation" from family history or genetic testing -cause impairments in social or occupational functioning -represents a decline from a previously higher level of functioning this is an umbrella term for a long-term problem with cognition that always includes a memory deficit and may include problems with executive functioning and mood control Ex/ Alzheimer's disease

Kubler-Ross stages of dying/grief/loss?

*Denial and isolation* -patient believes they are mis-diagnosed -they are curable -No, it can't be me! *Anger* -patient shows anger at God, loved ones, medical professionals, self -Why me? *Bargaining* -postpone death; may pray -Yes, me... but! *Depression* -Grief *Acceptance* -Sense of peace, it's OK

What are detrimental and protective factors?

*Detrimental:* *Protective:* buffer children from being abused or neglected -nurturing parenting skills -stable family relationships -household rules and child monitoring -parental employment -adequate housing

What makes a behavior abnormal or disordered? (Remember the 5 D's)

*Deviance* 1. Abnormal/atypical -statistical deviance/infrequent 2. violation of norms -outside the normal range of behavior -sociocultural norms, age norms 3. statistical deviance -ex/ IQ and intellectual disability *Distress* 1. Disturbing to others -causes personal distress *Disability/Dysfunction* 1. Maladaptive -Harmful, disabling -OCD ex, impairment in ADL -At risk for suffering or death *Danger* 1. To self: suicide 2. To others: homicide (or injury or irresponsibility) *Duh??* 1. Unjustifiable/Unexpected

What is Bronfenbrenner and what did he believe?

*Ecological development*: His theory was key in changing the perspective of developmental psychology by calling attention to the large number of environmental and societal influences on child development *Microsystem:* Immediate environment, individual experience (at school, at daycare) *Mesosystem:* Interrelationships of microsystems, interactions of 2 microsystems (home effects daycare) *Macrosystem*: External, social settings that have indirect effects ; child doesn't experience but still effects them (parent's workplace) *Exosystem*: Society, world events, the planet, historical era (city, state, era) Chronosystem: Time

Telegraphic speech/two word: 18-24 months

*Functional grammar:* Emphasizes meaning being expressed, semantic relations between words - Order may be important or not Ex: "all dry" ; "I sit", "no bed", "all messy"

Orthogenic Principles

*General (global) to specific* Moves whole body, extends one arm, grasps bottle with hand

Diseases of the Eye

*Glaucoma*: damage of optic nerve because of pressure created by buildup in the eye *Cataracts*: thickening of the lens, causes vision to become cloudy *Macular Degeneration*: deterioration of the macula of the retina, unable to see what is in front of them (big black dot) *Ptosis*: droopy eyelids

Cephlocaudal Principles

*Head to tail* Lifts head before controlling trunk to turn; sits up before controlling legs to walk Lifts head (2-3 months) before controlling trunk to turn ( 3-4 months)

One Word, One Year One word/(syncretic speech)/holophrases

*Household Language* -Objects (nominal): -- Food: juice, milk, cookie -- Body parts: eye, nose -- Clothing: diaper, sock -- Toys: doll, block -- Items: car, bottle, light, kitty Actions: - Up, off, peekaboo, eat, go Modifiers - yes, no, hot, hi, please, thank you *Holophrase*: may use word plus gesture, intonation, emphasis and/or context to convey meaning word + context + gestures = meaning *syncretic speech*: -consistent use of a word or phrase to stand for an object or idea -mothers understand their children's language before strangers can at this stage

What is intermodal/cross-modal perception?

*Intermodal* -involves integrating information from 2 or more sensory modalities --Ex. vision and hearing *Cross Modal Matching* -Recognize through a 2nd sense, what is learned through another sense --Oral to visual at 3 months --Others at 4-7 months ---Ex. learn something visually but can recognize tactilely (bumpy pacifier experiment by Melzof and Borton) Most perception is intermodal - developed around 3-6 months

Little Albert Experiment

*John B. Watson* classical conditioning - fears are not innate and can be learned -Rat was presented to Albert and showed no fear --> after presenting rat to Albert, Watson bangs a steel rod with a hammer (UCS) for fear (UCR) --> during conditioning, stimuli of the rat and the loud noise were presented together several times --> Watson present the rat without the bang --> Albert begins to whimper and cry (white rat - CS; fear after rat- CR) --> same response is generalized with furry items emotional responses can be learned

Edward Thorndike

*Law of Effect* - the response to a stimulus is affected by the consequence of that behavior - trial & error learning results in some behaviors (those follows by a good consequence) being "stamped in", while others (those follows by discomfort or unpleasant consequences) are stamped out - behavioral response is affected by the consequence of that behavior - behavior changes because of its consequences - rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur Ex. Cat puzzle boxes

Extinction

*Lessening of a condition response* -When UCS is unpaired with CS

3 general functions of reflexes

*Positive* -Automated response -Neonatal survival -Adult automation --Asymmetrical Tonic Neck or moving individual limbs *Negative* -May interfere with motor development if early reflexes are still present --Extensor thrust reflex *Diagnostic* -Appears on time; Disappear on time --should disappear or be overridden by voluntary movement ---if not may indicate development delays --Ex. Babinski, extensor, flexor

What is the basis for friendship in preschool, in middle childhood (chumships), teenage years?

*Preschool*: Common activities, play dates, parent-child play (highly emotionally involved positive play between parents and child associated with social skills and acceptance) *Middle-Late Childhood*: Chumships; mutually agreed relationship - includes trust and sensitivity, mutual loyalty. Like each others personal qualities. Respond to one another's needs and desires.Often based on similarity. Ages 9 - 12. *Adolescent*:Collectives that generate unique values and standards for behavior and leadership structures - leads to peer culture (special vocabulary, dress code, place to hang out) Cliques.

According to your text, which is better (associated with more positive traits): danger invulnerability or psychological invulnerability?

*Psychological invulnerability* Adolescent's invulnerability related to personal or psychological distress -Had higher self-esteem, maintained better interpersonal relationships -Ex. getting one's feelings hurt

Fine Motor skills: Describe the changes in reaching and grasping in young infants and in which perceptual system is used to help them do this

*Reaching* Infant swings whole arm towards the object and later can move wrist and hand and coordinate thumb and forefinger -do not to see own hands in order to reach *Grasping* Develop 2 types of grasps -Palmer -Pincer Perceptual-motor control is necessary to grasp -Perception developmental change is efficient because vision lets infants preshape their hands as they reach for an object Experience plays a role in reaching and grasping

Negative reinforcement

*Removal of something aversive* consequence is the removal of an unpleasant stimulus from the situation (taking something away to increase behavior - something you will be glad is gone) - alarm goes off, pressing the snooze button, alarm noise stops

Describe infant behavior for secure and insecure attachments when in the Strange Situation Test.

*Secure attachment*: Healthy balance of attachment and autonomy. -------------------- (Insecure attachments below) *Resistant attachment*: Preoccupied; Clingy, worried about abandonment, express anxiety and anger. *Avoidant attachment*: Dismissing; Avoids intimacy, is self-reliant *Disorganized attachment*: Fearful; needs relationships but doubts and fears intimacy. Lacks a coherent strategy

Describe the 4 adult attachments.

*Secure*: Secure attachment history. Healthy balance of attachment and autonomy; freedom to explore *Preoccupied*: Resistant attachment history. Desperate for love to feel worthy as a person; worry about abandonment; express anxiety and danger openly *Dismissing*: Avoidant attachment history. Shut out emotions; defend against hurt by avoiding intimacy, dismissing the importance of relationships, and being "compulsively self-reliant" *Fearful*: Disorganized-disoriented attachment history. Need relationships but doubt own worth and fear intimacy; lack a coherent strategy for meeting attachment needs

What is perception?

*The interpretation of sensory input* - selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information - enables recognition and makes meaning of objects and events 3 Jobs --distinguish objects from one another --locate objects --interpret perception= top-down processing

Critiques on Piaget?

*Themes are correct* (sequence correct) *Stages* -Order develops roughly the same across cultures -Age varies greatly, gradual change, context specific *Estimates of Children's Competence* -Underestimated abilities of young children -Overestimated abilities of adolescents and adults *Effects of training* -Children can be trained to reason at a higher cognitive stage

Childhood stages of thinking about death/Concepts of death from 2 thru teenagers?

*Universality (ages 3-5)* -it is inevitable, it happens to all living things -but is temporary and reversible and not all inclusive-will they be cold, how do the dead eat? *Irreversibility (ages 5-7)* -can't be undone *Finality (ages 5-7)* -cessation of life and all life's processes *Biological causality (ages 11-12)* -death is the failure of internal biological processes

How important is language in cognitive development?

*Vygotsky* a major role; plays a powerful role in sharing thought *Piaget* -minimal role; cognition primarily directs language

Describe the changes in vision with old age

*With Aging Declines In :* -Visual acuity -Color Vision -Depth Perception -Eye accommodation declines at 40-59 years --*Presbyopia* -Blood supply to eye -Retina doesn't register light - sensory receptor cells in the retina may die or not function as efficiently as they did before - retina change = decreased visual field/loss of peripheral vision = tunnel vision

Examples along the continuum????

*Withholding treatment* -do not do CPR - no advanced life support -not on a respirator *Withdrawing treatment* -when to stop resuscitation -"pull the plug" on ventilator *Causing death* -assisted suicide -lethal injection (medulla is last to give up which controls) *Texas Law: Good Samaritan Law* -if you follow order then that is not assisted suicide

Differentiate between women's and men's friendships.

*Women's friendships*: Place more emphasis on emotional aspects of friendship. Shared conversation is the main goal of the interaction - grow closer through self-disclosure and emotional conversation. Limitations involve being unconditionally supportive when one feels like they are getting little in return. *Men's friendships*: Main goal is solving a problem. Create friendships though shared activities. More likely to express intimacy through joking behavior/non-verbal cues. Independence emphasized. Limitations related to fears of being dependent on someone else.

What is the relationship between physical discipline & aggression?

*physical discipline:* -scalding, beating with an object, severe physical punishment, slapping, punching, kicking *aggression:* -hostile or violent behavior or attitudes toward another; readiness to attack or confront

TOT phenomenon

*tip-of-the-tongue* - individuals are confident that they can remember something but just can't quite seem to retrieve it from memory -Can't recall word; happens frequently in old age

What is a "wug"?

- "This is a wug. And if there were two, there should be two ___" - By Jean Berko Gleason, to demonstrate that even young children possess implicit knowledge of linguistic morphology.

wug

- "This is a wug. And if there were two, there should be two ___" - By Jean Berko Gleason, to demonstrate that even young children possess implicit knowledge of linguistic morphology.

Phoneme

- A basic unit of sound - Roughly correspond to letters of the alphabet - CAT = k a t

Phoneme

- A basic unit of sound -smallest unit of sound that affects meaning - Roughly correspond to letters of the alphabet -Infants must learn for their language - CAT = k a t

Punishment guidelines

- ASAP - Intensity - Consistently - Be otherwise warm - Explain yourself - Reinforce alternate behavior - Alternative responses (TIME OUT, rephrase politely)

Token economy

- An item that can be traded for a reinforcer - Each token is a step toward a reinforcer Example: chart with stars, poker chips, point system

Babbles: 4 months

- Bubbles speech sounds -Play with sounds (Piaget's circular reactions) • Vowel & consonant • Dadadada, bababa - Larynx has descended - (ALL phonemes still recognizable) - Deaf children babble with their hands

chorionic villus sampling

- CVS - involves inserting a catheter through the mother's vagina and cervix into the membrane called the chorion that surrounds the fetus, and then extracting tiny hair cells from the chorion that contain genetic material from the fetus - can be performed in the 10th week of pregnancy

Birth: various cries

- Expression of emotional states - Cries may have 'melody' of language - Already learning the rhythm of language, pauses, turn taking - May mimic style of language - Able to breathe/drink, unlike adults - Larynx like a Beaver's

Birth: various cries

- Expression of emotional states - Cries may have 'melody' of language - May mimic style of language - Able to breathe/drink, unlike adults -Already learning the rhythm of language, pauses, turn taking - Larynx like a Beaver's

Applied behavior analysis (ABA)

- Intense, systematic - Identify:behavior to be targeted and environmental conditions contributing to behavior - Obtain baseline - Do a functional analysis - Develop a treatment plan - Reassess for effectiveness Example: shaping social/language skills in autistic children

Cooing: 3/5 weeks

- Repetition of vowel - like sounds (ooo, eeeee, aaaa) - Learn the rhythm of language, pauses, turn taking (back & forth)

Jargoning: 10 months

- Keep phoneme discrimination only for the ones they hear (their language), lose others - Jargoning: babbling with intonation patterns (pragmatics) - Comprehension is ahead of production - Receptive language - comprehension - Expressive language - production

Pragmatics

- Language in social context - Talking to & with someone, turn-taking - Acknowledging the audience -Differ from one culture to another

What are the accomplishments of the formal operations stage?

- Mental actions on abstract ideas (more logical) - Can think about the hypothetical - will envision ideal circumstances - Hypothetical-deductive reasoning - Deductive reasoning: general → specific - Metacognition: think about thinking - Mature moral reasoning - Separation & control of variables - Proportional thinking

preimplantational genetic diagnosis

- PGD - parents who know they are at high risk to have a baby with a serious condition can minimize their risk - this involves fertilizing a mothers egg with a father's sperm in the lab using in vitro fertilization, conducting DNA tests on the first cells that result from mitosis of each fertilized egg, and implanting in the mother's uterus only eggs that do not have chromosome abnormalities or genes associated with disorders

What is peer acceptance based on?

- Physical attractiveness - Academic or physical competencies - Social competencies

What are the accomplishments of the sensorimotor period?

- Reflexive interaction - Begins to develop "means" or "schemes" - Repetition of interesting/rewarding acts on body, then on objects - Begins to show intent - Goal driven combination of related schemes - New ways to solve problems - Interest in novelty - Repetition with variation - Use symbols or symbolic representation - This allows internal (mental) combinations of schemes - "Beginning of thought"

Cooing: 3/5 weeks

- Repetition of *vowel-like* sounds (ooo, eeeee, aaaa) -Practicing voice - Learn the rhythm of language, pauses, turn taking (back & forth)

motherese/child directed

- Simple short sentences - Spoken slowly - High pitched voice - Infants pay more attenetion to high pitched, varied sounds

What is motherese/child directed speech?

- Simple short sentences - Spoken slowly - High pitched voice -Exaggerated emphasis - Infants pay more attenetion to high pitched, varied sounds --Responding to child helps facilitate learning

Preoperational stage: (2-6 years)

- Symbolic capacity flourishes - Animism-anthropomorphism - Attributing life, consciousness to objects - Egocentric - Cannot take others' view (Mountain video) - Centration - Focus on one dimension at a time - Cannot look at more than one aspect of a problem at a time - Sometimes looks at important/not important information - Static thinking - Cannot mentally transform one state to another - Fluid motion predicament - Irreversible thinking - Cannot mentally undo/reverse an action - Lack of conservation - A superficial change in appearance does not change fundamental properties - Gram cracker/water/quarter video - Intuitive thought - Based on experience, not logic - Reasoning that is neither conscious nor rational - Basic classification but problems with class inclusion. - Can group some things according to similarities - Time - Concepts of time still in development

Word segmentation: 7 1/2 months

- The cat scratched the dog's nose - Sees as 6 words, not just one long word

Child abuse types, sign & symptoms?

- The injury doesn't match the explanation or is 'unnatural', head injury, burns. - Bruises in various stages of healing, scars, multiple (some old) fractures. - Inappropriate sexualiszed behavior (sexual) - Regression, clinging, crying, specific fears (sexual) - Heightened aggression & hostility toward others, (esp. another distressed child) - Compulsive compliance with vigilance (physical abuse)

Prosody

- The melody, phrasing, timing, emphasis - Pitch/intonation - Stress or accentuation - Duration and timing - Change the sound, change the meaning Ex: raising voice at end produces a question Ex: No! (loud & sharp) vs. Noooooooo (long & drawn out)

Prosody

- The melody, phrasing, timing, emphasis of language - Pitch/intonation - Stress or accentuation - Duration and timing - Change the sound, change the meaning Ex: raising voice at end produces a question Ex: No! (loud & sharp) vs. Noooooooo (long & drawn out)

Overextension

- Using a word to refer to a wide range of objects - All 4 legged animals are called doggie

Centration

- a centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of others - focus on one dimension at a time (cannot look at more than one aspect of a problem)

klinefelter syndrome

- a male is born with one or more extra X chromosomes - they have long limbs and sometimes big ears, long faces, are sterile and develop feminine sex characteristics like enlarged breasts

Systematic desensitization

- a type of behavioral therapy based on the principle of classical conditioning (Wolpe) - aims to remove the fear response of a phobia, and substitute a relaxation response to the conditional stimulus gradually using counter conditioning

Symbolic capacity

- ability to mentally represent an object that is not present - mental code/image that represents what we know - can think about the past and anticipate the future

Animism-anthropomorphism

- belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action - consciousness to object

Sensorimotor period

- birth to 2 years - infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences (physical/ motor actions)

sickle-cell anemia

- blood disease in which RBCs take on a sickle shape, become entangled, and distribute less oxygen through the circulatory system - painful swelling of joints and blood clots

Concrete operations stage (7-11 years)

- can do mental actions using logic on real/concrete objects - Conservation - The fundamental properties of an object do not change just because there is a superficial change in appearance - Gram cracker/water/quarter video - Liquid, mass, number = 6-7 years - Area, volume = 9-12 - Not egocentric - Can take other's perspective - Mountain video - Reversibility - Can reverse, undo a problem in their head - Decentration - Can focus on more than aspect of a problem - Seriation - Arrange items according to increasing or decreasing dimension - Transivity - Relationships between objects - A > B, B < C, what is larger, smaller? - Classification - Class inclusion - 5 dolls + 3 trucks; more dolls or toys? - Fact families: 6, 4, 2. 4+2 = 6, 6-4 = 2

Static thinking

- cannot mentally transform from one state to another - experience is like a series of snap shots, not a video movie

what should parents do to help with the morality of their kids?

- clarification & awareness of your position - parents with higher levels of moral reasoning - "other role taking" - knowledge of alternative ways of thinking - discussions with peers - "education breeds tolerance" - living in a complex society (goodness of fit model)

John B. Watson

- classical learning theory - behaviors (nature) studied only behavior that can be observed - professor psych at John Hopkins - the power of the environment

Language explosion: 2-3 years

- complete sentences ex) I want to sit seat -overgeneralization/ overregulariaztion: - Articulation difficulty may persist: thithors, pasketti - Modulation of meaning - from free to bound morhemes (simple to complex) ex) in the kitchen

Children who are fluent in two languages, also do well on ...

- control of attention, concept formation, analytical reasoning, inhibition, cognitive flexibility/complexity/ monitoring - better at noticing errors of grammar and meaning

What happens when adults move out into the world or work?

- face the constraints of reality that work promotes -their idealism decreases

induction

- fearful- behaviorally inhibited: gentle persuasion & mild discipline - uninhibited- fearless: warm, responsive parenting to secure attachment bond, make then WANT to cooperate

huntington's disease

- genetic defect associated with a single dominant gene - strikes in middle age and disrupts the expression of genes in the nervous system - slurred speech, motor disturbances, jerky movements, increased moodiness, irritability, dementia, loss of cognitive abilities

Describe PIaget's contribution to the study of children's cognitive development?

- giant in the field of developmental psych - psychologists are indebted to him for devising masterful concepts of enduring power - also owe him for instilling the current vision of children as active constructive thinkers

Describe PIaget's contribution to the study of children's cognitive development?

- giant in the field of developmental psych - psychologists are indebted to him for devising masterful concepts of enduring power - also owe him for instilling the current vision of children as active constructive thinkers (we constantly construct our knowledge of the world) -Showed how children act and adapt to the world

maternal blood sampling

- has been used to test the mother's blood for various chemicals that can indicate abnormalities in the fetus - it can also be used to obtain loose embryonic DNA that has slipped through the placenta into the mother's blood - DNA that can be analyzed with no risk at all to the fetus

When does brightness detection mature?

2 months

What does the text say about physical punishment?

- illegal in 41 countries, mainly to protect children from abuse - when adults punish children by yelling, spanking, etc. they present children with out-of-control models - instill fear, rage, or avoidance - tells children what not to do rather than what to do - unintentionally become so angry that they are abusive

Pragmatics

- language in social context - Talking to & with someone - Acknowledging the audience

what are some of the long-term benefits of early intervention programs like Head Start & others mentioned?

- long-term gains on IQ and school achievement with high scores on standardized achievement tests in 12th grade - improves children's and mothers' attitudes about achievement with hopeful prospects of jibs - more likely to complete high school and to attend college - less likely to be assigned to special educator classes, retained in grade or drop out - less likely to experience teen pregnancy and delinquency, and arrests

what are some improvements seen in adolescence?

- memory strategy of elaboration is mastered - develop and refine advanced learning - perform cognitive operations faster Older teens perform better than younger teens on highly complex cognitive tasks that require them t use recalled information - better meta-memory/metacognition

autobiographical/reminiscence memory bump

- more memories of: recall of more positive memories than negative, of teenage years and in 20s - this pattern begins in 30s or 40s Why? - first time events stand out - significant memories - we have rehearsed them more - family stories

What are the 'rules' for using a 'wh' word?

- must know two important differences between wh questions and affirmative statements 1) wh word must be added at the beginning of the sentence 2) auxiliary verbs must be inverted

What are the 'rules' for using a 'wh' word?

- must know two important differences between wh questions and affirmative statements 1) wh word must be added at the beginning of the sentence 2) auxiliary verbs must be inverted (exchanged with the subject of the sentence

specifics on episodic memory

- older adults have trouble recalling the source of the information remembers: what they learned but not: when they learned it who they learned it from - may leave out details - may repeat the same details

Underextension

- opposite of overextension - 'blankie' is only my security blanket

Underextension

- opposite of overextension - 'blankie' is only my security blanket - Doggie is only our basset hound

Describe the changes in vision with old age

- pupils become smaller (greater difficulty when lighting is dim & when it suddenly changes) - pupils slower to dilate - dark adaptation is slower - lens become less denser and less flexible - yellowing of lens - lens and gelatinous liquid behind lens are less transparent - visual acuity decreases - sensory receptor cells in the retina may die or not function as efficiently as they did before - retina change = decreased visual field/loss of peripheral vision = tunnel vision

Calorie restriction and longevity

- resets genes, less oxidative -studies have shown that calorie restriction can increase longevity - calorie restriction: reduce calorie intake without reducing essential nutrients

What are some signs of vision problems in children?

- rubbing the eyes -blinking/ squinting excessively - appearing irritable when playing games that require good distance vision -shutting or covering one eye -tilting the head/thrusting it forward when looking at something

Morpheme

- smallest unit of language that carries meaning - Un desire able s

Morpheme

- smallest unit of language that carries meaning -Not all morphemes are words by themselves (1 morpheme "help"; 2 morphemes "help-er") Un-desire-able-s

Hearing in adulthood/aging

- starts declining by age 40 - sensitivity to high pitches declines first - men usually lose sensitivity to high-itched sounds sooner than women do

Piaget

- structuralist - the mind imposes order upon our thoughts and our knowledge - we constantly construct our knowledge of the world

Learning

- the process of acquiring through experience (new and relatively enduring behaviors) - a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience allows us to adapt to our environment

Adaptation

- the process of adjusting to the demands of environment (Piaget, 1971) - occurs through two complementary processes: assimilation and accommodation

down syndrome

- trisomy 21 - associated with three rather than two 21st chromosomes - distinctive eyelid folds, short stubby limbs, and thick tongues

power assertion

- using power to threaten, chastise, administer spankings, take away privileges, and so on-- uses punishment

What happens when adults move out into the world or work?

- way of thinking does change - face the constraints of reality that work promotes -their idealism decreases

turner syndrome

- when a female is born with a single X chromosome rather than two - they remain small and often have stubby fingers and toes, a webbed neck, and underdeveloped breasts`

Dishabituation

- when we respond to an old stimulus as if it were new again - when we repeatedly see or experience a stimulus, our response to it grows weaker ex) peek-a-boo with a baby, first time you pull down the blanket to reveal your face, you can expect laughter. But if you keep doing this, the baby's reaction will eventually decrease

love withdrawal

- withholding attention, affection, or approval after a child misbehaves - creates anxiety by threatening a loss of reinforcement from parents

Language explosion: 2-3 years

-*Complete sentences with complete grammar* Ex) I want to sit seat -*Modulation of meaning* From free to bound morphemes Ex. toys (plural); playing (temporary duration); the dog (specific) -Overgeneralization/ overregulariaztion: - Articulation difficulty may persist: thithors, pasketti

Know some family facts listed in your text.

-90% will marry some time, but still more single adults -% of the population that is married is dropping; 25% are "never married" -fewer children (1.8 in 1996, 3.0 in 1950) -more women remain childless (age 40-44) -more women working (children younger than 6 years) -more divorce (40%, 2006 but down from 50-60%) -more single parent families -more children living in poverty -more remarriages -more years without children -fewer caregivers for aging adults

Language

-A communication system in which a limited number of symbols can be combined according to agreed upon rules to produce an infinite number of messages.

Semantics

-Add meaning—the relationship between words and things, interpreting sentences, paragraphs -Modulating morphemes -Suffixes, prefixes -Tense: past, present, (add -ed) future -Rules for meaning

William Perry

-Adolescents view the world in polarities (right/wrong; we/they) -As we age into adults we get away from absolutist thinking and become more aware of diverse opinions and perspectives Dualism, multiplicity, relativism

Mediation

-Adult proposes meanings & interpretations of objects & events -Encourages the child to think about events a certain way -Introduces concepts, knowledge, skills, and strategies

Jargoning: 8-10 months

-Advanced babbling with intonation (pragmatics) - Keep phoneme discrimination only for the ones they hear (their language), lose others - Comprehension is ahead of production -- Receptive language = comprehension -- Expressive language = production

What is ADHD? 3 DSM-5 'symptom categories' of behaviors, drug treatment, what brain area is involved?

-Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder *Inattention:* -Misses details or makes careless mistakes -difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play -does ont seem to listen when spoken to directly -does not follow thru on instructions, fails to finish school work, chores (not oppositional) -difficulty organizing tasks, avoids tasks requiring sustained attention, loses things necessary for tasks (forgetful) -easily distracted by extraneous stimuli *+Hyperactivity:* -Fidgets with hands or feet, quirms 0runs about, climbs excessively or feelings or restlessness -leaves seat when remaining seat is expected -difficulty playing quietly -talks excessively -on the go, acts as if "driven by a motor" *+Impulsivity:* -blurts out answers before questions completed -interrupts conversations, intrudes (butts into games), difficulty waiting turn Causes: Inactivity of *frontal lobe* executive functions Treatment: -Stimulants (Ritalin-methylphenidate): increase function of the prefrontal cortex by increasing dopamine levels -Stimulants (Ritalin-methylphenidate: -Amphetamine --> increases Dopamine function -Dextroamphetamine: Adderall, Dexedrine -Concerta- time release -Vyvanse: lisdexafetamine ("time release") -straterra- affects Norepinephrine - behavior modification -pop psychology, NOT a factor: off sugar, fod dyes side effects: insomnia and poor appetite special considerations: allow growth spurts

Who is Ester Thelen?

-Child is constrained by current body limitations -Continually improving skills through perception and action

Vygotsky's ideas were?

-Cognitive development depends on the tools provided by society and minds shaped by culture context -Children described as social creatures; develop through social interaction

hospice

-For terminally ill patients -medical professional's prognosis that patient has less than 6 months left -"Palliative" care -If patient recovers, treatment can resume aggressively -Not for cure, but for comfort -type of care and philosophy of care that focuses on the palliation of a chronically ill, terminally ill, or seriously ill patient's pain and symptoms, and attending to their emotional and spiritual needs

Dynamic Systems Approach

-Infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting -environment motivates to act and use perception to development fine tune motor skills -Developement directed by --genetics, hormones, maturation --experiences, learning -*Factors* --law of motion, body size, muscle strength, nervous system coordination, task and environmental factors

What is over-regularization AKA overgeneralization?

-Over-applying rules where proper form is irregular -Brain hasn't learned irregular rules During language explosion (2-3 years) Example • Child: My teacher *holded* the baby rabbits

Marriage happiness, highs and lows?

-Satisfaction *LOWS* occur after first year, on becoming new parents, and with each additional child -*HIGHS* before children and after empty nest

When do they look at faces?

-Show interests in faces soon after birth -Spend more time looking at their mother's face than strangers

Scaffolding

-Structure a learning situation so learning becomes easier -Changing the level of support --More guidance and uses dialogue (guidelines, questions) with a new task and slowly decrease as the child becomes more competent Giving guidelines to complete tasks --> Legos

Dishabituation

-The *recovery* of a habituated response *after a change in stimulation* - When we respond to an old stimulus as if it were new again

Acuity

-The ability to perceive detail - Ability to distinguish two points close together - Sharpness - Newborn: poor, 20/400 --Cones not developed --No lens accommodation & prefers bold patterns w/ sharp contrast,

Common motion

-The ability to use depth and figure to cue the "wholeness of an object" -All parts of an object should move in the same direction -Can use common motion to perceive contours/ object edges and detect depth (Dalmatian dog video)

Accommodation

-The eye's ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina by changing the shape of lens -The ability to change the shape of your lens to focus and to bring objects into focus -At birth objects are in focus only at 8 inches from face -Matures at 6 months to 1 year --Can bring objects at different distances in different focus

Zone of proximal development

-The gap between what a child can already do and what is too difficult and needs assistance with -Can do → Zone ← too difficult

What is preferential looking/visual preference method?

-Two objects are presented together; looking longer at one (showing preference) indicates they can tell a difference - in cross-model matching, we look at the one that we have already experienced - length of time looking baby will look at the UNSCRAMBLED face longer

What purposes does a funeral serve?

-a gathering of family and friends after the death of a loved one that allows them the opportunity to mourn, support each other and pay tribute to the life of the deceased components: -visitation, wake or viewing -funeral service -memorial or tribute service -graveside services

What factors predict a better adjustment to parenting?

-active participant -nurturer -teacher -communicator

passive euthanasia

-allowing death to occur Occurs when the patient dies because the medical professionals either dont do something necessary to keep the patient alive, or when they stop doing something that is keeping the patient alive Examples: -switch off life-support machines -disconnect a feeding tube -don't carry out a life-extending operation -don't give life-extending drugs -Do not do CPR -No advanced life support -Not on a respirator -No feeding tubes

Depression: DSM-5 criteria, how does it present in childhood -behavioral & somatic symptoms, what is Anaclytic depression, what is failure to thrive?

-at least 2 weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest, withdrawal from family and friends *most of the day, nearly every day); in children and adolescents the mood may be irritable rather than sad *Anaclytic depression* -wasting disease mostly caused by a lack of social contact between the infant and its caregivers

fetal programming

-brought about by such epigenetic effects of the environment - the idea is that environmental events during pregnancy may alter the expected genetic unfolding of the embryo/fetus or reset its physiologic functions

Alzheimer's

-progressive loss of brain tissue -5th leading cause of death in those over age 65 in US -multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment and at least one of the following: (Aphasia, Apraxia, Agnosia) -disturbance in executive functioning -mood changes -cause impairments in social or occupational functioning -represents a decline from a previously higher level of functioning -onset is gradual with continuing decline Progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions Signs/Symptoms: *Cognitive:* mental decline, difficulty thinking and understanding, mental confusion, disorientation, delusion *Behavioral:* agitation, lack of restraint, meaningless repetition of own words, irritability, personality changes, aggression, difficulty changes, aggression, *Mood:* loneliness, anger, apathy, mood swings, or general discontent *Psychological:* paranoia, hallucination, or depression

oppositional defiant disorder

-recurrent patter of negativistic, defiant, hostile, and disobedient towards authority figures for at least 6 months Characteristics: -loses temper -argues with adults -actively refuses to comply with adults requests or rules -blames others for mistakes or misbehaviors -touchy or easily annoyed -angry or resentful -deliberately annoys others -spiteful and vindictive

living will

-self-directive with instructions concerning measures to sustain/prolong life -lets family members and doctors know your wishes -if i am found to have an irreversible, non-curable condition a legal document a person uses to make known his or her wishes regarding life prolonging medical treatments; also an advancee directive, health care directive, or a physician's directive -NOT the same as a living trust

6 principles Hirsch-Pasek & Golinkhoff discovered about children's language development

1) children learn the words they hear most often 2) children learn words for things and events that interest them 3) children learn words best in responsive and interactive contexts rather than passive contexts 4) children learn words best in contexts that are meaningful 5) children learn words best when they access clear information bout word meaning 6) children learn words best when grammar and vocabulary are considered

What are the peer acceptance categories?

1. *Popular/Accepted*: Well liked by most and rarely disliked. 2. *Rejected*: Rarely liked and often disliked. Aggressive, distracting, criticizing, often harassed. 3. *Rejected withdrawn*: Passive and socially awkward. Overwhelmed by social anxiety. Have negative expectations of how peers will treat them. 4. *Neglected*: Neither liked nor disliked; these isolated children seem to be invisible to their classmates. Well-adjusted and good social skills, but often chose to play alone. 5. *Controversial*: Liked by many but also disliked by many; for example, the fun-loving child with leadership skills who also bullies peers and starts fights. 6. *Average*: In the middle on both the liked and disliked scales.

What were Mildred Parten's types or ways of engaging in play?

1. *Unoccupied play*: Children stand idly, look around, or engage in apparently aimless activities such as pacing. 2. *Solitary play*: Children play alone, typically with objects, and appear to be highly involved in what they are doing. 3. *Onlooker play*: Children watch others play, taking an active interest in and perhaps even talking to the players but not directly participating. 4. *Parallel play*: Children play next to one another, doing much the same thing, but they interact little (for example, two girls might sit near each other, both drawing pictures, without talking to each other to any extent). 5. *Associative play*: Children interact by swapping materials, conversing, or following each other's lead, but they are not united by the same goal (for example, the two girls may swap crayons and comment on each other's drawings as they draw). 6. *Cooperative play*: Children join forces to achieve a common goal; they act as a pair or group, dividing their labor and coordinating their activities in a meaningful way (for example, the two girls collaborate to draw a mural for their teacher).

Older siblings tend to take what three roles in the lives of younger siblings?

1. Emotional support - Brothers and sisters confide in one another, often more than they confide in their parents. - they protect and comfort one another in rough times. 2. Caregiving Services - they babysit and tend young children. 3. Teachers - Although older brothers and sisters are not always as skilled at teaching as parents are, they clearly feel a special responsibility to teach, and younger siblings actively seek their guidance on any number of things. - provide social experience. - Having at least one sibling to interact with has positive effects on a child's social cognitive development and social skill

What 3 things did UDRY say promoted adult attraction?

1. Proximity - Simple reward theory 2. Similarity 3. Physical Attraction

personality theories

1. Stage Psychosocial/Erikson - personality growth continued through experiences past adolescence 2. Stable Psychometric/Trait - Big 5 OCEAN 3. Situational - social learning/ Bandura

list 2 instances of an IQ test being used on adults

1. alpha army test 2. immigrant testing in ellis island

what are some reasons given for improvements in memory over childhood?

1. changes in basic capacities: older children have a higher ability for manipulating information and to process information faster 2. changes in memory strategies: older children use effective methods for putting information into long-term memory and retrieving it when they need it 3. increased knowledge about memory: older children know more about memory 4. increased knowledge about the world: older children know more about the world in general

3 goals of psychology

1. description 2. prediction 3. explanation

7 key assumptions about life-span development

1. development is a lifelong process 2. development is multidirectional 3. development involves both gain and loss 4. development is characterized by lifelong plasticity 5. development is shaped by its historical-cultural content 6. development is multiply influenced 7. development must be studied by multiple disciplines

Dodge's information processing

1. encoding cues 2. interpretation of cues 3. clarification of goals 4. response search 5. response evaluation or decision 6. behavioral enactment - depends on PFC function for response inhibition & rational though limbic lobe for guilt/pride

what must infants learn to develop morality?

1. encoding of cues 2. interpretation of cues 3. clarify of goals 4. response search 5. response evaluation or decision 6. behavioral enactment

what are some reasons memory can fail?

1. encoding: acquisition failure; requires attention and effort; inconsequential details 2. storage failure: decay 3. retrieval failure: access failure; was organization used; over-learning helps

4 states of identity achievement

1. identity diffusion 2. foreclosure 3. moratorium 4. identity achievement

what were Howard Gardner's 8 intelligences?

1. linguistic intelligence 2. logical/mathematical 3. musical 4. spacial 5. bodily kinesthetic 6. interpersonal 7. intrapersonal 8. naturalist

darwin's 3 main arguments

1. there is genetic variation in species 2. some genes aid adaptation more than others do 3. genes that aid their bearers in adapting to their environment will be passed down to future generations more frequently than genes that do not

when do children begin to use rehearsal?

10% 5 yr +50% 7 yr 85% 10 yr

what is the average IQ?

100

When do they look at faces?

12 hours after being born -spend more time looking at their mother's face than stranger's

emerging adulthood

18-25 or even later (transitional period between adolescence and adulthood)

what was the alpha army test?

1917 - Lewis Terman & Arthur Otis (student of Terman) - too many recruits for WWI (1914-1918) - used to stratify (foot soldiers vs officers) - very culture biased

What are the two dimensions and four types of parenting styles (describe, predict effect on children/outcome, which is best)?

2 Dimensions 1. Acceptance/responsiveness (AC) - supportive, sensitive, affectionate & praising critical, punishing, ignoring 2. Demandingness/control (DC) - Permissive, nondemanding, allow autonomy controling, rule setting, monitoring Parenting Styles 1. Authoritarian: AC = high, DC = low - High demand/control, low acceptance -Impose rules, highly restrictive, not warm - Expect obedience, rarely give reasons - "Because I said so!" - Power tactics (physical punishment) - Outcome: Moody, unhappy, easily annoyed, aimless - Best for worker society, army - obey the boss (Goodness of FIT idea) 2. Authoritative: AC=high, DC=high - High demanding, high acceptance - Set clear rules/Enforce consistently - Explain reasons - Are responsive to child's needs - (discuss & allow exceptions) - Outcomes: Cheerful, responsible, achiever 3. Permissive: AC=low, DC=high - Make few demands, high acceptance - Kids get their own way, no control - encourage free expression - Outcomes: Impulsive, self-centered, bossy 4. Reject-Neglect: AC=low, DC=low - Disengaged - Expect little, give little - Outcomes: temper tantrums, agression, hostile, antisocial, drug abuse

late adulthood

60 years+

average

70<avg>100

current life expectancy in the US

78.3 the substantial reduction in infant deaths in recent decades

what age do children use organization?

9-10 years old

ABCs

A = antecedent - environmental stimuli & events that precede the behavior B = behavior - specific response the individual makes C = consequence - stimuli & events immediate following the behavior

ABCs (applied behavior analysis)

A = antecedent - environmental stimuli & events that precede the behavior B = behavior - specific response the individual makes C = consequence - stimuli & events immediate following the behavior

latchkey kids

A child who comes home from school to an empty house because their parent or parents are away at work, or a child who is often left at home. - might have to care for themselves

A not B error

A child who will search in the last successful place an object was found, even when he observes it being hidden in a new place, is making what type of error?

Scheme/schema

A cognitive structure or organized pattern of action or though used to deal with experiences - organized patterns of action or thought that people construct to interpret their experiences - schemes are like having a set of rules or procedures that structure our cognition

Scheme/schema

A cognitive structure or organized pattern of action or thought used to deal with experiences - template for evaluating new experiences; organizes existing knowledge to interpret new knowledge

Language

A communication system in which a limited number of symbols can be combined according to agreed upon rules to produce an infinite number of messages.

correlation

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

A child who will search in the last successful place an object was found, even when he observes it being hidden in a new place, is making what type of error?

A not b error

Peer

A person who functions at a level of behavioral complexity similar to yourself; your social equal

carrier

A person who has one recessive allele for a trait, but does not have the trait.

Extraversion

A person who is social, fun-loving, and likes to be around people would be high in the personality trait of _____.

Agreeableness

A person who is trusting, cooperative, and helpful is high in the personality trait of _________

Amniocentesis

A procedure to detect genetic and chromosomal abnormalities where a needle inserted through the mother's abdomen obtains a sample of the fluid surrounding the fetus. Cells are then analyzed for down's and for single gene disorders. Cannot be done safely until the 15th week of pregnancy

CVS (chorionic villus sampling)

A procedure where a needle is inserted into the chorion and tiny hair cells are extracted that contain genetic material from the fetus. The cells are analyzed for genetic defects. Can be done as early as 10th week of pregnancy

Habituation

A simple form of learning that involves learning not to respond to a repeated stimulus; - a method of assessing infant perception - learning to be bored by the familiar/losing interest - decreased response to a stimuli - stimulus discrimination

Clique

A small same-sex "friendship" group. This group may provide support and security for beginning interactions with members of the opposite sex (example: T-birds or Pink ladies).

peer

A social equal, someone who functions at a similar level of behavioral complexity—often someone of similar age

Age grade

A socially defined group based on age with unique status, roles, privileges and responsibilities is called a/an __________. Examples might be seniors or freshmen, adults or minors, youths, junior & senior warriors or elders, and in some cultures, an afterlife.

morula

A solid ball of cells that makes up an embryo; in humans, this stage occurs within four days of fertilization.

attachment

A strong affectional tie that binds a person to an intimate companion. It is also a behavioral system through which humans regulate their emotional distress when under threat and achieve security by seeking proximity to another person.

Corpus callosum

A thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication link between them.

Euthanasia

A true, good or painless death

sandwich generation

AKA middle generation squeeze - describes the situation of middle_aged adults pressured by demands from both the younger and the older generations simultaneously. Ex. 50 y.o. women caring for her duaghter's children as well as for her own ailing parents

APA, WHO??

APA's Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders -describes symptoms, features -gives incidence -is the authority (in-line with WHO's iCD&D)

Despair

According to Erikson, if you are not happy with the way you have lived your life, in later years you will experience

Stagnation

According to Erikson, if you have not been productive in the way you have lived middle-aged life, you will experience ______.

What are some parent characteristics?

Additional roles: mother and father, homeowner -separate lifestyles -stresses and strains of caring for a toddler MORE than for an infant (Crnic and Booth 1991) -more children=more workload -adolescent children may spark midlife crisis -*the sandwich generation* (children and aging parents) -*empty nest syndrome* (the out of towners) -*non-custodial parents* (Mrs. Doubtfire) -*grandparents* (the family national guard)

What is the formal operations stage?

Adolescents can think about abstract concepts and purely hypothetical possibilities and can trace the long-range consequences of possible actions. With age and experience, they can form hypotheses and systematically test them using the scientific method.

formal operations

Adolescents can think about abstract concepts and purely hypothetical possibilities and can trace the long-range consequences of possible actions. With age and experience, they can form hypotheses and systematically test them using the scientific method.

Mediation

Adult proposes meanings & interpretations of objects & events Encourages the child to think about events a certain way

ruled governed play

After they enter school, children engage less frequently in pretend play. Now they spend more of their time playing organized games with rules—board and computer games, games of tag or hide-and-seek, organized sports, and so on (Smith, 2005). They also develop individual hobbies, such as building model cars, collecting coins, or making scrapbooks, that help them acquire skills and knowledge.

What is an age related change in the retina that results in poor vision (esp. in the center of the visual field)?

Age-related macular degeneration - damage to the cells in the retina responsible for central vision

folic acid

Agent used for megaloblastic anemia (but does NOT reverse neurologic symptoms) and decrease neural tube defects during pregnancy

Power of Attorney

An "Advanced Directive" where the patient delegates the authority to make health care decisions to someone else

Undiscriminating social responsiveness

An early stage of attachment where the baby will respond to anyone who is nice to them and taking care of their needs

primitive reflexes have

no survival value

Behavior modification

Applying operant principles to changing specific needs

Describe the development of attention from infancy to adolescence.

As children get older... 1) their attention spans become longer 2) become more selective in what they attend to 3) better able to plan and carry out systematic strategies for using their senses to achieve goals Infancy: - selective attention - with age, attention becomes more selective and less susceptible t0 distraction - @ 2 yrs, able to form plans of actions --> guides what they focus on and what they ignore - systematic attention Adolescence: - longer attention spans - improved considerably between childhood and adulthood (b/c of increase myelination of the portions of the brain that help regulate attention) - become more efficient at ignoring irrelevant information - can divide their attention more systematically between two tasks

Damon's levels

none equality merit need multiple claims

When does smiling occur? To voices? To faces?

At birth, babies show contentment by smiling. "Smiling is one of the biologically based behaviors that help ensure adults will fall in love with babies." Voices: 3 weeks Faces: 5-6 weeks

Age 2

At what age are children half their eventual adult height?

John Bowlby

Attachment Theory: An emotional tie with another person. - Shown in young children by seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation - An attachment figure serves as a secure base for exploration - Affects emotional & cognitive development Basis: Genes (baby's temperament) - Baby's temperament: In born personality -Reactive, difficult vs. relaxed, cheerful Environment (parental style) - Synchronous, responsive - Impatient, unresponsive - Neglect, abuse

What did the turkey video we saw in class illustrate?

Attachment and imprinting. (This was the video of the guy who hatched and raised the turkeys like their mother)

How do newborns view patterns/what do they prefer?

Attracted to moderately complex patterns - prefers a bold pattern with sharp contract --Ex. checkerboard

How do newborns view patterns/what do they prefer?

Attracted to moderately complex patterns - prefers a clear pattern like a bold checkerboard

Operant conditioning

B.F. Skinner - a learner's behavior becomes either more or less probable depending on the consequences it produces - acquiring and modifying "voluntary" or non-reflexive behavior by the application of reinforcers of punishers - organisms behave in ways that bring them desirable consequences or help them avoid unpleasant ones

Operant conditioning

B.F. Skinner -"Operant" is any response that operates the environment -The behavior happens first and then we are rewarded or punished -Engage in behaviors that are awarded; Avoid behaviors that are punished

Segmentation

Babies can find target words in a stream of speech Ex: When they hear the sentence "The cat scratched the dog's nose"; they understand that this is not one long word but a string of six words.

Word segmentation: 7 1/2 months

Babies can pick out target words

Bobo doll experiment and who performed it?

Bandura - experiment set to demonstrate that children could learn a response neither elicited by a conditioned stimulus (classical conditioning) nor performed and then strengthened by a reinforcer (operant conditioning) - An adult models aggressive behavior towards the clown doll and the child imitates the behavior (aggression-frustration model)

Dualism

right OR wrong

what is the Bayley?

Bayley Scale of Infant Development - developed by psychologist Nancy Bayley - used primarily to assess the development of infants and toddlers - measures current developmental functioning - age 4wk-42 months 1. mental 2. motor 3. behavior profile

List some guidelines for interacting with a dying persons.

Be present: -do not ignore/downplay the fact of dying -talk about it -be prepared to ask hard questions, using difficult (painful) words create an environment of comfort for the individual: -place personal items around -"listen"

What was the conditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?

Bell, light, metronome, music box

what did your text say about Bill Gates and domain specific intelligence?

Bill Gate said that you have to be careful when you are good at something and resist the urge to think that you will be good at everything. (people expect him to be good at everything since he is good a software)

biological preparedness

Biological constraints on learning Garcia- Bright, noisy, tasty water

Sensorimotor period

Birth-2 years - infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences (physical/ motor actions) -*Object Permanence*

Brain Development & Brain weight

Birth: 25% of adult weight 2 Years: 75% of adult weight 5 years: 90% of adult weight

What was included in the 2-3 month milestone?

Brightness (rods) - detects 5% change at 2 months Color (cones) - mature at 2-3 months - now perceives shades of colors Scanning - explore figure interiors - prefers "normal faces"

Brain areas for language

Broca's area: region of the left frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in producing words Wernicke's area: region of the brain's left hemisphere that is involved in language comprehension

At what age do children prefer a pencil to crayon?

By 7 years old children's hands become steadier -prefer pencil instead of crayon for writing

socioemotional selectivity hypothesis

Carstensen's notion that our needs change as we grow older and that we actively choose to narrow our range of social partners to those who can best meet our emotional needs.

neural crest cells

Cells at the tip of the neural fold; this group of cells gives rise to many components of the peripheral nervous system.

Visual accomodation

Changing the shape of the lens in the eye to focus light rays on the retina

disinhibited attachment

Characterized by indiscriminate friendliness, lack of appropriate wariness of strangers, and difficulty participating in real, reciprocal social interactions.

Inner/private speech

Children communicate externally until around 3-7 years old then involves speaking to one's self -Internalize their egocentric speech into inner speech which becomes their thoughts - use of language for self-regulation

Conservation

Children demonstrate Piaget's concept of _________ when they recognize that a ball of clay that has been flattened still contains an equal amount of clay as a similar ball that retains its original shape

Children with fathers who are involved in childrearing & caregiving tend to be...?

Children whose fathers are warm and involved with them are more likely than other children to become high achievers in school. A father's tendency to challenge his young children during play, egging them on to take risks, may be particularly important, breeding a secure attachment style and an eagerness to explore later in life. Children generally have fewer psychological disorders and problems if their fathers are caring, involved, and effective parents than if they are not. Overall, children fare better cognitively, socially, and emotionally if they have a supportive father in their lives than if they do not.

What are the three learning behaviors and who had thought of them?

Classical: Pavlov Operant: B.F. Skinner Observational: Bandura

What are the three learning behaviors and who had thought of them?

Classical: Watson (and Rosalie Raynor) Operant: B.F. Skinner Observational: Bandura

Survival Reflexes

Clear adaptive value *Permanent* -Breathing—medulla controls -Eye blink (timely blinking, sensitivity to light, something coming at you quickly) -Pupillary *Early* As we grow older we can exercise more control and we don't see the reflexes because we have higher cortical areas that have developed --Rooting (stroke side of cheek: turn head and open mouth) --Sucking (sensation of something in mouth: cause sucking motion) --Swallowing (milk comes into mouth: milk goes to back of the throat and swallows)

Sibling relationships are described by two terms - what are they?

Closeness and conflict (sibling rivalry)

Coordination of Secondary Schemes

Combination of actions to solve simple problems (e.g., bat aside a barrier to grasp an object, using the scheme as a means to an end); first evidence of intentionality

figure/ground contour

Contour: the amount of light-dark transition or boundary area in a visual stimulus - light/dark edges - babies prefer bold patterns with shape contrast - at 3 months

What is figure/ground contour?

Contour: the amount of light-dark transition or boundary area in a visual stimulus -Early (follows outer contours) - light/dark edges - babies prefer bold patterns with shape contrast - at 3 months

Common motion

Could also be known as the "Law of Common Fate" by Gestalt - states that humans tend to group similar objects together that share a common motion or destination (Dalmatian dog video)

Know some things about expertise in a domain & cognitive ability...

Critics concluded that Piaget underestimated the cognitive abilities of young children --Recent studies suggest that children master some Piagetian concepts earlier than Piaget believed they did --Although defenders of Piaget would question whether some of the simplified tasks used by later researchers really demonstrate that young children have fully mastered the concepts tested

Know some things about expertise in a domain & cognitive ability...

Critics concluded that Piaget underestimated the cognitive abilities of young children; recent studies suggest that children master some Piagetian concepts earlier than Piaget believed they did, although defenders of Piaget would question whether some of the simplified tasks used by later researchers really demonstrate that young children have fully mastered the concepts tested

Telomeres

DNA sequences that cap chromosomes

Macular Degeneration

Damage to the cells in the retina responsible for central vision cause vision to be blurry and finally fade to a dark spot in the center of the image. This is a leading cause of blindness in older adults

advanced directives

Decisions regarding life, death, and health care Examples: -living wills -durable power of attorney -DNARs

Punishment

Decrease behavioral response

What is a fixed interval (time) reinforcement schedule?

Dependent on "amount of time" that has passed (and a response being made) -Fixed interval: pay day, pain meds

interval reinforcement schedule

Dependent on "amount of time" that has passed (and a response being made) - fixed interval- pay day, pain meds - scalloping with post-reinforcement pause

What is a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

Dependent on amount of time - unannounced pop-quiz - slow steady responding

What is a fixed ratio (number) reinforcement schedule?

Dependent on amount of work - Fixed ratio: piece work

ratio reinforcement schedule

Dependent on amount of work - fixed ratio- piece work - variable ratio-slot machines

What is a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?

Dependent on amount of work Ex. slot machines

siblings

Despite sibling rivalry, the sibling relationship is generally close, interactions with siblings are mostly positive, and siblings play mostly positive roles in one another's development.

When does brightness detection mature?

Detects 5% change at 2 months

What is the DSM-5; what information does it contain?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Editions (classification and diagnosis of mental disorders) -Classification and diagnostic tool -universal authority for psychiatric diagnosis -treatment recommendations -payment by health care providers

avoidant attachment

Dismissing; Avoids intimacy, is self-reliant

What is Down's (trisomy 21)?

Down Syndrome -genetic chromosome 21 disorder causing developmental and intellectual delays Causes: (chromosomal abnormalities) 1. failure of chromosome separate properly -results in 3 copies of chromosome 21 instead of 2 -total of 47 chromosomes instead of 46 (23 pairs) 2. small skull 3. slanting almond-shaped eyes 4. small ears 5. Flat bridged nose 6. protruding tongue 7. palmar crease 8. short stature 9. short fingers and limbs 10. less power and strength 11. lower cardiovascular function 12. obesity

What is Bronfenbrenner and what did he believe?

Ecological development: his theory was key in changing the perspective of developmental psychology by calling attention to the large number of environmental and societal influences on child development Microsystem: Immediate environment Mesosystem: Interrelationships of microsystems Macrosystem: External, social settings that have indirect effects Exosystem: Society, world events, the planet, historical era Chronosystem: Time

Who performed the visual cliff experiments?

Elanor Gibson & Richard Walk

Elkind's adolescent egocentrism: imaginary audience, personal fable?

Elkind describes how young adolescents, because they are undergoing major physiological changes, are preoccupied by themselves. The egocentrism of adolescents lies in their belief that others are as preoccupied with their appearance and behavior as they are. As a consequence, the adolescent anticipates other people's responses and thoughts about herself, and is, in a way, constantly creating or reacting to an imaginary audience. - confusing your own thoughts of a hypothesized audience for your behavior (getting spaghetti on your shirt and thinking that people may think of you as a slob) According to Elkind, this probably plays a role in the self-consciousness so common in early adolescence, as well as other experiences in this period of life. Elkind also introduced the idea of the personal fable, in which the adolescent constructs a story about herself, a version of her life stressing the uniqueness of her feelings and experiences. Indeed, these ideas of personal uniqueness are also seen in a common conviction that the adolescent will not die. Elkind stressed how he found these concepts useful in understanding and treating troubled adolescents. Elkind believes the egocentrism of early adolescence usually lessens by the age of 15 or 16 as cognitive development proceeds. - tendency to think that you and yours thoughts and feelings are unique (being in love and saying the no one in the history of the whole human race has ever felt such heights of emotion)

Buss & Ploman

Emily Acts Social emotionality - tendency to be distressed - same as easy or difficult - sympathetic arousal - two forms of distress *fearful *angry activity - temp & vigor of movement - high: walk fast, jumps a lot, likes high energy games - low: placid sociability - tendency to prefer the company of others to being alone - extraversion/introversion

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's stage achieve in infancy (____ vs. _____) where you learn about the world and yourself as your parents care for you

Role confusion

Erikson's stage achieved in adolescence (Identity vs. _____) where you come to know yourself

Isolation

Erikson's stage achieved in young adulthood (intimacy vs. ___) where you attempt to form a close relationship

Steven Pinker

Experimental psychologist who has studied and written extensively on all aspects of language development, estimates that a new word is acquired every 2 hours during this time.

Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)

Experimentation to find new ways to solve problems or produce interesting outcomes (e.g., explore bathwater by gently patting it, then hitting it vigorously and watching the results; or stroke, pinch, squeeze, and pat a cat to see how it responds to varied actions)

disorganized attachment

Fearful; needs relationships but doubts and fears intimacy. Lacks a coherent strategy

Ivan Pavlov

First discovered classical conditioning - demonstrated how dogs, who have an innate (unlearned) tendency to salivate at the sight of food, could learn to salivate at the sound of a bell if, during a training period, the bell was regularly sounded just as a dog was given meat -Stimulus illicit response; we learn associations through events

Ivan Pavlov

First discovered classical conditioning - demonstrated how dogs, who have an innate (unlearned) tendency to salivate at the sight of food, could learn to salivate at the sound of a bell if, during a training period, the bell was regularly sounded just as a dog was given meat powder

Beginning of thought (18-24 months)

First evidence of insight; solve problems mentally, using symbols to stand for objects and actions; visualize how a stick could be used (e.g., move an out-of-reach toy closer); no longer limited to thinking by doing.

Telegraphic speech/two word: 18-24 months

Functional grammar: emphasizes meaning being expressed, semantic relations between words - Order may be important or not Ex: "all dry" ; "I sit", "no bed", "all messy"

Zone of proximal development

Gap between what learner can do independently What can he do with help What he can't do Can do → Zone ← too difficult

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Gardner's intelligence where the person can skillfully use their body (like a gold-medal Olympic athlete)

Interpersonal

Gardner's name for the type of intelligence represented by exceptional sensitivity to other people's motivations and moods; demonstrated by sales persons and motivational speakers

Calendar

Give an example of "external" memory

Immigrant testing

Give an example of a case in which Terman's version of the IQ test was used on adults

Immigrants

Goddard used a version of the IQ test to assess what group of people?

family national guard

Grandparents are known as "the family national guard" because they must be ever ready to come to the rescue when there is a crisis in the family and they never known when they will be called. - A close grandparent-grandchild relationship can protect the child of a depressed mother from becoming depressed. - teenagers raised by single mothers can resemble children raised by two parents if they are raised by a single mother and at least one grandparent. - Involved grandparenting can take a toll on grandparents. They sometimes suffer from stress, depression, and deteriorating health when grandchildren move in with them and they must become the primary parents. 1. Remote - (29%) Symbolic figures seen only occasionally by their grandchildren. Primarily because they were geographically distant, they were emotionally distant as well. 2. Companionate. - This was the most common style of grandparenting (55%). Companionate grandparents saw their grandchildren frequently and enjoyed sharing activities with them. Only rarely played a parental role and liked it that way. 3. Involved - (16%) took parent like roles. See their grandchild frequently and were playful with them, but unlike companionate grandparents, they often helped with child care, gave advice, and played other practical roles in their grandchildren's lives.

Reflex: Basic arc

Hard wired specific sensory-motor connection SAME -Sensory, Afferent, Motor, Efferent Occur in spinal chord (not in the brain)

Harry Harlow

Harlow's research demonstrated that *contact comfort*, the pleasurable tactile sensations provided by a soft and cuddly "parent," is a more powerful contributor to attachment in monkeys than feeding or the reduction of hunger. Contact comfort also promotes human attachments (Anisfeld et al., 1990). Moreover, many infants become attached to someone other than the adult who feeds them, and variations in feeding schedules and the age at which infants are weaned have little effect on the quality of infants' attachments (Schaffer & Emerson, 1964). - Cloth monkey vs. wire monkey

Dr. Kevorkian

He is best known for publicly championing a terminal patient's right to die via physician-assisted suicide -pro assisted suicide 1. Saline solution 2. Sodium thiopental 3. Potassium chloride

medical power of attorney

Health care "proxy" -appoints designated individual to make important decisions when you cannot (unconscious, dementia) -called Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care -legal document (notary/witnesses) -gives the ability to decide to someone else an "advanced directive" where the patient delegates the authority to make health care decisions to someone else

secure attachment

Healthy balance of attachment and autonomy.

Internal stable

Higher achievers feel that their successes are due to this; while low achievers feel their failures are due to this

23

How many pairs of chromosomes

46

Humans have how many (total number) chromosomes?

what is the formula for calculating IQ?

IQ = mental age/chronological age x 100

what is the Flynn effect?

IQ scores have increased by 3-4 points every 10 years from 1900-2000 Why? - better nutrition and health care - smaller families give more focused attention and increased resources per child - better educated (85% complete high school v 5% in 1895) Differences - better visual and spacial skills - slightly poorer verbal skills

What is Sternberg's triangle of love?

Identifies different types of love based on the strength of three components of love. As shown in Figure 14.6, the three com- ponents are passion, intimacy, and decision/commitment: - *Passion*: involves sexual attraction, romantic feelings, and excitement. A 24-year-old woman in love expressed it well: "I get so excited when I know that I'm going to see him, and then when I do see him, I can't breathe I'm so full of want" (Regan, 2008, p. 142). - *Intimacy*: involves feelings of warmth, caring, closeness, trust, and respect in the relationship. It is about emotional togetherness, communication, and happiness. - *Decision/commitment*: involves first deciding that one loves the other person and then committing to a long-term relationship.

Class inclusion

If a child recognizes that fire trucks and dolls are both types of toys (that is, they are included in the category "toys"), he demonstrates the concept of _____.

long term memory: unconscious

Implicit Cerebellum Procedural - motor - muscle memory - skills Balance & Equilibrium Cerebellar

Chronosystems

In Bronfenbrener's ecological model of development, the system that represents how individuals vary their interactions with each other based on the passage of time

Safety

List the name of the second level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs

nervous system 1-2 years

Increase in size, synaptic connections, pruning, myelination continues, development of PFC

social referencing

Infants also begin to monitor their companions' emotional reactions in ambiguous situations and use this information to decide how they should feel and behave *Begins around 9 months*

discriminating social responsiveness

Infants begin to express preferences for familiar companions. They direct their biggest grins and most enthusiastic babbles toward those companions, although they are still friendly toward strangers. *2 or 3 months to 6 or 7 months*

What did the 'sticky mitten experience show?

Infants who participated in sessions with the mittens grasped and manipulated objects earlier in their development than a control group of infants who did not receive the "mitten" experience.

What effect does attachment style have on: future personality, memory, cognition, adult attachment styles...can later secure attachments compensate for early insecure ones?

Infants who spent their first 6 months or more in deprived orphanages displayed eating problems and medical problems and showed delays in physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development (Fisher et al., 1997; Gunnar, Bruce, & Grotevant, 2000; MacLean, 2003). Rapid recovery was evident once the children were adopted, and some children overcame their developmental problems entirely (Judge, 2003). Yet many children institutionalized for more than 6 months never achieved normal levels of cognitive development, possibly because they lacked the intellectual stimulation necessary for normal brain development (Rutter & O'Connor, 2004).

Executive attention

Involves planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting and compensating for errors, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.

Classical/associative conditioning

Ivan Pavlolv--Dog experiment Watson--Little Albert experiment - Classical conditioning: a simple form of learning in which a stimulus that initially had no effect on the individual comes to elicit a response through its association with a stimulus that already elicits the response - we learn associations b/w events, anticipate important events - stimulus happens first and ELICITS the response; behavior then follows

Personal fable

Janet broke up with Ed because she caught him flirting with another girl. She is sure no one has every been as hurt and upset as she is. This illustrates which form of Elkind's adolescent egocentrism

Imaginary audiences

Janet just noticed pizza sauce on the front of her shirt at a party and is mortified that everyone will notice and think she is a "klutz." She is sure lots of people are looking at her. This illustrates which form of Elkind's adolescent egocentrism?

B9 (folic acid)

Lack of this nutrient found in leafy green vegetables during prenatal development can cause neural tube defects such as spina bifida, cleft lip & palate and limb defects in the fetus; or can cause miscarriges and blood clots in the mother

Imprinting

Joe Hutto would make noises to incubating turkey eggs and when the turkeys hatched they would follow him around. This is an example of _____?

What supports the nurture/environment or learning view of language acquisition?

Kuhl's research - babies listen to tape recorded voices that repeat syllables, when they hear it they quickly learn to look at the bear

What supports the nurture/environment or learning view of language acquisition?

Kuhl's research -To learn the language the child must interact; need one on one interaction -Children who watched a lot tv most likely had a delay in language

LAD

Language acquisition device (LAD), - sifts through language, applies the universal rules, and begins tailoring the system to the specifics of the language spoken in the young child's environment.

LAD

Language acquisition device (LAD), Chomsky - sifts through language, applies the universal rules, and begins tailoring the system to the specifics of the language spoken in the young child's environment.

Edward Thorndike

Law of Effect - the response to a stimulus is affected by the consequence of that behavior - trial & error learning results in some behaviors (those follows by a good consequence) being "stamped in", while others (those follows by discomfort or unpleasant consequences) are stamped out - behavioral response is affected by the consequence of that behavior - behavior changes because of its consequences - rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur

High motor reflexes

List something that can be used in infants to predict high IQ later on

Latent learning

Learning occurs but is not evident in behavior; children can learn from observation even though they do no imitate (perform) the learned responses - learning that occurs but is not exhibited until there is reinforcement or an incentive to do so

Latent Learning

Learning that occurs but is not exhibited until there is reinforcement to do so

Latent learning

Learning that occurs but is not exhibited until there is reinforcement to do so

Cellular clock theory

Leonard Hayflick's (1977) theory that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times and that, as we age, our cells become less capable of dividing

Standford-Binet

Lewis Terman (Stanford University) 1916 translated, adapted, and revised the Binet scale created new age norms for American children; used IQ = MA/CAx100 extended upper age range to adults used test to measure inherited intelligence thought intelligence was fixed, innate or inherited (genetic) & measurable 100 = average

Pidgin

Makeshift combination of two languages - Not a true language - For practical tasks - No grammar -- No consistent word order -- No prefixes or suffixes -- No tense

Reinforcement

Making behavior more likely to occur

What is the Strange Situation Test & who invented it?

Mary Ainsworth; It consists of eight episodes that gradually escalate the amount of stress infants experience as they react to the approach of an adult stranger and the departure and return of their caregiver. On the basis of an infant's pattern of behavior across the episodes, the quality of his attachment to a parent can be characterized as one of four types: secure, resistant, avoidant, or disorganized-disoriented.

Accomodation

Modify existing schema or creating new ones to fit new info

Current athletes perform better than their predecessors; do they reach their physical peak any sooner?

Most reach peak physical performance before age 30 (usually between 19-26) Even though they perform better the age of peaking is virtually the same

How does mother & father interaction with infants differ?

Mother - interact with their babies, a large proportion of their time is devoted to caregiving: offering food, changing diapers, wiping noses, and so on. Father - prove to be no less able than mothers to feed their babies effectively - provide sensitive parenting, become objects of attachment, and serve as secure bases for their infants' explorations - may spend less time than mothers do - spend much of their time with children in playful interaction. They specialize in tickling, poking, bouncing, and surprising infants.

What soothes newborns?

Mother's voice, their own amniotic fluid, and their mother's breast milk

Relationship between motor and cultural development

Mothers in developing countries tend to stimulate their infants' motor skills more than more developed countries --Africa, India, Caribbean mothers massage and stretch babies or encourage vigorous movement --When caregivers provide babies with physical guidance by physically handling them in special ways or giving them opportunities to exercise, the infants reach motor milestones quicker

Anti- inflammatory drugs

Name one of the "protective factors" that seem to prevent or delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease

Chromosome 19

Name one of the genes or chromosomes listed in your text that is related the onset of Alzheimer's disease

Depression

Name the stage of the Kuebler-Ross five stages of loss/grief where you are saddened and feel hopeless. You regret the unfinished things you will not be able to do (Know also Anger & Acceptance)

Denial

Name the stage of the Kuebler-Ross five stages of loss/grief where you basically ignore it or refuse to believe it will happen

Bargaining

Name the stage of the Kuebler-Ross five stages of loss/grief where you try to make a deal with God to let you live longer

Motivation

Needs or desires that serve to energize and direct behavior toward a goal

Primitive Reflexes

No clear adaptive value; evolutionary remnants -*Babinski* (stroke bottom of foot: toes fan out and curl) -*Grasping* (touch palm: fingers grasp) -*Moro* (Hold baby securely with head under body: baby tries to clutch on) -*Swimming* (goes underwater: mouth open but throat closed, legs and arms coordinate) -*Stepping* (sensation of pressure against ball of foot: triggers quad muscles to tense) -*Extensor* (damage to cortical levels: straighten out arms and legs) -*Flexor*

Example of bottom-up processing?

Nose smells something funky (response in body) --> repulsion (emotion)

One word/(syncretic speech)/holophrases

Objects (nominal): - Food: juice, milk, cookie - Body parts: eye, nose - Clothing: diaper, sock - Toys: doll, block - Items: car, bottle, light, kitty Actions: - Up, off, peekaboo, eat, go Modifiers - yes, no, hot, hi, please, thank you Holophrase: may use word plus gesture, intonation, emphasis and/or context to convey meaning • syncretic speech: consistent use of a word or phrase to stand for an object or idea • mothers understand their children's language before strangers can at this stage

Sensation

Occurs when information is detected by the sensory receptors and transmitted to the brain/detection of physical energy from the environment by sensory receptors Changing, encoding that energy into neural signals - Also is the starting point in perception - Based on properties of stimulus - properties of the stimulus + transduction *sensation=bottom-up processing*

separation anxiety

One form of fear is separation anxiety: once attached to a parent, a baby often becomes wary or fretful when separated from that parent. Separation anxiety normally appears when infants are forming their first genuine attachments, peaks between 14 and 18 months, and gradually becomes less frequent and less intense

Intimacy

One of the basic three cornerstones, Sternberg's term for the friendship component of his triangular theory, characterizes by closeness, warmth and a genuine concern for the other person, with trust and open communication

Separation anxiety

One of the specific indicators that this "affectionate tie" has formed; peaks at about 14-18 months of age when the baby shows distress upon the departure of his significant person. This distress is called ______.

over-regularization (overgeneralization)

Over-applying rules where proper form is irregular Example • Child: My teacher holded the baby rabbits

short term memory

PFC holds a few items briefly limited capacity 7 +/- 2 acts like a funnel and a filter decreases in old age ex: what is your phone number?

what are the brain structures for each memory?

PFC: short term memory Hippocampus: explicit/declarative (conscious) Cerebellum: implicit/procedural (unconscious)

extended family

Parents and their children live with other kinsome combination of grandparents, siblings, ants, uncles, nieces, and nephews. - common in many cultures - Ethnic minority families place more emphasis on extended family bonds than European Americans do.

A 2009 study of older adults at risk for falling found what amount of exercise helps to reduce their risk?

Participation in an exercise class once a week for 3 years reduced the fall risk and the number of falling incidents in older adults who are at high risk of falling

pretend play

Play in which one actor, object, or action symbolizes or stands for another—occurs around age 1, when an infant may raise an empty cup, or perhaps a forbidden treat, to her lips, smile, give a parent a knowing glance, and make loud lip- smacking sounds (Nicolich, 1977). The earliest pretend play is just like this: The infant performs actions that symbolize familiar activities such as eating, sleeping, and washing.

Adult stage?

Postformal thought: Understanding that knowledge is relative, not absolute; there are far more shades of gray than there are clear dichotomies of knowledge. Accepting that the world (physical and mental) is filled with contradictions: inconsistent information can exist side by side. Attempting to integrate the contradictions into some larger understanding.

resistant attachment

Preoccupied; Clingy, worried about abandonment, express anxiety and anger.

What is the pre operational stage?

Preschoolers use their capacity for symbolic thought to develop language, engage in pretend play, and solve problems. But their thinking is not yet logical They are egocentric (unable to take others' perspectives) and are easily fooled by perceptions, failing conservation problems because they cannot rely on logical operations.

pre-operational stage

Preschoolers use their capacity for symbolic thought to develop language, engage in pretend play, and solve problems. But their thinking is not yet logical They are egocentric (unable to take others' perspectives) and are easily fooled by perceptions, failing conservation problems because they cannot rely on logical operations.

Presbycusis (truncated range hearing)

Problems of the aging ear, which commonly involve loss of sensitivity to high-frequency of high-pitched sounds - hearing aids can help

Presbycusis (truncated range hearing)

Problems of the aging ear, which commonly involve loss of sensitivity to high-frequency of high-pitched sounds - Drop letters out of words so hard to hear and understand - hearing aids can help

What is presbyopia?

Problems of the aging eye, especially loss of near vision related to a decreased ability of the lens to accommodate to objects close to the eye - loss of accommodation - caused by the thickening of the lens - cope by moving newspaper further away to read, getting reading glasses

presbyopia

Problems of the aging eye, especially loss of near vision related to a decreased ability of the lens to accommodate to objects close to the eye - loss of accommodation - caused by the thickening of the lens - cope by moving newspaper further away to read, getting reading glasses

organogenesis

Process by which cells continue to differentiate, producing organs from the three embryonic germ layers; takes place during the embryonic period

Kangaroo Care

Proving worth and skin to skin contact for the premature infant by resting the baby on the mother's chest

What is the olfactory capability at 1 week?

Recognition of mother by smell from breast-fed babies

Shaping

Reinforcing successive approximations of the behavior

Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months)

Repetition of interesting acts centered on the child's own body (e.g., repeatedly suck a thumb, kick legs, or blow bubbles)

Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)

Repetition of interesting acts on objects (e.g., repeatedly shake a rattle to make an interesting noise or bat a mobile to make it wiggle)

Which infant temperaments are associated with the insecure types?

Resistant, avoidant, and disorganized

What parental factors are associated with each insecure type?

Resistant: Inconsistant Avoidant: Unresponsive/overzealous Disorganized: Abuse or neglect

What happens to "sensory thresholds" as you get older?

Rise of the threshold with age = sensitivity to low levels of stimulation is lost -Sensory decline linked to cognitive functioning

3-4 months

Rolls over

Syntax

Rules for word order for arranging words into sentences and phrases. - Englush rule - adjectives before nounds: white house - Spanish rule - nouns first: Casa blanca -sometimes we still need context to determine meaning

Syntax

Rules for word order for arranging words into sentences and phrases. - Englush rule - adjectives before nounds: white house -sometimes we still need context to determine meaning

syphilis

STI; can cause miscarriage or stillbirth; blindness, deafness, heart problems, brain damage; most damaging in the middle and later stages of pregnancy

Example of top-down processing?

Seeing a sign that has missing letters (sensory), but still being able to make out the words because of PRIOR knowledge I l_ke c_tt_n ca_dy!

Perception

Selection organizing and interpreting sensations coming up from our sensory receptors

Konrad Lorenz

Showed that imprinting is automatic. Groundbreaking ethologist Konrad Lorenz (1937) observed imprinting in young goslings and noted that it is automatic, it occurs only within a critical period shortly after the bird has hatched, and it is irreversible—once the gosling begins to follow a particular object, whether its mother or Lorenz, it will remain attached to that object. The imprinting response is *considered a prime example of a species-specific and largely innate behavior that has evolved because it has survival value*.

codominance

Situation in which the phenotypes produced by both alleles are completely expressed

What is the Skinner box?

Skinner would give a reward or punishment towards the birds or rats in the Skinner box, while teaching them a trick (light, food)

Sensorimotor stages

Stage 1: reflex activity (birth-1 month) Stage 2: primary circular reactions (1-4 months) Stage 3: secondary circular reactions (4-8 months) Stage 4: coordination of secondary schemes (8-12 months) Stage 5: tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months) Stage 6: beginning of thought (18-24 months)

How is attachment assessed?

Strange Situation Test

Mary Ainsworth

Strange situation test: - Asses the quality of attachment bond

Describe the stress level of caring for a toddler.

Stresses & strains of caring for a toddler MORE than for an infant more children = more workload

Whole-language approach

Stresses that reading instruction should parallel children's natural language learning - beginning readers are taught to recognize whole words and use the context of what they are reading to guess at the meaning of words

Scaffolding

Structure a learning situation so learning becomes easier Giving guidelines to complete tasks --> Legos

goal corrected partnership

Taking a parent's goals and plans into consideration and adjusting their behavior to achieve the all-important goal of maintaining optimal proximity to the attachment figure. Thus, a 1-year-old cries and tries to follow when Dad leaves the house to talk to a neighbor, whereas a 4-year-old probably understands where Dad is going and can control the need for his attention until Dad returns. This final, goal corrected partnership phase lasts a lifetime. *3 years and older*

Time-out

Technique for the control of problem behaviour based on operant conditioning principles

Autism

Temple Grandin, the lady who lay in the field among the cows, had which disorder?

What was the experiment that Fanta performed and what did they prefer to look at?

Testing the visual perception on infants Outcome: infants preferred to look at the picture that seemed more of a human face rather than the scrambled one

What was the experiment that Fantz performed and what did they prefer to look at?

Testing the visual perception on infants -Look at baby's pupil and sees what is reflected in the pupil to see what the baby prefers to look at Outcome: infants preferred to look normal upright faces

Critical period

The "general term" for a time in development that is especially sensitive to environmental influence when a particular event is supposed to occur

Teratogens

The "general term" for any substance that can cross the placental barrier and interfere with proper development and harms the fetus

symbolic capacity

The ability to use images, words, or gestures to represent or stand for objects and experiences—enables more sophisticated problem solving.

DNA methylation

The addition of methyl groups to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis; may serve as a long-term control of gene expression.

histone acetylation

The attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins.

18-20 minutes

The average attention span of a 2-3 year old child

Learning

The child who studies because he is interested in the material and wanted to know it well

Law of Effect

The concept proposed by Thorndike that the likelihood of a behavioral response is affected by the consequence of that behavior; behaviors followed by a good consequence are "stamped in" and those followed by a bad consequence are "stamped out"

What is transduction? Related to?

The conversion of one form of energy to another/process that *converts a sensory signal to an electrical signal* to be processed in a specialized area in the brain sensation

transduction

The conversion of one form of energy to another/process that converts a sensory signal to an electrical signal to be processed in a specialized area in the brain - changing, encoding, or transducing that energy into neural signals sensation

secure base for exploration

The formation of a strong attachment to a caregiver has another important consequence: It facilitates exploratory behavior. Ainsworth and her colleagues (1978) emphasized that an attachment figure serves as a secure base for exploration—a point of safety from which an infant can feel free to venture—as well as a safe haven to which she can return if frightened for some "emotional refueling"

Performance ability

The goals of students who seek to prove their ability rather than improve it

Harry Harlow

The individual who studied the effects of "contact comfort" by raising baby monkeys with a wire mother and cloth mother

perception

The interpretation of sensory input - selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information - enables recognition and makes meaning of objects and events - based on "higher level" information (prior knowledge or experience or wiring) - making meaning top-down processing

hearing acuity

The keenness or sharpness of hearing - is good at birth - more developed than vision - orient to soft sounds; startles & retreats from loud sounds (reflexive at birth; voluntary control at 4 months) - recognizes mother's voice - prefer relatively complex sounds

What is hearing acuity?

The keenness or sharpness of hearing - is good at birth - more developed than vision - orient to soft sounds; startles & retreats from loud sounds (reflexive at birth; voluntary control at 4 months) - recognizes mother's voice -biologically prepared for speech --recognize all phonemes at birth

Clinical

The kind of death that occurs at the moment the heart stops beating and respiration stops

Jargoning

The kind of language used by a 10 month old that includes consonant and vowel sounds and is spoken with pauses and intonations that resemble adult speech

Cooing

The kind of language used by a 6 week old that includes only vowel sounds which are repeated over and over

Swan's song

The last work or performance by an artist, just before death or retirement. The term is derived form a legend about an animal who is mute its entire life, but sings just before it die

Prosody

The melody or rhythm of speech that includes pitch, timing, and intoning

Rouge test

The name for the exercise where a spot of red is placed on the infants nose and he is held up in front of a mirror. Wiping off the red spot after seeing his response is a positive

Sexual reproduction

The name for they type of reproduction that produces genetic variability and includes the steps of meiosis and fertilization

Corpus Callosum

The name of the structure composed of thousands of myelinated axons that connects the right and left hemisphere

Myelin Sheath

The name of the substance created by glial cells that surrounds the axon and increases the speed of the action potential

Ideational fluidity

The number of new ideas you can produce in a given period of time; a measure of creativity & divergent thinking- remember the class exercise

Sensory threshold

The point at which low levels of stimulation can be detected - dim light being seen - faint tone being heard - slight odor being detected

Sensation

The process by which information is detected by the sensory receptors and transmitted to the brain/detection of physical energy from the environment by sensory receptors - Also is the starting point in perception - Based on properties of stimulus - properties of the stimulus + transduction bottom-up processing

Dark adaptation

The process by which the eyes become more sensitive to light over time as they remain in the dark/process in which the eyes adapt to darkness and become more sensitive to the low level of light available - occurs more slowly in older individuals than in younger ones - less sensitive/glare

assimilation

The process by which we interpret new experiences in terms of existing schemes or cognitive structures. - Thus, if you already have a scheme that mentally represents your knowledge of dogs, you may label this new beast "doggie."

What is assimilation?

The process by which we interpret new experiences in terms of existing schemes or cognitive structures. Interprets new experiences in terms of existing schemas - Thus, if you already have a scheme that mentally represents your knowledge of dogs, you may label this new beast "doggie."

Negative reinforcement

The process in operant conditioning in which a response is strengthened or made more probable when its consequence is the removal of an unpleasant stimulus from the situation (taking something away to increase behavior - something you will be glad is gone) - alarm goes off, pressing the snooze button, alarm noise stops

Extinction

This occurs when the UCS is no longer paired with the CS and the organism

Negative punishment

The process in operant conditioning in which a response is weakened or made less probable when its consequence is the removal of a pleasant stimulus from the stimulus (*taking something away to decrease behavior - you will be sorry it is gone)* - Getting in a fight with sibling over toy, the mother take the toy away

Negative punishment

The process in operant conditioning in which a response is weakened or made less probable when its consequence is the removal of a pleasant stimulus from the stimulus (taking something away to decrease behavior - you will be sorry it is gone) - Getting in a fight with sibling over toy, the mother take the toy away

Positive reinforcement

The process in operant conditioning whereby a response is strengthened when its consequence is a pleasant event (applying something increase behavior - something that you like) - candy, food

Positive punishment

The process in operant conditioning whereby a response is strengthened when its consequence is an unpleasant event (*applying something to decrease behavior - something you don't like*) - late to work, driving over the speed limit, gets pulled over and receives a ticket

Positive punishment

The process in operant conditioning whereby a response is strengthened when its consequence is an unpleasant event (applying something to decrease behavior - something you don't like) - late to work, driving over the speed limit, gets pulled over and receives a ticket

bottom-up processing

The process in which sensation is stimulated before the brain is active in decision-making - pressure waves of sound, temperature differences (heat, cold), chemical molecules for smell, wavelengths of light *sensory information/body response --> emotion --> brain/thoughts/beliefs

What is bottom-up processing?

The process in which sensation is stimulated before the brain is active in decision-making - pressure waves of sound, temperature differences (heat, cold), chemical molecules for smell, wavelengths of light *sensory information/body response --> emotion --> brain/thoughts/beliefs -Based on properties of stimulus -Signals coming up to brain

top-down processing

The process in which the brain makes use of information that has already been brought into the brain by one or more sensory systems - rules the brain to interpret sensory information The Gestalt - the "percept" - a unified whole - things being grouped perceptually because the stimuli occur close to one another in time and space - ex: leaves and branches merging into trees, and trees merging into forests

Accommodation

The process of modifying existing schemes to incorporate or adapt to new experiences - Piaget's cognitive development theory - Perhaps you will need to invent a new name for this animal (dog) or ask what it is and revise your concept of four-legged animals accordingly

What are the 3 parenting behaviors that contribute to a secure attachment?

The securely attached infant 1. Stays close and continuously monitors [the caregiver's] whereabouts (proximity maintenance) 2. Retreats to her for comfort if needed (safe haven), resists and is distressed by separations from her (separation distress), 3. Explores happily as long as she is present and attentive (secure base)

Phoneme

The smallest unit that carries *sound* in a language

Morpheme

The smallest unit that carries meaning in a language

umbilical cord

The structure that connects the fetus to the placenta

What is A-not-B error?

The surprising tendency of *8-18 months* olds to search for an object in the place where they last found it (A) rather than in its new hiding place (B) is called the A-not-B error. The likelihood of infants making the A-not-B error increases with lengthier delays between hiding and searching and with the number of trials in which the object is found in spot A (Marcovitch & Zelazo, 1999).

A-not-B error

The surprising tendency of 8- to 12-month-olds to search for an object in the place where they last found it (A) rather than in its new hiding place (B) is called the A-not-B error. The likelihood of infants making the A-not-B error increases with lengthier delays between hiding and searching and with the number of trials in which the object is found in spot A (Marcovitch & Zelazo, 1999).

Equipotent

The term expressing the idea that the basic principles of learning should apply to all situations (i.e. they should hold true across different behaviors and for all organisms)

Presbycusis

The term for "old hearing" where there is a problem hearing high frequencies and sounds corresponding to letters sh, ch, & z

Perinatal

The term for events surrounding the birthing process

Holophrase

The term for one-word language where meaning is also conveyed by context, gestures and intonation

Autobiographical bump

The term for people recalling more information from their teens and twenties than from any other time except the near present. Suggestions why this might be so include this is a time of significant change, many experiences are "firsts" and much "effort" is in put into understanding the event at the time

Lateralization

The term for the asymmetry and specializations of functions of the two hemisphere of the brain

values

beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be

Tip of Tongue (TOT)

The term for the failure to retrieve a well-known word or name from memory, combined with the subjective feeling that the word is known and retrieval is imminent

Empty Nest

The term for the family home after all the children have grow up and gone, now occupied by only mom & dad

Ideational fluency

The term for the number of new ideas you can come up with in a minute (this is a measure of creativity)

Flynn effect

The term for the phenomena that IQ scores have increased 3-4 points every ten years

Semantics

The term for the type of grammar where meaning is derived from "modulating the morphemes". For example, adding "ed" to "play" to express that it happened in the past

Syntax

The term for the type of grammar where meaning is derived from "word order"

Glaucoma

The term means "green sea"; a symptom is seeing green halos around the visual field. Increased fluid pressure inside the eyeball (because it cannot drain out of the anterior chamber) can put pressure on the optic nerve and can cause a progressive loss of vision. Treatments include: "OG kush" ~ Renee

DNR or DNAR

The term/abbreviation for doctor's orders NOT to start CPR

Dynamic systems approach

The theory of motor development proposed by Esther Thelen

Critiques on Piaget?

Themes are correct Sequence of events are correct Order develops roughly the same across cultures Age varies greatly Gradual change Context specific

Constructivism

Theory that children actively construct new ideas of the world based on their experiences - the position taken by Piaget and other that humans actively create their own understanding of the world from their experiences, as opposed to being born with innate ideas or being programmed by the environment

Constructivism

Theory that children actively construct new ideas of the world based on their experiences -Actively create their own understanding of the world from their experiences, as opposed to being born with innate ideas or being programmed by the environment

How important is language in cognitive development?

Vygotsky: a major role; plays a powerful role in sharing thought Piaget: minimal role; cognition primarily directs language

Dementia

This is an umbrella term for a long-term problem with cognition that -or- Neurocognitive disorder always includes a memory deficit and may include problems with executive functioning and mood control. Alzheimer's disease is one type

true object permanence

This is the fundamental understanding that objects continue to exist—they are permanent—when they are no longer visible or otherwise detect- able to the senses. It probably does not occur to you to wonder whether your coat is still in the closet after you shut the closet door

household

Those who dwell under the same roof and compose a family

Sensitive periods

Time/stage in development where they are more responsive to certain stimuli and quicker to learn particular skills (learning language) -As you get older you can learn vocabulary but harder to pronounce

emotional regulation

To conform to their culture's rules and their caregiver's rules about when and how different emotions should be expressed. Infants must develop strategies for the processes involved in initiating, maintaining, and altering emotional responses and most importantly to keep themselves from being overwhelmed by their emotions,

sex-linked

Traits carried on the X chromosome.

What video did we see on class about parenting?

Turbulent thirties video

nuclear family

Typically consists of father, mother, and at least one child.

"out of Sight, out of mind"

Up through roughly 4-8 months, it is "out of sight, out of mind"; infants will not search for a toy if it is covered with a cloth or screen. By substage 4 (8-12 months), they master that trick but still rely on their perceptions and actions to "know" an object (Piaget, 1952).

What is "out of Sight, out of mind"?

Up through roughly 4-8 months, it is "out of sight, out of mind"; infants will not search for a toy if it is covered with a cloth or screen. By substage 4 (8-12 months), they master that trick but still rely on their perceptions and actions to "know" an object (Piaget, 1952).

Token economy

Using gold stars on a chart representing individual instances of the desired behavior to earn a toy, or punches in a Mo's card to earn a free entree item, or awarding points for extra supplemental reading that can then be redeemed for prizes are all examples of this special application of operant conditioning

undiscriminating social responsiveness

Very young infants are responsive to voices, faces, and other social stimuli, but any human interests them. They do not yet show a clear preference for one person over another. *Birth to 2 or 3 months*

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky referred to the gap between what a learner can accomplish independently & what he can do with guidance and assistance as the _____.

Classical/associative conditioning

Watson - behaviorism: Believed that conclusions about human development and functioning should be based on observations of overt behavior rather than on speculations about unobservable cognitive and emotional processes - Classical conditioning: a simple form of learning in which a stimulus that initially had no effect on the individual comes to elicit a response through its association with a stimulus that already elicits the response - we learn associations b/w events, anticipate important events - stimulus happens first and ELICITS the response; behavior then follows - Like John Locke

Mood congruency

We remember happy memories when we are happy and sad memories when we are sad

which version of the scale is used for what age group?

Wechsler Preschool & Primary Scale of Intelligence: WPPSI - 3 years and 8 years Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: WISC-IV - 6-16 years Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: WAIS-R - adult

reconstituted families

When a parent remarries and the children acquire a stepparent - and sometimes new siblings. - about 50% of remarried couples divorce, an increasing number of adults and children today find themselves in recurring cycles of singlehood, cohabitation or marriage, conflict, and separation or divorce.

dual-career

When the heads of the family have a career as well as taking care of the family at home. - can be good for children when it means an increase in family income, when mothers are happy with the choice they have made and remain good parents, when fathers become more involved, and when children receive high quality day care or after school care. - can be negative if the parents are unable to remain warm and involved and share "quality time" with their children. - most dual-career couples are able to stay involved with their children and enjoy the personal and financial benefits of working without compromising their children's development.

preferential looking/visual preference method

When two objects are presented together and there is a longer looking time to the "new/different" one - in cross-model matching, we look at the one that we have already experienced - length of time looking baby will look at the UNSCRAMBLED face

mitosis

a cell divides to produce two identical cells, each containing the 46 chromosomes

Myrtle McGraw

Who discovered the swimming reflex?

Leo Kanner

Who first describe autism in 1943?

Hans Asperger

Who first described Asperger's disorder?

Naom Chomsky

Who proposed the LAD?

Alois Alzheimer

Who was the first person to describe Alzheimer's disease in 1906?

Girls

Whose adolescent growth spurt is first, boys or girls

Father

Whose gametes determine the sex of the baby, the mother or the father?

who first proposed dual-store memory?

William James in 1890

who created this formula?

William Stern (Germany)

IQ

William Stern (Germany) devised single number or score for IQ test norms: standards of normal performance compare your performance to others of the same age

Does early experience affect later taste preference?

Yes - babies that had a greater exposure to a variety of flavors during infancy may lead to a more adventurous eater later on - early experiences with different flavors also extend to the prenatal period and exposure to different chemicals in the amniotic fluid cannot discount genetic predisposition!

Can babies hear before birth?

Yes; fetuses can hear some things outside of the womb 2 months before birth

Can babies hear before birth?

Yes; fetuses can hear some things outside of the womb 3 months before birth

mutation

a change in the structure of one or more genes that produces a new phenotype

evocative gene-environment correlations

a child's genotype also evokes certain kinds of reactions from other people - operate throughout life; our characteristic, genetically influenced traits consistently evoke certain reactions from other people

how is wisdom defined?

a combination of rich factual knowledge about life and procedural knowledge such as strategies for giving advice and handling conflicts

what is service learning?

a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community

blastocyst

a hollow ball of about 150 cells that is the size of the head of a pin. When it reaches the uterus around day 6, it implants tendrils from its outer layer into the blood vessels of the uterine wall

neural plate

a layer formed by differentiating neural cells within the embryonic ectoderm

rite of passage

a ritual that marks a person's "passage" from one status to another, usually in reference to the transition from childhood to adulthood ex: body painting, circumcision, tests of physical prowess, and gala celebrations

divorce

a series of stressful experiences for the entire family that begins with marital difficulties before the divorce and includes a complex series of life changes as the marriage unravels and its members reorganize their lives.

gene

a small section in the DNA within the genome that codes for proteins - basic unit of heredity

surfactant

a substance that prevents the air sacs of the lungs from sticking together and therefore aids breathing

identity

a synthesis & integration of your understanding of 'self' includes roles we have, the groups of which we are a member of

critical period

a time during which the developing organism is especially sensitive to environmental influences; period of rapid growth

placenta

a tissue fed by the blood vessels from the mother and connected to the embryo by the umbilical cord

Executive attention

ability to block out distractions and focus on a single object or task

Decentration

ability to consider multiple aspects of situation

Segmentation

ability to detect target word in a stream of speech. Ex: When they hear the sentence "The cat scratched the dog's nose"; they understand that this is not one long word but a string of six words.

Sustained attention

ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time

Vigilance

ability to maintain concentrated attention over prolonged periods of time (sustained concentration)

Vigilance

ability to maintain concentrated attention over prolonged periods of time (sustained concentration) --greatest increase of vigilance in preschool years)

Infinite generativity

ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules

logical/mathematical intelligence

abstract thinking and problem solving shown by mathematics and comp.scientists , emphasized by Piaget (Stravinsky)

Piaget's term for changing your cognitive framework to fit new information

accommodation

changing the shape of the lens to focus on an image on the retina

accomodation

priming

activating an association to an idea; promotes recall ex: Knight/Night

episodic buffer

acts as a 'backup' store which communicates with both long term memory and the components of working memory

musical intelligence

acute sensitivity to sound patterns (Martha Graham)

plasticity

adaptability, change, rewiring or reorganization, response to experience (or injury)

what was Baddeley's update of the dual-store model?

added working memory (temporarily stores information while actively operating on it)

what are false memories?

adding information/removing information that pertained to the event trying to be remembered

overlearning

additional rehearsal after you learn the material - increases memory, improves recall

elaboration is perfected in _____?

adolescence

Visual cliff experiment

an elevated glass platform that creates an illusion and is used to test the depth perception of infants

neural tube

an embryonic structure that gives rise to the central nervous system

day 5

an inner cell mass forms; the entire mass is called a blastocyst and is the size of a pinhead

personality

an organized combination of attributes, motives, values, and behaviors

Cognitive disequilibrium

an uncomfortable state of mind that the child seeks to resolve

what is altruism?

an unselfish interest and voluntary effort in helping another person

teratogen

any disease, drug, or other environmental agent that can harm a developing fetus

Seriation

arranging items according to increasing or decreasing dimension (height and weight order)

How much decline is there in actual light reaching the retina?

at age 60, the retina receives only about 1/3 as much light

Changes in cognition in middle and late adulthood

attention, memory, and thinking, but NOT stages of development

Changes in cognition in middle and late adulthood

attention, memory, and thinking, but NOT stages of development Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence --Person's ability to reason abstractly decreases, accumulated info and verbal skills increase Cognitive Mechanics and Pragmatics --Processing, speed, and memory decrease; reading, writing, professional skills, language comprehension increase

echoic memory

auditory

intellectual disability

below 70 intelligence and set of life skills present before 18

Rovee-Collier experiment

babies learned to associate kicking of their feet with the movements of the mobile/bell that they would hear. implicit memory: "cued recall" the older they are, the longer period of memory span that they would have to remind themselves of how the mobile works 2 mo. 2 days 3 mo. 7 days 6 mo. 14 days 18 mo. 90 days

passive gene-environment correlations

because parents provide children with both their genes and a home environment compatible with those genes, the home environments to which children are exposed are correlated with their genotypes - because infants are at home a good deal and are dependent on their caregivers, their environment is largely influenced by their parents through this type of correlation

What age does the gap between men and women begin? Why?

beginning in the mid-thirties - social factors: health attitudes, habits, lifestyles

Jerome Kagan

behavioral inhibition - high emotionality & low sociability - shy, restrained or distressed with unfamiliar situations or new people (automatically aroused) - correlated to temperament at 5 1/2, 7 1/2, & 13 but only about 50% in adolescence - genetic basis - identical twins: +0.82; fraternal twins: 0.47; phobias & anxiety run in their families

week 9

bone tissue emerges, and the embryo becomes a fetus; the head of the fetus looks huge relative to the rest of the body-it takes up about half the total length of the fetus; the fetus can open and close its mouth and turn its head

CNS

brain & spinal cord

chunking

breaking a long number into manageable subunits ex: 8609773345 --> 860-977-3345

post-conventional

broad principles of justice: transcend laws and specific authorities moral vs. legal distinction 5. social contract or utility and individual rights - agreed upon rules, will of the majority - maximizes social good 6. universal ethical principles -individual principles - self chosen - ideal, considers all points of view

Arcuate fasciculucs

bundle of nerve fibers that connect the Broca and Wernicke area together in the posterior part of the temporal lobe

What did William James say about the infants perceptual world?

called the newborn's perceptual world a "bloom in, buzzing confusion" - a century later, we can safely say that he was wrong

What did William James say about the infants perceptual world?

called the newborn's perceptual world a "bloom in, buzzing confusion" but he was wrong --newborns perceive the world with some order

what happens to under-challenged gifted children?

can become disruptive, skip classes, and lose interest in achieving

cocaine

can cause spontaneous abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy and premature detachment of the placenta or fetal strokes later on in pregnancy; fetal malnourishment, retarded growth, low birth weight

Cognitive equilibrium

can comfortably respond to new info with existing cognitive framework

HIV

can transmit this virus to they babies

9 years old

can use household tools

prosocial behavior

caring about the welfare and rights of others feeling concern and empathy for them acting in a way that benefits others

Wear and Tear Theory

cells and tissues have vital parts that wear out resulting in aging; parts of the body eventually wear out from repeated use, killing them and then the body

the name of the substance created by glial cells that surrounds the axon and increases the speed of the action potential

cerebrospinal fluid

psychosocial development

changes and carryover in personal and interpersonal aspects of development, such as motives, emotions, personality traits, interpersonal skills and relationships, and roles played in the family and in the larger society

cognitive development

changes and continuities in perception, language, memory, problem solving, and other mental processes

phenotype

characteristic or trait the person eventually has

What is intuitive thought?

children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions (w questions)

intuitive thought

children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions (w questions)

how does empathy & role taking help with morality development?

children with empathy are able to identify a wide range of emotional states in others and anticipate what kinds of actions will improve another person's emotional state.

active gene-environment correlations

children's genotypes influences the kinds of environments they seek - they become increasingly able to build their own niches

What was Piaget's answer to parents in America who asked the question: "What can I do to get my child to a higher cognitive stage sooner?"

children's learning should occur naturally; promote the student's intellectual health

What are medications to treat the different diseases?

cholinesterase inhibitors, antidepressants, other "behavioral meds" Anti-inflammatories, antioxidants

if a child recognizes that fire trucks & dolls are both types of toys, he demonstrates the concept of

class inclusion

Little Albert Experiment

classical conditioning - fears are not innate and can be learned Rat was presented to Albert and showed no fear --> after presenting rat to Albert, Watson bangs a steel rod with a hammer (UCS) for fear (UCR) --> during conditioning, stimuli of the rat and the loud noise were presented together several times --> Watson present the rat without the bang --> Albert begins to whimper and cry (white rat - CS; fear after rat- CR) --> same response is generalized with furry items emotional responses can be learned

Class inclusion

classification

fetal alcohol syndrome

cluster of symptoms; noticeable physical symptoms such as a small head and distinctive facial abnormalities; physical growth lags; CNS damage

what were 3 components of morality? which is emphasized in Kohlberg's theory?

cognition behavior emotions

Divided attention

concentrating on more than one activity at the same time (multitasking)

prenatal period

conception to birth

rehearsal

conscious repetition: repeating information - good for keeping things in short term memory

children demonstrate Piaget's concept of _____ when they recognize that a ball of clay has been flattened still contains an equal amount of clay as a similar ball that retains the original shape

conservation

moral development

deciding/knowing what is right; what is wrong (cognition) actions (behavior) feelings: pride-guilt (emotions)

hemophilia

deficiency in blood's ability to clot; more common in males than females

age norms

defines what people should and shouldn't do at different points in the life span (society's way of telling people to act their age)

Selective attention

deliberately concentrating on one thing while ignoring something else

empty nest syndrome

describes the family after the departure of the last child - a phase of the family life cycle that became common only starting in the 20th century as people began to live longer but have fewer children.

adoption studies

determining whether children adopted early in life are psychologically similar to their biological parents, whose genes they share, or are they similar to their adoptive parents, whose environment they share

twin studies

determining whether identical twins reared together are more similar to each other in the traits of interest than fraternal twins reared together

what is the DQ?

developmental quotient - numerical indicator of a child's growth to maturity across a range of psychosocial competencies - motor - language - personal-social - adaptive NOT correlated well with IQ

dyslexia

difficulty in learning to read or interpret words, letters, and other symbols, but that do not affect general intelligence.

what promotes moral growth?

discussion with peers education level breeds tolerance induction exposure to other cultures being made aware of your values

what support is presented for Gardner's theory?

distinctive developmental course music & athletics/childhood logical-math/later (creativity peaks chart) specific brain areas linguistic: broca (44) & Wernikie (22) interpersonal (Williams syndrome vs autistic-posterior lobe of cerebellum) logical mathematical (39&40) - Brodman's area spatial (7&40) - Brodman's area savant syndrome limited mental abilites with amazing ability in one or few

Ptosis

drooping eyelids

age grade

each socially defined age group in society

what is temperament?

early genetically based tendencies to respond in predictable ways; building blocks of personality

merit

earned

week 5

ears, mouth, and throat take shape; arm and leg buds appear; the hand plate from which fingers emerge appears; the heart divides into two regions, and the brain differentiates into forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

week 4

embryo is so curved that the two ends almost touch; the ectoderm folds into the neural tube; from the mesoderm, a tiny heart forms and begins to beat; the endoderm differentiates into a gastrointestinal tract and lungs (between days 21 and 28, eyes develop)

Phonics approach

emphasizes that reading instruction should teach basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds - after children have earned correspondence rules that relate spoken phonemes to the alphabet letters that are used to represent them should they be given complex reading materials

Phonics approach

emphasizes that reading instruction should teach basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds - only after children have earned correspondence rules that relate spoken phonemes to the alphabet letters that are used to represent them should they be given complex reading materials

what are the 4 steps in information processing?

encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval

In middle and late childhood, how should parents respond to children's early writing?

encourage early writing but not be overly concerned about the formation of letters or spelling

In middle and late childhood, how should parents respond to children's early writing?

encourage early writing but not be overly concerned about the formation of letters or spelling --should stay positive so they do not discourage the child

social learning/reciprocal determinism

environment <----> persons - reciprocal influences between people and their situations... influenced by perceptions of control - assessed by observations of people's behaviors in particular situations & questionnaires about feeling of control

equality

equal share strict equality - everyone gets same amount - problems if it can't be divided

differentiation

every neuron starts with the potential to become any specific type of neuron; how it differentiates depends on where it migrates

week 10-12

fingers and toes are clearly formed; external genitalia have developed; movements have increased substantially- arms and legs kick vigorously, but the fetus is still too small for the mother to feel these movements; fetus shows "breathing" movements with its chest and some reflexes

infancy

first 2 years of life (the first month is the neonatal or newborn period)

menarche

first menstrual period

when does morality develop?

first two years of life

Big 5 OCEAN

five dimensions of personality 1. Openness 2. Conscientiousness 3. Agreeableness 4.Extraversion 5. Neuroticism (Emotional stability)

What is the typical responding pattern of individuals on each schedule of reinforcement?

fixed interval

Bilingualism

fluency in or use of two languages

activity vs passivity

focuses on the extent to which human beings are active in creating and influencing their own environments and, in the process, in producing their own development, or are passively shaped by forces beyond their control

continuity vs discontinuity

focuses on whether the changes people undergo over the lifespan are gradual or abrupt

lack of this nutrient found in leafy green vegetables during prenatal development can cause neural tube defects such as spina bifida, cleft lip & palate and limb defects in the fetus

folic acid

What was the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?

food

Erikson's theory

formed in stages stages continued through adulthood struggle between healthy & less healthy personality characteristics at each stage

synaptogenesis

forming functional connections; increases rapidly after birth; young children have many more synapses than adults

where was the first IQ test developed?

france

what brain areas/functions are necessary for moral behavior?

frontal lobe??

Creole

full complex language with grammar produced by children exposed to pidgin - immigrant children - Kanzi (bonobo or pygmy chimp)

cholinesterase inhibitors

help stop acetylcholine from breaking down; they can help brain cells work better, but they dont stop or reverse the destruction of brain cells and loss of acetylcholine that occur in Alzheimer's disease They done prevent the disease from getting worse, but they may slow it down used to treat some symptoms of Alzheimer's disease or other types of dementia

values clarification

helping people clarify what their loves mean and what is worth working for

long term memory

holds information for hours, days or years relatively permanent unlimited capacity

the term for one-word language where meaning is also conveyed by context, gestures & intonation

holophrase

Longevity

how long a particular individual lives

Labeling

identifying the names of objects

foreclosure

identity closure in early adolescence - has made decision - without exploration or questioning factors - family goals or traditions, external locus of control - truly limited options

Marcia's expansion of Erikson identity stage

identity v. role confusion - explored adolescent identity development

nature versus nurture

if nature is important in development, we would expect all children to have basically similar inborn capacities, if nurture is important in development, we would generally expect human development to take a variety of pathways depending on the individual's life experiences

visual-spacial

imagery, spacial information

Meltzoff facial expression experiment & interpretations

imitate actions done by a model studies suggest that young infants, even newborns, can imitate certain actions, such as sticking out their tongue or opening their mouth. - challenge Piaget's claim that infants cannot imitate actions until about 1 year

Orienting

immediate response to a change in its environment

Metaphor (adolescents)

implied comparison between unlike things

anterograde amnesia

in front of, after the injury occurred, new memories

retrograde amnesia

in the past, directed backwards, before injury occurred, old memories

what is infantile amnesia?

inability to recall events before age of 3 due to immaturity of hippocampus & PFC

family studies

include pairs of siblings who have a variety of different degrees of genetic similarity

prenatal development

includes the germinal period, the embryonic period, the fetal period, and the fetal period period of development from conception until birth

Glaucoma

increased fluid pressure in the eye that causes damage to the optic nerve and can cause a progressive loss of peripheral vision, and ultimately, blindness

identity achievement

individual commits to the option that best fits their beliefs, values and occupational goals - discovered through exploration - created/constricted by persona commodities

which parental discipline is best?

induction, works well because it breeds empathy

Acquisition

initial learning of the stimulus (response relationship) - AKA: learning trial

endoderm

innermost germ layer; develops into the linings of the digestive tract and much of the respiratory system

what does your text say about IQ and job success?

intelligence tests are moderately correlated with work performance higher scores on tests = higher paying, more prestigious jobs and more satisfied with their jobs

Hearing changes in infancy

involve perception of a sound's loudness, pitch, and localization

Hearing changes in infancy

involve perception of a sound's loudness, pitch, and localization -Perception of sound increases at 3 months -Can localize sound at 6 months

elaboration

involves actively creating meaningful links between items to be remembered

aging

involves more than biological aging, but refers to a range of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes, positive and negative, in the mature organism

HCG

is produced during pregnancy. It is made by cells formed in the placenta, which nourishes the egg after it has been fertilized and becomes attached to the uterine wall

what is bicultural identity?

is the condition of being oneself regarding the combination of two cultures

the kind of language used by a 10 month old that includes consonant & vowel sounds and is spoken with pauses and intonations that resemble adult speech

jargon

which perspective is associated with Kohlberg's theory?

justice perspective

providing warmth & skin to skin contact for premature infant by resting baby on mother's chest

kangaroo care

20-24 months

kicks ball forward

Metalinguistic awareness

knowledge about language, such as knowing what a preposition is or being able to discuss the sounds of a language - allows children to think about their language, understand what words are, and define them

perinatal development

labor and delivery

linguistic intelligence

language skills, poet's skill with words (T.S. Elliot)

Second language

language that is not the native language, but used in the locale of that person

fetal period

lasts from the ninth week of pregnancy until birth; encompasses part of the first trimester and all of the middle and the last trimesters

Conditioned response (CR)

learned response to a condition stimulus

Observational learning

learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others - form of social learning

covergent thinking

left-brain activity involving zeroing in on a single correct answer (not creativity) - thinking that involved converging on the 1 best answer to a problem; what IQ tests measure

Under what conditions do older adults have trouble understanding speech?

less than ideal listening conditions - rapid speech, competing stimuli, when they can't see the person they are having a convo with

Extinction

lessening of a condition response

2-3 months

lifts head 90 degrees while laying on stomach

thalidomide

limb abnormalities

Evolutionary Theory

natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults - lack of natural selection on diseases later in life

multiple claims

need, merit and equality considered for 'fair share'

who was Clive Wearing? what does he have to do with HM?

neither can form new memories but have the ability to utilize skills learned before their respective accidents. implicit memory still intact even post accident

the peripheral nervous system neurons develop from these cells in the early embryo

neural crest cells

aggregation

neurons (organize) those with like function group together

migration

neurons move from their place of origin in the center of the brain to particular locations throughout the brain where they will become part of specialized functioning units; affected by radiation and alcohol

proliferation

neurons multiplying at a staggering rate during fetal period (6 and 17 weeks after conception)

Cognitive disequilibrium

new information that doesn't fit into existing schemas

embryonic period

occurs from the third to eighth week after conception

consolidation

organizing and preparing for storage - effortful

ectoderm

outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin

anoxia

oxygen shortage

what are parenting recommendations?

parents who adopt the following strategies are more likely have children who behave morally: - are warm and supportive - are not punitive and do not use love withdrawal as disciplinary strategies - provide opportunities for their children - model moral behavior and thinking

which part of Einstein's brain was larger than normal?

parietal lobe that is very active in processing math and spatial information was 15% larger than average

germinal period

part of the first trimester that lasts two weeks

Bandura's social learning theory

people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling

what is the schema theory of memory?

people mold memories to fit information already in their minds can influence how & what we encode, how we make inference and even how we retrieve information

the term for events surrounding the birthing proccess

perinatal

trait theory

personality is relatively enduring patterns of thought, feelings, and actions called 'traits' personality traits are stable over the lifespan do NOT unfold in stages present at birth

the smallest unit of sound in a language

phoneme

how can memory be organized?

phonetically - sound visually - letter semantically - meaning

what are some home environment contributors?

positives: - parental involvement with child - opportunities for stimulation * responsive to child's behavior (a smile is returned for a smile) * matched to a child's competencies negative: (the greater number of factors, the lower the child's IQ) - minority - head of household is unemployed or low-skilled - mother did not complete high school - four or more children - father absent from family

identity diffusion

postponement of identity crisis - no exploration or questioning - no decision - life may be chaotic, disorganized - low levels of intimacy essentially drifting... directionless

Kohlberg's 3 stages

pre-conventional conventional post-conventional

Binet/Simon

predict school achievement 1905 scale, Binet-Simon Scale identify (french) school children needing special attention

the term representing the 9-month period of gestation

prenatal

What is the difference in visual capabilities between preschool children and first graders?

preschool: farsighted; unable to see close up as well as they can see far away 1st grade: can focus their eyes and sustain their attention effectively on close-up objects

what is suggestibility?

preschoolers are most susceptible to suggestion

Equipotent

principles of learning apply across different behaviors and across different species

Equipotent

principles of learning apply across different behaviors and across different species -learning involves a change in behavior

what else should be done besides reinforcing moral behavior and punishing immoral behavior?

proactive parenting which means teaching the child values and feelings of others - serve as models of moral behavior

semantic memory

processes idea and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience meaning, facts without reference to time or place of learning

tau protein

proteins that stabilized microtubules. They are abundant in neurons of the central nervous system and are less common elsewhere, but are also expressed at very low levels in CNS astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

what are the Wechsler scales?

provide scores for a number of intellectual skills as well as overall score

According to your text, which is better (associated with more positive traits): danger invulnerability or psychological invulnerability?

psychological invulnerability

what is empathy?

reacting to another's feelings with an emotional response that is similar to the other's feelings it is to put one's self in another's place emotionally

Spontaneous recovery

reappearance of an extinguished response after a rest period

Size constancy

recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object - an object keeps its same size no matter its distance from our eyes - change in size of image on retina is cue to depth - visual cliff experiment

Size constancy

recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes distance from eyes - Knowing an object keeps its same size no matter its distance from our eyes - Change in size of image is a depth cue --larger size takes up more space on the retina

Shape constancy

recognition that an object remains the same shaped even though its orientation changes

Shape constancy

recognition that an object remains the same shaped even though its orientation to us changes

what is ethnic identity?

refers to one's sense of belonging to an ethnic group and the part of one's thinking, perceptions, feelings, and behavior that is due to ethnic group membership

3 major encoding strategies & which ages usually use each

rehearsal organization elaboration

Shaping

reinforcing successive approximations of behavior

what is meaningful learning?

relate new information to what you already know - look up unfamiliar words - rephrase in your own words ex: every time you smell cinnamon and cider, it reminds you of Christmas

Recasting

rephrasing something the child has said, turning it into a question/restating the child's immature utterance in the form of a fully grammatical sentence "the dog was barking" "when was the dog barking?"

who was Goddard?

research psychologist at school for mentally retarded Immigrant Testing - used test to limit immigrants - large percentage from many countries declared "mentally retarded" - culturally biased

human genome project

researchers mapped the sequence of the chemical units or "letters" that make up the strands of DNA in a full set of 46 human chromosomes

Expanding

restating, in a linguisticlaly sophisticated form what a child has said "doggie eat" "Yes, the dog is eating"

kangaroo care

resting on a parent's chest helps maintain body temperature, heart rate, and oxygen levels in the blood

monozygotic/identical twins

result when one fertilized ovum divides to form two or more genetically identical individuals

dizygotic/fraternal twins

result when two ova are released at approximately the same time and each is fertilized by a different sperm

storage

retain information over time in a long-term memory stage

How does your text define 'operation'?

reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what before they could do only physically

operation

reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what before they could do only physically

what are the survival reflexes?

rooting, sucking

Semantics

rules for meanings - Greek: significance, to signify meaning

conventional

rules/values are internalized strives to obey the rules 3. mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity -good boy, good girl - intent is important - right is what pleases, helps or is approved 4. social systems morality -legal: legitimate authority - maintain social authority - it's the law - obey the rules

What was the conditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?

salivation to all the CS stimulus

What was the conditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?

salivation to all the CS stimulus (light, bell)

What is the unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?

salivation to the food

unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment

salivation to the food

16 months

scribble with crayons

Free-Radical theory

second microbiological theory of aging, which states that people age because when cells metabolize energy, the by-products include unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals

Rothbart & Bates

self-regulation - effortful control

what are ways you can elaborate or add meaning?

semantic memory ex: charlie brown remembers the numbers for his locker combination by giving the numbers meaning - baseball players numbers.

PNS

sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

Perceptual constancy

sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical world remains constant

reinforcing successive approximations of the behavior

shaping

myelination

sheath formed on neurons in fetal period - third trimester; continues through early adulthood (early 20s)

which is more important: changes in long term or short term memory?

short term memory changes in encoding consolidation and storage show improvement maturation of hippocampus - long term memory does not change much with age

karyotype

shows male and female chromosomes that have been photographed through a powerful microscope

6-8 months

sits up without support

what was the problem of cultural bias?

situation that arises in testing when one culture/subculture is more familiar with test items than another group and therefore is an unfair advantage - too many immigrants were categorized as mentally retarded *one is more familiar than the others

bodily kinesthetic intelligence

skillful use of body to create crafts, perform, or fix things (Gandhi)

interpersonal intelligence

social intelligence, social skill, exceptional sensitivity to other peoples motivations, moods (freud)

what are social rules?

social rules: standards determined by social consensus that tell us what is appropriate in particular social settings

Super-centarians

someone who has lived to or passed their 110th birthday

locus of control

someone with internal locus of control believes that he or she can influence events and their outcomes while someone with an external locus of control blames outside forces for everything

disturbed peace

spaced practice; disturbed study time - better memory than massed practice

phonological loop

speech information rehearsal

older adults have problems with what types of tasks?

speed/timed tasks unfamiliar tasks unused skills

what is meaning in life?

spirituality freedom responsibility need for: purpose values sense of efficacy self-worth

6-10 months

stands with holding on, crawls

Mitochondrial Theory

states that aging is due to the decay of mitochondria

Generalization

stimuli that are similar to the CS will evoke some level of the CR

Whole-language approach

stresses that reading instruction should parallel children's natural language learning - beginning readers are taught to recognize whole words and use the context of what they are reading to guess at the meaning of words

Myrtle McGraw video

study 2 twins

performance on which scale declines first in old age?

sub-scales on the Wechsler (WAIS) performance: - picture completion - picture arrangement - block design - object assembly - digit symbol substitution

the term for the type of grammar where meaning is derived from word order

syntax

mnemonics

system for improving and assisting the memory

development

systematic changes and continuities in the individual that occur between conception and death or from "omg to tomb"

brainstorming

technique in which individuals are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group, play off each other's ideas. and say practically whatever comes to mind that is relevant to the particular issue

the general term for any substance that can cross the placental barrier and interfere with proper development and harms the fetus

teratogens

what is the MMPI?

the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is the most widely and frequently used personality test in the mental health field.

Sustained attention

the ability to direct and focus cognitive activity on specific stimuli

Discrimination (discriminative stimulus)

the ability to distinguish one stimuli from another, responding only to the CS

what is recognition?

the ability to identify a previously encountered stimulus ex: selecting from a number of choices the correct response

Transivity

the ability to logically combine relations to reach certain conclusions

what is emotional intelligence?

the ability to perceive and express emotions accurately and adaptively, to understand emotion and emotional knowledge, to use feelings to facilitate thought, and to manage emotions in oneself and others

creativity

the ability to produce ideas that are novel and valuable - creative intelligence: involves using ideas to adapt to novel situations

ideational fluency

the ability to produce many ideas

Reversibility

the ability to recognize that numbers or objects can be changed and returned to their original condition

source memory

the ability to remember where something was learned

intelligence

the ability to solve problems and adapt and to learn from them

memory

the ability to store and later retrieve information about past events, develops and changes over lifespan; the persistence of learning over time

working memory; give an example

the active form of short term memory - changes information into another form - makes decisions, solves problems ex: add the numbers of your phone number together and find the sum

Lack of conservation

the awareness that altering an object's or a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties - A superficial change in appearance does not change fundamental properties --Gram cracker/water/quarter video

Object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived - "out of sight, out of mind", A-not-B error, and true object permanence

Object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived Has to wait for development of prefrontal cortex to acquire - "out of sight, out of mind", A-not-B error, and true object permanence

maturation

the biological unfolding of the individual according to a blueprint contained in the genes

day 6-7

the blastocyst attaches to the wall of the uterus

day 8-14

the blastocyst becomes fully embedded in the wall of the uterus and now has about 250 cells

Irreversible thinking

the child cannot appreciate that a reverse transformation would return the material to its original state

agreeableness

the continuum from compliance and cooperativeness to suspiciousness - soft hearted v. ruthless - trusting v. suspicious - helpful v. uncooperative

openness

the continuum from curiosity and interest to a preference for sameness - imaginative v. practical - preference for variety v. preference for routine - independent v. confirming

conscientiousness

the continuum from discipline and organization to lack of seriousness - organized v. disorganized - careful v. careless - disciplined v. impulsive

neuroticism (emotional stability)

the continuum from emotion stability to emotional instability - calm v. anxious - secure v. insecure - self satisfied v. self pitying

extraversion

the continuum from sociability and outgoingness to introversion - sociable v. retiring - fun-loving v. sober - affectionate v. reserved

what is optimism?

the effect of positivism with a mix of realism

week 6-7

the embryo is almost 1 in long; the heart divides into four chambers; fingers emerge from the hand plate, and primatial facial features are evident; the important process of sexual differentiation begins

what is the effect of expertise in a domain (Mozart example)

the expertise makes material to be learned more familiar, and familiar material is easier to lean and remember than unfamiliar material

universality vs context specific

the extent to which developmental changes are common to all humans (universal) or are different across cultures

Accommodation of the eye

the eye's ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina (declines most sharply between 40 and 59 years of age)

whose gametes determine the sex of the baby, the mother or the father?

the father

week 26-32

the fetus gains weight, and its brain grows; the nervous system becomes better organized

Conservation

the fundamental properties of an object do not change just because there is a superficial change in appearance - fooled by appearances (think undimensionally) - the preoperational child "fails" a conservation task - NOT egocentric - list types/ages ???

Conservation and types

the fundamental properties of an object do not change just because there is a superficial change in appearance - fooled by appearances (think undimensionally) - the preoperational child "fails" a conservation task - NOT egocentric - list types/ages ???

physical development

the growth of the body and its organs, the functioning physiological systems including the brain, physical signs of aging, changes in motor abilities, etc

week 13-16

the heartbeat should be audible with a stethoscope; fetal movements may become apparent to the mother; the fetus is about 4 1/2 inches long and the skeleton is becoming harder

natural selection

the idea that nature "selects" or allows to survive and reproduce, those members of a species who genes permit them to adapt to their environment

Egocentrism

the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective - Cannot take other's point of view - EX) Asking if they have a brother and them saying yes then asking if that brother has a brother and them saying no

week 33-38

the last 6 weeks of a full-term pregnancy bring further weight gain and brain activity. The lungs mature and begin to expand and contract

what is the MA or mental age?

the level of age graded problems the child is able to solve the age at which a child functions intellectually chronological age that typically corresponds to a given level of performance ex: an average 9 year old has a mental age of 9

day 3-4

the mass has 16 cells and is called a morula: it is traveling down the fallopian tube to the uterus

episodic memory

the memory of autobiographical events that can be explicitly stated personal, specific experience at a particular time, in a particular space

what is recall?

the mental process of retrieval in information about the past

what is the care perspective?

the moral perspective of Carol Gilligan; views people in terms of their connectedness with other and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

what is the Myers-Briggs?

the most widely administered psychological test. ... The Myers-Brigg typology is based on Jung's theory of psychological types. It was constructed by the mother and daughter team of Katherine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers

Life expectancy

the number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live

concordance

the percentage of pairs of people studied in which if one member of a pair displays the trait, the other does too

what is a savant?

the phenomenon in which extraordinary talent in a particular area is displayed by a person who is otherwise mentally retarded - limited mental abilities with mazing ability in one or a few ex: rainman video

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

the previously natural stimulus that becomes a learned trigger for the response - learning trial

what does a dynamic assessment measure?

the process of assessing student to determine exactly what the learning needs of each student are - measures the ability to learn new things with the guidance of an adult; ability to learn new things quickly with minimal guidance

learning

the process through which experience brings about relatively permanent changes in thoughts feelings, or behavior

Lewis & Brooks-Gunn

the rogue test: recognition of self - 18 months - social experiences - trust/secure attachment categorical self - like me, not like me age: 1 yr gender 18 months visible characteristics: 18-24 months all by 18-24 months

behavioral genetics

the scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people or animals are responsible for differences in their physical and psychological traits

day 2

the single-celled zygote begins to divide 24-36 hours after fertilization

spina bifida

the spinal cord is not fully encased in the protective covering of the spinal covering; when neural tube fails to completely close

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

the stimulus that naturally triggers a response - Reflex, learning trial Ex.

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

the stimulus that naturally triggers a response - reflex, learning trial

epigenetics

the study of influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

central executive

the supervisor - controls attention and flow of information

Life span

the upper boundary of life, the maximum number of years an individual can live

what is a strategy?

the use of mental activities to improve the processing of information (therefore remembering it)

ultrasound

the use of sound waves to scan the womb and create a visual image of the fetus on a monitor screen

Reciprocal determinism

theory by Bandura that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and social environment

what does dual-store memory mean?

there are two places where a memory can be stored; long term memory and short term memory

week 23-25

these weeks mark the age of viability, when the fetus has a chance of survival outside the womb. It is about 12 inches long and weighs about 1 pound

need

they need it

metacognition/meta-memory

thinking about thinking/memory improves in adolescence girls use metacognition more than boys students from higher SES use it more than lower SES

divergent thinking

thinking that requires coming up with a variety of idea or solutions to a problem when there is no one right answer - the ability to generate new ideas, new actions, and multiple options and answers

moratorium

those who are unable ti make decisions and commitments - exploring & questioning - no decision sense of urgency, anxious, but open to new experience

what are the two big sub-scales?

verbal & performance

what sub-tests are in each?

verbal: - general information - similarities - vocab - comprehension - arithmetic reasoning - digit span performance: - picture completion - picture arrangement - block design - object assembly - digit symbol substitution

iconic memory

visual

9-12 months

walks holding on

17-22 months

walks up steps

12-14 months

walks well

gene-environment correlations

ways in which a person's genes and his environment or experiences are systemically interrelated: passive, evocative, and active

Relativism

what is right for you

Relativism

what is right for you (contextual)

crossing over

when pairs of chromosomes line up before they separate, they cross each other and parts of them are exchanged

age of viability

when survival outside the uterus is possible if the brain and respiratory system are sufficiently developed; about 23 weeks after conception

conception

when the woman has intercourse with a fertile man around the time of ovulation, the 300 million sperm cells in his seminal fluid swim in all directions until one meets and penetrates the ovum

meiosis

where a reproductive cell in the ovary of a female or the testis of a male that contains the usual 46 chromosomes splits to form two-46 chromosome cells, and then these two split again to form four-23 chromosome cells

Inner/private speech

which becomes their thoughts - use of language for self-regulation

what taxes older adults's working memory?

working memory deterioration in: - processing complex info, large amounts of info, elaborate strategies used to process info interference conditions

What can newborns smell?

yes - like: vanilla/strawberry smell - dislike: rotten eggs/fish smell

do adults reason at more than one stage of moral thinking?

yes; pre conventional and conventional

self-esteem

your evaluation of your worth as a person

self-concept

your perceptions of your unique traits and abilities

the gap between what a learner can accomplish independently & what he can do with guidance & assistance

zone of proximal development

Vocabulary spurt

• 12 months: first few words • 14 months: average 10 words • 19 months: average 50 words • 24 months: 200-300 words

Vocabulary spurt

• 12 months: first few words • 14 months: average 10 words • 19 months: average 50 words •* 24 months: 200-300 words*