PSY 342 Final Savior

Consider the "intellectually gifted" youth we discussed in class. Among these kids, which of the following is true? a) Among these kids, boys show higher quantitative ability than girls b) Among these kids, there is no difference in quantitative ability between boys and girls c) Among these kids, girls show higher quantitative ability than boys d) There are more girls than boys in this group.

a) Among these kids, boys show higher quantitative ability than girls

Data on housing segregation discussed in class reveals that ______ residents have been reluctant to live among low income Black Americans. a) Black middle class b) Black lower class c) White lower class d) none of the above

a) Black middle class

The 'mismatch hypothesis' leads to the conclusion that: a) Black students have been harmed by affirmative action because the negative effects of mismatch outweigh the positive effects of higher quality schools b) Black students have been helped by affirmative action because the negative effects of mismatch outweigh the positive effects of higher quality schools c) Black students have been helped by affirmative action because the positive effects of higher quality schools are always beneficial d) None of the above

a) Black students have been harmed by affirmative action because the negative effects of mismatch outweigh the positive effects of higher quality schools

As mentioned in class, what are two possible causes of the Outgroup Homogeneity Effect? a) Differences in contact with ingroup and outgroup members; allocating attention to reproductively-relevant individuals b) Differences in contact with ingroup and outgroup members; regional evolution in isolated populations c) Differences in genetic variability among groups; allocating attention to reproductively-relevant individuals d) Differences in genetic variability among groups; regional evolution in isolated populations

a) Differences in contact with ingroup and outgroup members; allocating attention to reproductively-relevant individuals

Research by Olsson et al. (2005) supports which of the following conclusions? a) Evolution has prepared humans to think of outgroups as dangerous b) Evolution has not prepared humans to think of outgroups as dangerous c) Humans think of outgroups as dangerous, but as a learned response and not an evolved predisposition d) None of the above are supported by Olsson et al

a) Evolution has prepared humans to think of outgroups as dangerous

Overwhelmingly, men are more likely to endorse social dominance goals. This is support for which of the following Social Dominance Theory hypotheses? a) Invariance Hypothesis b) Outgroup Male Target Hypothesis c) Kin Selection Hypothesis d) Motive Differential Hypothesis

a) Invariance Hypothesis

Based on the history of Jewish immigrants in America and Chinese immigrants in Southeast Asia, what can be said about the relationship between legal discrimination, political power, and social achievement? a) It is possible for groups with a history of discrimination to reach high levels of achievement, regardless of whether those groups have political power b) Once overt legal discrimination is lifted, obtaining political power is the most important factor in determining whether groups can reach high levels of achievement c) Groups that have suffered overt legal discrimination can eventually reach high levels of social achievement, but they cannot match the achievement levels of native citizens d) Groups that start out with high levels of achievement will gradually decline in their levels of achievement after repeated experiences of discrimination

a) It is possible for groups with a history of discrimination to reach high levels of achievement, regardless of whether those groups have political power

In McCauley & Stitt's (1978) work, what does a Diagnostic Ratio tell us? a) It tells us whether people's stereotypes include traits that distinguish one group from another b) It tells us whether stereotypic traits are true or not c) It tells us the probability that a given stereotypic trait is true d) This is a trick question: Solanki and Cesario (2022) computed a Diagnostic Ratio, whereas McCauley & Stitt did not

a) It tells us whether people's stereotypes include traits that distinguish one group from another

Imagine a woman from another culture participates in a math competition at MSU. Imagine both of the following two things are true: first, other people expect her to perform poorly because of her gender; second, she is unaware of gender stereotypes related to math because in her culture, no such stereotype exists. Will she experience stereotype threat? a) No, because awareness of the negative stereotype is necessary b) No, because stereotype threat is mostly a problem for people from American culture c) Yes, because stereotype threat mostly depends on what others are thinking d) Yes, because stereotype threat applies to all groups

a) No, because awareness of the negative stereotype is necessary

Does the evolutionary perspective say that race is a fundamental category of social perception? Why or why not? a) No, because in the evolutionary past different races did not encounter each other b) No, because there is no such thing as race c) Yes, because in the evolutionary past, intergroup aggression was based on race d) Yes, because in the evolutionary past, resource sharing depended on race

a) No, because in the evolutionary past different races did not encounter each other

What is the argument for why population proportions are an inappropriate comparison for testing race bias in police shootings? a) Officers are not equally likely to use deadly force in every situation, and different racial groups are not evenly distributed across those situations b) Officers are not equally likely to use deadly force in every situation, and different racial groups are evenly distributed across those situations c) Officers are equally likely to use deadly force in all situations

a) Officers are not equally likely to use deadly force in every situation, and different racial groups are not evenly distributed across those situations

Sports teams can be thought of as coalitions. Imagine two teams are competing and both teams are racially diverse. How will the sports context, compared to an everyday context, affect racial categorization among the players and why? a) Racial categorization will decrease because race is a less diagnostic cue than team membership for predicting affiliation b) Racial categorization will increase because race is a better cue than team membership for predicting affiliation c) Racial categorization will decrease because age and sex are more important in competitive contexts d) Racial categorization will increase because age and sex are less important in competitive contexts

a) Racial categorization will decrease because race is a less diagnostic cue than team membership for predicting affiliation

Jesse Jackson, an African American activist, once indicated that he experiences more fear when he encounters a Black person rather than a White person on the street. What does this suggest about stereotyping and prejudice? a) Stereotyping does not require prejudice b) Bias against outgroups is the result of prejudice but bias against the ingroup is the result of stereotyping c) Stereotyping is primarily the result of prejudice d) Prejudice is more likely than stereotyping to influence real world behavior

a) Stereotyping does not require prejudice

Consider the graph below. Imagine that the red dashed line is an outgroup and the solid black line is an ingroup. Which of the following might the graph display? a) That people think there is less variability in how friendly the outgroup is b) That people think outgroups are less friendly than ingroups c) That people think there is less variability in how friendly the ingroup is d) That people think outgroups are more friendly than ingroups.

a) That people think there is less variability in how friendly the outgroup is

"Past levels of discrimination explain the current day success of different ethnic groups." If this statement were true, what patterns would you expect to find when examining the social trajectories of groups across time? a) The more historical discrimination there was against an ethnic group, the slower the group's rise towards success b) The rate at which a group rises cannot be predicted from historical levels of discrimination c) The more historical discrimination there was an against an ethnic group, the faster the group's rise toward success

a) The more historical discrimination there was against an ethnic group, the slower the group's rise towards success

What do the "illusory correlation" and "needs-based" theories of stereotyping have in common? a) They are both grounded in the assumption that stereotypes are inaccurate b) They are both grounded in the assumption that stereotypes are accurate c) They both assume that errors in the brain's pattern detection are the root cause d) They both assume that social motivations are the root cause.

a) They are both grounded in the assumption that stereotypes are inaccurate

Consider the statement: "When and where there are significant differences between men and women in their employment, pay, or promotion, discrimination can be inferred." What would the research from this unit suggest about this statement? a) This statement is incorrect because it uses unequal outcomes to conclude that unequal treatment has occurred b) This statement would be accurate if we applied it to the United States only, but it is not true of other countries c) This statement is perfectly accurate

a) This statement is incorrect because it uses unequal outcomes to conclude that unequal treatment has occurred

Why did Ackerman and colleagues (2006) manipulate the emotion portrayed by the faces presented to participants? a) To test whether the evolutionary relevance of outgroups impacted people's attention to their faces. b) To test whether the evolutionary relevance of ingroups impacted people's attention to their faces. c) To test whether positive emotions attracted greater attention when those faces were outgroup members. d) To test whether positive emotions attracted greater attention when those faces were ingroup members.

a) To test whether the evolutionary relevance of outgroups impacted people's attention to their faces.

A distribution is a list of the frequencies of some set of outcomes. a) True b) False

a) True

According to Valla & Ceci (2014), the most productive way to increase women's participation in STEM is to make it more interesting to women by emphasizing the social aspects of STEM. a) True b) False

a) True

If more women join STEM disciplines and careers, it is necessarily true that the proportion of women in Psychology, English, Education, and other non-STEM fields will decline(assuming the overall proportion of women in college remains constant). a) True b) False

a) True

Is the following statement an example of the NaturalisticFallacy? "Animals in nature have been found to eat members of their own species. Therefore, it is OK to be a cannibal." a) True b) False

a) True

Lai and colleagues (2016) found that the effects of the strongest implicit bias interventions lasted no more than a few days, at best. a) True b) False

a) True

Social identity interventions aim to reduce intergroup prejudice by redefining ingroup & outgroup categorizations. a) True b) False

a) True

The main conclusion of the Sowell reading is that differences in pay between men and women in the U.S. today are primarily due to factors other than discrimination by employers. a) True b) False

a) True

The rank ordering of different racial/ethnic groups in terms of classroom performance is the same as the rank ordering of groups in terms of standardized test performance (such as the SAT). a) True b) False

a) True

In a study by Kinzler et al. (2009), White American 5 year old children were asked about their friendship preferences. In one condition, the children were only given race information about potential friends. In another condition, children were given both race and accent information. When only race information was available, ______; when both race and accent information was available, ______. a) Whites were preferred over Blacks; Black native speakers were preferred over White foreign speakers b) Whites were preferred over Blacks; White foreign speakers were preferred over Black native speakers c) Whites and Blacks were equally preferred; White foreign speakers were preferred over Black native speakers d) Whites and Blacks were equally preferred; Black native speakers were preferred over White foreign speakers

a) Whites were preferred over Blacks; Black native speakers were preferred over White foreign speakers

Social Dominance Theory states that intergroup prejudice is motivated by ______ for men and _______ for women. a) aggression and dominance ... fear of sexual coercion b) fear of sexual coercion ... aggression and dominance c) parental investment ... inclusive fitness d) aggression and dominance ... needs for self-esteem

a) aggression and dominance ... fear of sexual coercion

The minimal group paradigm is used to study prejudice when group membership is based on _____. a) arbitrary categories b) real world categories

a) arbitrary categories

Wright and colleagues (2014) argue that _____ best account for the differences across racial groups in school suspension rates. a) behavioral differences b) discriminatory principal practices c) teacher biases d) socioeconomic status

a) behavioral differences

Compared to adolescent boys, adolescent girls are more likely to _____, which reduces STEM participation among girls because ____. a) believe that science does not make a positive impact in society; females prefer to work with people rather than objects b) be mathematically precocious; females prefer to work with people rather than objects c) believe that science does not make a positive impact in society; females tend to have narrower interests than males d) be mathematically precocious; females tend to have narrower interests than males

a) believe that science does not make a positive impact in society; females prefer to work with people rather than objects

Intersexual selection refers to competition _______ the sexes; intrasexual selection refers to competition ______ thesexes. a) between; within b) within; between c) neither of the above

a) between; within

Reciprocal altruism is especially likely to evolve in the context of in-group interactions because in-group members_____ and defection can result in _____. a) can be tracked; punishment by the group b) are difficult to monitor; punishment by the group c) are difficult to monitor; switching to another group d) can be tracked; switching to another group

a) can be tracked; punishment by the group

The pay gap between men and women among top executives is at least 45%. A study of this gap found that the gap ____ after executive experience and the size of the employing corporation were taken into account and supported the notion that the observed pay gap is primarily due to ____. a) decreased; differences in employee value b) persisted; differences in employee value c) persisted; sex itself d) decreased; sex itself

a) decreased; differences in employee value

The two keys to understanding how natural selection unfolds over time are: a) differential fertility and reproductive success b) prejudice and discrimination c) reproductive success and inclusive fitness d) differential fertility and differential gene reproduction

a) differential fertility and reproductive success

In humans and other mammals, _____ invest more than _____ in offspring. a) females... males b) males... females

a) females... males

Throughout human history, slavery has been ____ . a) found across the globe b) found in Western civilizations, but not elsewhere

a) found across the globe

East Asian Americans _______; Irish Americans ________. a) have lacked political power but overperformed economically; have had political power but underperformed economically b) have had political power and overperformed economically; have lacked political power and underperformed economically c) have lacked political power but overperformed economically; have lacked political power and underperformed economically d) have had political power and overperformed economically; have had political power but underperformed economically

a) have lacked political power but overperformed economically; have had political power but underperformed economically

In support of the invariance hypothesis, classical racism scores tend to be: a) higher for men than women in all ethnic groups b) equal for men and women in all ethnic groups c) higher for men than women among Whites but not other groups d) equal for men and women among Whites but not other groups

a) higher for men than women in all ethnic groups

Evolutionary reasoning tells us that prejudice _____ a) is something that all humans are capable of b) should have been selected against during human evolution c) is something that is impossible to overcome d) is something that only dominant group members are capable of

a) is something that all humans are capable of

According to social dominance theory, men are more likely to be the agents of intergroup aggression because a) large potential gains make the risks of conflict "worth it" for men b) women have more to gain from intergroup competition c) men care about their reproductive success more than women do d) men are less likely to be physically harmed in conflicts

a) large potential gains make the risks of conflict "worth it" for men

Tajfel and Wilkes (1963) found that group labels were most likely to influence the perception of line lengths when the labels were _____ and the lines were _____. a) meaningfully associated with length; at the transition between the groups b) meaningfully associated with length; at the extremes of each group c) randomly associated with length; at the extremes of each group d) randomly associated with length; at the transition between the groups

a) meaningfully associated with length; at the transition between the groups

The pay gap for three groups of women was examined in a 1969 study of academic women. Order the groups from smallest pay gap to largest pay gap. a) never married women; married women without children; married women with children b) married women with children; never married women; married women without children c) married women with children; married women without children; never married women d) never married women; married women with children; married women without children

a) never married women; married women without children; married women with children

Using categorical information to make decisions about people is: a) not necessarily good or bad b) a sign of dislike toward that group c) a sign of discrimination toward that group d) a sign of hatred toward that group

a) not necessarily good or bad

A certain proportion of people shot by police are Black. Among those shot, Blacks are _____ relative to their proportion in the overall population but not relative to ______. a) over-represented; their proportion of violent crime arrests b) not over-represented; their proportion of drug use c) over-represented; their proportion of drug use d) not over-represented; their proportion of violent crime arrests

a) over-represented; their proportion of violent crime arrests

Stereotypes are conditional probabilities. Which of the following is the stereotype of Asians being good at math? a) p (good at math | Asian) b) p (Asian) c) p (good at math) d) p (Asian | good at math)

a) p (good at math | Asian)

80% of murderers are men. Which of the following conditional probabilities best describes this fact? a) p(man | murderer) > p(woman | murderer) b) p(woman | murderer) > p(man | murderer)

a) p(man | murderer) > p(woman | murderer)

Imagine a study estimates the size of the gender pay gap after men and women are equated on all economic variables known to influence wages. For example, imagine a study that looked at the gender pay gap after controlling for years of continuous work experience, education level, training, etc. After adjusting for or controlling for years of experience, the size of the pay gap will ____ if the gap is due to discrimination and will ____ if it is due to years of experience. a) remain; be reduced b) be reduced; remain

a) remain; be reduced

Social Dominance Theory states that intergroup bias is ultimately due to differences in ________ between men andwomen. a) reproductive strategies b) self-esteem c) explicit racism d) none of the above

a) reproductive strategies

The "naturalistic fallacy" refers to: a) the mistake of inferring what ought to be true from what is true b) the mistake of inferring what is true from what ought to be true

a) the mistake of inferring what ought to be true from what is true

According to Arcidiacono & Lovenheim (2016), student achievement is a function of which two factors? a) the quality of the institution and the fit given the student's preparedness b) the quality of the institution and the fit given the student body c) the quality of the student and the fit with the surrounding culture d) the quality of the institution and the fit given the student's willingness to work hard

a) the quality of the institution and the fit given the student's preparedness

Consider the graph below. If people are showing an outgroup homogeneity effect, which of the two distributions would represent the outgroup? a) the red, dashed-line distribution b) the black, solid-line distribution c) neither distribution (because they both have the same mean) d) there's not really a fourth possible option, is there?

a) the red, dashed-line distribution

Parental investment theory says that ______ will be more selective in choosing mates. a) the sex with greater obligatory investment b) males of a species c) females of a species d) the sex with lower obligatory investment

a) the sex with greater obligatory investment

Fiske and colleagues (1999) argue that stereotype content is based on which two dimensions? a) warmth and competence b) heuristic and systematic information c) internal and external information d) personally-endorsed and not endorsed content

a) warmth and competence

According to Beaver et al. (2013), differences in arrest and incarceration rates between Whites and Blacks ________ once self-reported violence and IQ of the criminal are taken into account. a) were eliminated b) were accentuated c) were not affected

a) were eliminated

Police officers are more likely to fatally shoot Black citizens when benchmarked against population proportions but not _______. a) when benchmarked against drug use b) when considering stop-and-frisk outcomes c) when considering non-fatal police shootings

a) when benchmarked against drug use

According to Bateman's principle, why do males (compared to females) have greater variance in their reproductive success? a) Because males have a higher opportunity cost for mating effort b) Because males compete for access to females c) Because females compete for access to males d) None of the above

b) Because males compete for access to females

Why do we care about categorizing people by race in modern society? a) Because the brain evolved to categorize people by race b) Because race is a cue to coalition or alliance c) Because race always gives you the most accurate information about a person's coalition

b) Because race is a cue to coalition or alliance

According to Reciprocal Altruism, why do people share with ingroup members? a) Because they care about the success of other group members b) Because ultimately, it can be better for oneself to share with others c) Because they care about the success of their genetic relatives

b) Because ultimately, it can be better for oneself to share with others

Steele and Aronson (1996) found that when a test was described as non-diagnostic of verbal ability, _______. a) Black students with lower verbal GRE scores performed as well as White students with higher GRE scores b) Black and White students with equal abilities performed the same on verbal GRE questions c) the achievement gap in verbal GRE scores was eliminated d) the achievement gap in verbal SAT scores was eliminated

b) Black and White students with equal abilities performed the same on verbal GRE questions

Racial disparities in mortgages have traditionally been understood as evidence of racial discrimination due to prejudice. Which of the following facts is *inconsistent* with an explanation of racial discrimination? a) Hispanic applicants have their loan applications rejected at a higher rate than White applicants b) Black lenders are just as likely as White lenders to show disparities in loan approvals of minority applicants c) Black applicants have their loan applications rejected at a higher rate than White applicants

b) Black lenders are just as likely as White lenders to show disparities in loan approvals of minority applicants

Consider the model of STEM disparities we have been discussing in class. Imagine you want to reduce the gender disparity in STEM participation. According to the data discussed in class, which of the following strategies is most likely to be successful in reducing this gender disparity? a) Lowering the quantitative ability of men b) Changing how women think about STEM c) Making men more interested in working with things d) Raising the quantitative ability of women

b) Changing how women think about STEM

Suppose two groups of employees (men and women, Blacks and Whites, etc.) have equal value for an employer. If businesses are operating in a competitive marketplace, what might we expect with respect to discrimination in employment decisions? a) Employers cannot discriminate against employees b) Employers can discriminate against employees but will pay a competitive price for doing so c) Employers can discriminate against employees and will be more competitive for doing so d) None of the above make sense given a competitive market

b) Employers can discriminate against employees but will pay a competitive price for doing so

A 2017 study of dual-couple physicians found that male physicians were paid more than female physicians, even though male and female physicians both worked the same number of hours per week. a) True b) False

b) False

A consistent pattern of those minority groups who have risen economically has been that they have first achieved political power, influencing legislation that then allowed them to rise economically. a) True b) False

b) False

A review of the history of slavery supports the conclusion that slavery was primarily perpetrated by Europeans, driven by racial animosity and beliefs about racial hierarchy. a) True b) False

b) False

According to Jussim et al. (2009), researchers have been correct to a priori define "stereotypes" as exaggerations of small differences. a) True b) False

b) False

According to Jussim et al. (2009), researchers have been correct to a priori define "stereotypes" as inaccurate beliefs. a) True b) False

b) False

According to Valla & Ceci (2014), the most productive way to increase women's participation in STEM is to strengthen young women's STEM ability. a) True b) False

b) False

An analysis of FBI data supports the claim that White Americans are more likely (relative to their population percentages) than other groups to commit hate crimes. a) True b) False

b) False

As discussed in class, according to Arcidiacono & Lovenheim (2016) there will always be a net benefit to an individual student in attending a higher quality rather than lower quality college. a) True b) False

b) False

Because there are no differences in college preparedness across different racial and ethnic groups, affirmative action programs cannot have negative unintended effects. a) True b) False

b) False

Both Jews and the Overseas Chinese have generally been disliked by the native people in the regions in which these groups have settled. This dislike has prevented these groups from attaining economic success when living among such natives. a) True b) False

b) False

Data from Beaver et al. (2013) suggest that racial disparities in arrest and incarceration rates are best understood as being due to discrimination against Blacks in the criminal justice system. a) True b) False

b) False

Data on minority male vs. minority female outcomes generally support the "double jeopardy" hypothesis from intersectionality theories. a) True b) False

b) False

Hsin & Xie (2014) showed that Asian-American students did not have higher achievement in the classroom compared to White students. a) True b) False

b) False

If an event is a rare event, the likelihood of the event occurring *cannot* differ between groups. a) True b) False

b) False

If we want to know whether "equal pay for equal work" exists, it *would* be appropriate to compare the average income of all working men in the U.S. with the average income of all working women in the U.S. a) True b) False

b) False

Imagine your doctor tells you, "Your test came back positive for hand, foot, & mouth disease. The test is 90% accurate: if you have the disease, there is a 90% chance that the test comes back positive. Your chance of actually having hand, foot, and mouth disease given that your test has come back positive is therefore 90%. a) True b) False

b) False

Prejudice requires power, and therefore only majority group members or high status individuals can be prejudiced. a) True b) False

b) False

Research on stereotype accuracy by Jussim and colleagues (2009) supports the idea that stereotypes are learned by illusory correlation processes. a) True b) False

b) False

Sherif's work on the Robbers Cave Experiment showed that mere contact between groups was sufficient to reduce intergroup prejudice. a) True b) False

b) False

Solanki and Cesario (2022) tried to replicate the findings of McCauley & Stitt (1978). Solanki and Cesario found that although participants in 1978 tended to follow Bayes' rule, participants in 2022 did not. a) True b) False

b) False

Stereotype threat can explain achievement gaps between groups. a) True b) False

b) False

Stereotype threat is a phenomenon limited to academic performance only. a) True b) False

b) False

Surveys on housing preferences suggest that the existence of housing segregation by race is evidence that racial prejudice plays a role in this outcome. a) True b) False

b) False

Teacher bias likely accounts for most of the differences across racial groups in school suspension and expulsion rates. a) True b) False

b) False

Test bias likely explains why different racial groups perform differently on standardized tests in the U.S. a) True b) False

b) False

The "bias" perspective on group disparities is well supported, because those groups who have experienced a more severe history of discrimination in the U.S. tend to do worse economically. a) True b) False

b) False

The evolutionary perspective supports the view that the brain evolved to care about race per se. a) True b) False

b) False

The main conclusion of the Sowell reading is that strong evidence of sex discrimination in pay exists. a) True b) False

b) False

The probability that a person likes pasta given that the person is Italian is the same as the probability that a person is Italian given the person likes pasta. a) True b) False

b) False

There are no non-White minority groups in the U.S. who do better (in terms of economic achievement) than native White U.S. citizens. a) True b) False

b) False

Understanding a group's history of discrimination is *sufficient* for explaining that group's current economic achievement. a) True b) False

b) False

Using an evolutionary framework, we would conclude that men evolved to do underwater welding and other dangerous jobs. a) True b) False

b) False

We examined country-by-country data on the proportion of women in STEM. These data showed that the more "gender equal" a country is, the greater STEM participation among women in that country. a) True b) False

b) False

When given both individuating information and categorical information, the effects of stereotypes are much stronger than the effects of individuating information. a) True b) False

b) False

When looking at data across multiple racial and ethnic groups, those groups which have experienced greater discrimination consistently have worse economic outcomes than those groups which have experienced lesser discrimination a) True b) False

b) False

If people use stereotypes or categorical information in judging another person, this can be taken as evidence that the person is prejudiced toward that group. a) True, because stereotyping correlates highly with prejudice b) False, because even non-prejudiced people can store and be influenced by stereotypes c) True, because stereotyping involves storing information about whether you like or dislike groups d) None of the above are correct

b) False, because even non-prejudiced people can store and be influenced by stereotypes

What is the relationship between implicit bias and individuating information? a) Implicit bias causes people to ignore individuating information b) Individuating information can reduce the impact of implicit bias c) There is no relationship because individuating information is usually unavailable in the real world d) Individuating information is always ambiguous, and implicit bias determines its interpretation

b) Individuating information can reduce the impact of implicit bias

Pietraszewski (2021) found that categorization by teams eliminated categorization by race (but not sex) when team membership was informative of alliance. Why is this an important finding? a) It supports the claim that the human mind evolved to care about sex, age, and race b) It supports the claim that the human mind evolved to care about sex, age, and coalition status c) It supports the claim that all categories are arbitrary

b) It supports the claim that the human mind evolved to care about sex, age, and coalition status

Men are 54% of the labor force but 92% of job-related deaths. What is the relevance of this fact for understanding economic disparities between men and women? a) The fact that men are more likely to die on the job explains why, on average, men earn less than women b) Men are more likely than women to work dangerous jobs, and employers must pay more for dangerous work compared to non-dangerous work c) Men do stupid things at work, forcing employers to pay them more to account for their future possible deaths d) The fact that men are more likely to die on the job has no implications for economic disparities between men and women

b) Men are more likely than women to work dangerous jobs, and employers must pay more for dangerous work compared to non-dangerous work

How does child-rearing influence women's economic outcomes? a) Women with children are paid less than women without children for equal work b) On average, women choose more flexible and part-time work in order to have and raise children c) All women with children work longer hours in order to financially support their children d) Women who are working mothers are paid more than women who are not mothers for equal work

b) On average, women choose more flexible and part-time work in order to have and raise children

_________ is the defining feature that produces the illusory correlation. a) The failure of events b) The distinctiveness of events c) The desirability of events d) The success of events

b) The distinctiveness of events

Ruffle & Sosis (2003) tested Israeli Kibbutz residents' cooperative behavior. Results support which of the following conclusions? a) Kibbutz residents do not display ingroup positivity b) The ingroup/outgroup distinction is fundamental c) When people devote themselves to cooperating with ingroup and outgroup members equally, ingroup bias disappears d) When people devote themselves to cooperating with ingroup and outgroup members equally, they can do so

b) The ingroup/outgroup distinction is fundamental

Consider the statement: "Where there has been a lessening over time of disparities between men and women in their employment, it has been due to a lessening of discrimination under the pressures of government." What would the research from this unit and Sowell's writings suggest about this statement? a) This statement would be accurate if we applied it only to the United States, but it does not apply to other countries b) This statement is incorrect because disparities in pay between men and women were closing even without government laws or intervention c) This statement is perfectly accurate

b) This statement is incorrect because disparities in pay between men and women were closing even without government laws or intervention

"Equal pay for equal work exists. Equal work does not exist." As discussed in class, why is this statement true? a) Women are often assigned to do more work than their male colleagues b) Women and men choose to engage in different types of work c) Employers choose to put women in lower wage jobs d) Employers engage in wage discrimination against women

b) Women and men choose to engage in different types of work

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a measure of ______. a) whether people are racist b) a person's associations between a category and an attribute c) the degree to which people implicitly like or dislike a group d) the degree to which people explicitly like or dislike a group

b) a person's associations between a category and an attribute

Hsin & Xie (2014) showed that the greater classroom performance of Asian-American students was ______ explained by these students' higher levels of ______. a) only slightly; effort b) almost fully; effort c) almost fully; innate cognitive ability d) completely; innate cognitive ability

b) almost fully; effort

In a single-round prisoner's dilemma, the best strategy is to ______. In an iterated (repeated) prisoner's dilemma, the best strategy is to ______. a) always cooperate; cooperate if your partner has cooperated b) always defect; cooperate if your partner has cooperated c) always defect; always cooperate d) always cooperate; always cooperate

b) always defect; cooperate if your partner has cooperated

The mechanism underlying stereotype threat is ____ that stems from _____. a) aggression; worrying about confirming a negative stereotype b) anxiety; worrying about confirming a negative stereotype c) anxiety; resentment about others negatively stereotyping you d) aggression; resentment about others negatively stereotyping you

b) anxiety; worrying about confirming a negative stereotype

Correll et al. (2002) compared White participants and Black participants in the shooter task.What did they find and what do the findings suggest? a) each race is biased against each other; bias depends on ingroup and outgroup distinctions b) both races are biased against Blacks; both races stereotype Blacks as dangerous c) each race is biased against each other; each race stereotypes the other as dangerous d) both races are biased against Blacks; Blacks view Whites as ingroup members

b) both races are biased against Blacks; both races stereotype Blacks as dangerous

Throughout human history, conflicts between groups have been ____ and typically involved neighboring groups that ____. a) common in Western civilization, but not elsewhere; were of shared racial descent b) common across the globe; were of shared racial descent c) common across the globe; differed in racial descent d) common in Western civilization, but not elsewhere; differed in racial descent

b) common across the globe; were of shared racial descent

When considering achievement in mandatory education, both the higher average performance of Asian-Americans and the lower average performance of Black-Americans can be understood as a consequence of ______. a) cognitive load b) effort c) innate ability

b) effort

Correll et al. (2011) found that presenting targets in dangerous contexts compared to neutral contexts _____ race bias in the shooter task. a) increased b) eliminated c) had no effect on d) none of the above

b) eliminated

Research by Yamagishi and colleagues (1999) supports the claim that ______ is necessary for intergroup bias in the minimal group paradigm. a) self-esteem fulfillment b) expectations of future reciprocity c) history of conflict between groups d) competition over scarce resources

b) expectations of future reciprocity

The most common types of implicit bias interventions, such as perspective taking, imagining interracial contact, highlighting common identity, and considering racial injustice, are effective at reducing implicit bias. a) true b) false

b) false

Data from OECD show that countries with more generous parental leave policies have a _______ gender pay gap. a) smaller b) greater

b) greater

Darley and Gross (1983) had participants provide judgments of a girl's academic achievement.Categorical information about the girl's social class was provided via video. Providing an additional video showing the girl's mixed academic performance caused stereotyping on the basis of social class to ____, which suggests that ____. a) increase; prejudice influences the interpretation of ambiguous information b) increase; stereotypes influence the interpretation of ambiguous information c) decrease; ambiguous information reduces stereotyping d) decrease; ambiguous information reduces prejudice

b) increase; stereotypes influence the interpretation of ambiguous information

Ackerman et al. (2006) studied the ability of White participants to accurately recognize faces they had previously seen. Target faces were either White or Black and were either displaying a neutral expression or an angry expression. For Black faces, recognition accuracy _____ in the angry condition compared to the neutral condition because _____. a) increased; the participants frequently had aggressive contact with outgroup members b) increased; the threat of aggression makes attending to outgroup faces functionally important c) decreased; the participants were not familiar with outgroup anger expressions d) decreased; the threat of aggression disrupts our ability to attend to outgroup faces

b) increased; the threat of aggression makes attending to outgroup faces functionally important

According to implicit bias researchers, decisions are most likely to be influenced by implicit bias when people: a) have individuating information about a person b) make decisions very quickly c) are aware of their implicit associations

b) make decisions very quickly

Faster reaction times for a certain category of words in a Lexical Decision Task indicate: a) positive feelings towards that category b) more cognitive activation of that category c) less cognitive activation of that category d) negative feelings towards that category

b) more cognitive activation of that category

The research discussed in class supports the _______ hypothesis more than it supports the ______ hypothesis. a) double-jeopardy .... outgroup male target b) outgroup male target .... double-jeopardy c) male invariance ... outgroup male target d) single-jeopardy .... double-jeopardy

b) outgroup male target .... double-jeopardy

Select the answer choice corresponding to the following statement: The probability that a person is nurturing given that the person is a woman is greater than the probability that a person is nurturing given that the person is a man. a) p(woman | nurturing) > p(man | nurturing) b) p(nurturing | woman) > p(nurturing | man) c) p(nurturing | man) > p(nurturing | woman) d) p(man | nurturing) > p(woman | nurturing)

b) p(nurturing | woman) > p(nurturing | man)

Americans are generally low in explicit bias. According to the implicit bias perspective, discrimination still occurs in our society today because: a) Americans are dishonest when reporting their explicit bias b) people cannot control their implicit bias or are unaware of their implicit biases c) implicit bias predicts behavior better than explicit bias d) some people choose not to control their implicit bias

b) people cannot control their implicit bias or are unaware of their implicit biases

Stereotypes can be preserved even after learning about a person whose behavior is inconsistent with the stereotype. The inconsistent behavior is LEAST likely to change a person's stereotype when the: a) person's behavior is attributed to conscious deliberation b) person has many counter-stereotypic traits c) person's behavior is attributed to personality traits d) person has few counter-stereotypic traits

b) person has many counter-stereotypic traits

You walk into class looking for an open seat. As you look out over the class, you see someone dressed like you and who seems to be from the same religious background. You immediately experience a feeling of comfort around that person. According to the definitions provided in class, this example can best be understood as: a) reproductive success b) prejudice c) stereotyping

b) prejudice

Cooperative Learning, Categorization, and Contact Hypothesis describe three classes of interventions designed to: a) reduce dehumanization b) reduce intergroup prejudice c) increase empathy d) increase humanization

b) reduce intergroup prejudice

The "moralistic fallacy" is: a) the mistake of inferring what ought to be true from what is true b) the mistake of inferring what is true from what ought to be true

b) the mistake of inferring what is true from what ought to be true

As discussed in class, what are two factors in real world interactions that might reduce theimpact of implicit bias? a) interaction partners belong to multiple categories 2. interaction partners correct bias through microbehaviors b) the people we interact with appear in social contexts 2. we learn individuating information about interaction partners c) interaction partners are uncategorizable 2. we learn individuating information about interaction partners d) interaction partners are uncategorizable 2. interaction partners correct bias through microbehavior

b) the people we interact with appear in social contexts 2. we learn individuating information about interaction partners

As discussed in class, Gricean maxims of conversation can be used to explain: a) hypodescent b) use of infrequent categories c) use of linguistic accent as a coalition cue d) motivated categorization

b) use of infrequent categories

The purpose of Macrae, Bodenhausen, & Milne's (1995) study in which participants watched videos of a Chinese woman was to test: ________. a) whether the Chinese stereotype was stronger than the female stereotype b) whether categorization of a target could be impacted by the context in which that target appeared c) whether people's motivation could impact how they categorized a target d) whether people could suppress or inhibit the Chinese stereotype when it was not applicable

b) whether categorization of a target could be impacted by the context in which that target appeared

Social Dominance Theory proposes that human societies are organized around three hierarchies. Which are the three? a) Reproductive Success, Kin Selection, Inclusive Fitness b) Age, Gender, Ethnicity c) Age, Gender, Arbitrary Set d) Age, Gender, Race

c) Age, Gender, Arbitrary Set

Imagine someone holds the stereotype that Asians are intelligent. What is the best way to describe what the person believes? a) All Asians are highly intelligent b) Most highly intelligent people are Asian c) An Asian person is more likely than a member of a comparison group to be highly intelligent d) All Asians are more intelligent than the average member of a comparison group

c) An Asian person is more likely than a member of a comparison group to be highly intelligent

Hsin & Xie (2014) found that _____ students were more likely to believe that _____ was most important for success at mathematics. a) Asian-American; innate ability b) Asian-American; IQ c) Asian-American; effort d) White American; effort

c) Asian-American; effort

Some people propose that one solution to the problem of racial disparities in mortgage approval decisions is to make lenders "blind" to the race of the applicant. According to data presented in this section, why is this strategy unlikely to fix the problem? a) Because it would take too much time to implement this practice b) Because lenders would find ways to discover the race of the applicant c) Because racial groups actually differ in those criteria used by lenders to make lending decisions d) Because lenders would be resistant to this change

c) Because racial groups actually differ in those criteria used by lenders to make lending decisions

Which of the following most accurately describes the findings of Olsson et al. (2005)? a) White participants showed resistance to fear extinction when conditioned to fear Black faces b) Black participants showed resistance to fear extinction when conditioned to fear White faces c) Both White and Black participants showed resistance to fear extinction when conditioned to fear racial outgroup faces d) Both White and Black participants showed resistance to fear extinction when conditioned to fear Black faces

c) Both White and Black participants showed resistance to fear extinction when conditioned to fear racial outgroup faces

When businesses are exposed to high levels of crime in a particular neighborhood, in what sense are the costs of that crime "passed on" to the local community? a) Politicians are less likely to enforce laws against price gouging in high crime areas b) Crime increases competition among businesses, which results in businesses providing lower quality service c) Crime raises the costs of doing business and business owners compensate for these costs by raising prices for all, including those innocent community members who have not stolen d) Crime causes business owners to become more resentful and charge exploitative prices

c) Crime raises the costs of doing business and business owners compensate for these costs by raising prices for all, including those innocent community members who have not stolen

One intervention to recruit more women into STEM fields would be to emphasize the social aspects of these fields. What is the rationale behind such an intervention? a) Depictions of social activity would decrease women's beliefs that STEM fields require high levels of quantitative ability b) Depictions of social activity would decrease women's beliefs that gender discrimination is prevalent in STEM fields c) Depictions of social activity would increase women's beliefs that there are opportunities to meet their greater interest in working with people within STEM fields d) Depictions of social activity would increase women's competence at STEM disciplines

c) Depictions of social activity would increase women's beliefs that there are opportunities to meet their greater interest in working with people within STEM fields

Which statement is the best description of how "disparate outcomes" and "different treatment" are related? a) If different treatment is eliminated, then there will no longer be disparate outcomes b) If groups have disparate outcomes, then these different outcomes must have been caused by differences in how the groups were treated c) Different treatment is one possible cause of disparate outcomes.

c) Different treatment is one possible cause of disparate outcomes.

If a law mandated that men and women receive equal pay regardless of employee value, what would be one likely effect on the employment rates for women? a) Employment of women would increase b) Employment of women would stay the same c) Employment of women would decrease d) None of the above

c) Employment of women would decrease

Consider mathematically precocious youth. Which of the following is true about this group? a) There are differences in interest between boys and girls in this group, but they emerge only after years of schooling has 'cemented' their interests b) There are no differences in interest between boys and girls in this group c) Even among these youth, girls show higher interest in people and boys show higher interest in things d) There are more girls than boys who are mathematically precocious

c) Even among these youth, girls show higher interest in people and boys show higher interest in things

Imagine that Group A and Group B have unequal college admission rates: Group A gets admitted to college at a higher rate than Group B. Imagine that colleges use standardized test scores to determine admissions: Applicants must score above a 600 in order to be admitted. If Group A has higher average standardized test scores than Group B, which of the following is the most accurate conclusion? a) Because the groups differ in their test scores, it is impossible for any discrimination in admissions to be occurring b) Regardless of whether the groups differ in their test scores, the fact that there is a disparate outcome necessarily means discrimination in admissions is occurring c) Even if the groups differ in their test scores, we cannot yet be sure how much the disparity in admissions rates is due to test score differences without more information

c) Even if the groups differ in their test scores, we cannot yet be sure how much the disparity in admissions rates is due to test score differences without more information

According to social dominance theory, what psychological foundation serves as a unique basis of women's prejudice against out-group men? a) Aggression related to defeating same-sex competitors b) Fearfulness related to reputation damage c) Fearfulness related to sexual coercion d) Aggression related to seizing scarce resources

c) Fearfulness related to sexual coercion

______ are the "gold-standard" for testing prejudice reduction interventions because it combines external and internal validity. a) Diversity training courses b) Educational interventions c) Field experiments d) Laboratory experiments

c) Field experiments

The history of Jewish immigrants and overseas Chinese immigrants suggests what about the relationship between overt discrimination and economic achievement? a) Overt discrimination often leads to prejudice and hatred, which causes immigrant achievement levels to remain flat b) Once overt discrimination becomes sufficiently harsh, groups may never be able to recover in terms of achievement c) Immigrant groups can follow a cyclical trajectory, experiencing reduced achievement during periods of overt discrimination and high levels of achievement when overt discrimination is lifted d) Immigrant groups experience a linear rise in achievement regardless of overt discrimination

c) Immigrant groups can follow a cyclical trajectory, experiencing reduced achievement during periods of overt discrimination and high levels of achievement when overt discrimination is lifted

According to Arkes & Tetlock, a person's score on the implicit association test may reflect his or her awareness of cultural stereotypes. Why is this important? a) It supports the view that the IAT measures prejudice b) It supports the view that the IAT predicts discriminatory behavior c) It argues against the view that the IAT measures prejudice d) It argues against the view that the IAT predicts discriminatory behavior

c) It argues against the view that the IAT measures prejudice

What does it mean for an individual to be "more fit" with the environment? a) It means that an individual prefers to be around some individuals and not others b) It means that an individual has figured out how to reproduce faster than some other individual c) It means that some characteristic makes that individual more likely to survive and reproduce than some other individual

c) It means that some characteristic makes that individual more likely to survive and reproduce than some other individual

According to the data discussed in lecture (from the CivilRights Commission Report on illegal immigration), what is the likely effect of immigrants working illegally in the country on Black Americans' wages and employment levels? a) Likely a positive effect overall, though a small negative effect in some industries b) Likely a negative effect, but no different than the negative effect on White Americans' wages and employment c) Likely a negative, harmful effect d) Likely a positive, beneficial effect

c) Likely a negative, harmful effect

Is your baby racist? a) Yes b) No c) No, but your baby is born ready to favor the ingroup

c) No, but your baby is born ready to favor the ingroup

According to the evolutionary perspective, why is racial categorization an automatic process among people in our society? a) Our ancestors could use race to decide who to mate with b) Race categorization occurs due to an error in coalition detection systems c) Race predicts coalition in current society d) Our ancestors could use race to determine who they were genetically related to

c) Race predicts coalition in current society

Data on female participation in STEM across countries supports which of the following conclusions? a) It will be impossible to change STEM participation rates of women b) Societal norms exert a strong effect on women's career preferences in Western countries c) The more women are free to pursue their interests, the less participation in STEM fields by women d) Gender roles restrict women's participation in STEM

c) The more women are free to pursue their interests, the less participation in STEM fields by women

Consider the following quote from the Sowell reading: "Do we really want men and women to have equality of income? Or do we really want both men and women to have an equal chance to work 80 hours in their prime reproductive years?" This quote illustrates which of the following important points? a) Whenever we give groups equal opportunities, equal outcomes will always follow b) The best method of guaranteeing equal outcomes is to have federal laws requiring equal outcomes c) There is a difference between equal outcomes and equal opportunities, and having one does not guarantee having the other

c) There is a difference between equal outcomes and equal opportunities, and having one does not guarantee having the other

In McCauley & Stitt (1978), what was the purpose of comparing participants' "judged p(trait|German)" with participants' "calculated p(trait|German)"? a) To see whether participants were racist against Germans b) To see whether participants could compute difficult probability judgments when asked to do so c) To see whether participants' judgments followed Bayes' Rule d) To see whether participants liked or disliked Germans

c) To see whether participants' judgments followed Bayes' Rule

What was the purpose of Pietraszewski's (2021) research using the "Who Said What" task? a) To test whether humans evolved to track people's shirt color b) To test whether people would prefer to remember a person's race or sex c) To test whether coalitional cues could 'override' race-based categorization

c) To test whether coalitional cues could 'override' race-based categorization

On average, males (compared to females) gain more fitness from ____, which explains why males _____. a) parenting effort; use more risky tactics in competition b) parenting effort; have more to lose from competition c) acquiring an additional mate; use more risky tactics in competition d) none of the above

c) acquiring an additional mate; use more risky tactics in competition

Stereotypes ____________ ; Prejudice __________ a) can be positive or negative; is always negative b) is always negative; is always negative c) can be positive or negative; can be positive or negative d) is always negative; can be positive or negative

c) can be positive or negative; can be positive or negative

Research on cooperative learning (such as the Jigsaw classroom) has found that intergroup prejudice is reduced when: a) children take turns talking about their feelings b) children play Jenga together c) children each have some part of a lesson required by all to learn d) children work on jigsaw puzzles together

c) children each have some part of a lesson required by all to learn

The brain evolved to process people in terms of their age, sex, and _______. a) race b) sexual orientation c) coalition

c) coalition

The social dominance orientation scale measures the motivation to _____. Cross-national data show that scores on the scale are almost always _____. a) dominate in-group members; equal for men and women b) dominate in-group members; higher for men than women c) dominate out-group members; higher for men than women d) dominate out-group members; equal for men and women

c) dominate out-group members; higher for men than women

Based on Haidt and Jussim's conclusions from the U.S. Army's efforts to achieve racial integration and equality, which of the following would be effective techniques for reducing intergroup prejudice in college? a) identity-based student organizations b) different admissions standards for different racial groups c) early, pre-college intervention programs to eliminate academic gaps across racial groups d) race-based affirmative action admissions policies

c) early, pre-college intervention programs to eliminate academic gaps across racial groups

The strength of aggression as a predictor of prejudice is ____. The strength of fear of sexual coercion as a predictor of prejudice is ____. a) equal for both sexes; equal for both sexes b) equal for both sexes; higher for women c) higher for men; higher for women d) higher for men; equal for both sexes

c) higher for men; higher for women

Shooter task research with undergraduate samples generally finds that if unarmed targets are Black rather than White, rates of incorrect shooting are ____ and reaction times for correct decisions to not shoot are ____. a) the same; slower b) the same; faster c) higher; faster d) higher; slower

c) higher; faster

Asian-American students have _____ SAT scores compared to White American students; Asian-American students have _____ GPAs compared to White American students. a) higher; lower b) lower; higher c) higher; higher d) lower; lower

c) higher; higher

The marginal fitness gains from acquiring more mates are _____ for _____. a) the same; males and females b) absent; both males and females c) higher; males d) lower; males

c) higher; males

The Outgroup Homogeneity Effect refers to the tendency to perceive the outgroup as inferior to the ingroup a) more threatening than the ingroup b) more variable than the ingroup c) less variable than the ingroup

c) less variable than the ingroup

Asian Americans have ____ mortgage application rejection rates than White Americans, which ____. a) higher; suggests that banks engage in racial discrimination even against qualified loan candidates b) lower; suggests that racial stereotypes influence how banks evaluate loan candidates c) lower; can be explained by the fact that Asian Americans make more money and have better credit than White Americans d) higher; can be explained by the fact that Asian Americans make less money and have worse credit than White Americans

c) lower; can be explained by the fact that Asian Americans make more money and have better credit than White Americans

Data from laboratory "shooter" tasks have been interpreted as showing that police officers shoot unarmed Black males due to: a) officers' prejudice toward Black males b) officers' racism against Black males c) officers' implicit associations between Black males and weapons

c) officers' implicit associations between Black males and weapons

A prejudice intervention that instructs people "to think about how we're all the same, how we're all humans" would be which of the following types? a) decategorization b) crossed-categorization c) recategorization d) integration

c) recategorization

Suppose two people play the iterative Prisoner's Dilemma. When one student defects, the other defects on the next round. This strategy is known as: a) always defect b) always cooperate c) tit-for-tat

c) tit-for-tat

Use of stereotypes increases accuracy ____, but leads to many errors when _____. a) only when the group difference is large; there is little variation within the stereotyped group b) when there is a group difference of any size; there is little variation within the stereotyped group c) when there is a group difference of any size; the stereotyped attribute is uncommon in the stereotyped group d) only when the group difference is large; the stereotyped attribute is uncommon in the stereotyped group

c) when there is a group difference of any size; the stereotyped attribute is uncommon in the stereotyped group

Suppose you roll a single die 10 times. The die has six sides, numbered 1 to 6. Which of the following is a possible distribution of the outcomes of these rolls? a) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 b) 6 c) 1 d) 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6

d) 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6

Consider a case in which groups receive unequal outcomes and there are average differences across groups in terms of the ability required to obtain that outcome. What can you conclude about this situation? a) An intervention that causes the average ability level across groups to become more similar will only result in more equal outcomes if there is no prior history of discrimination in the society b) Group differences in outcomes are the result of current discrimination c) Group differences in ability are the result of prior discrimination d) An intervention that causes the average ability level across groups to become more similar will result in more equal outcomes

d) An intervention that causes the average ability level across groups to become more similar will result in more equal outcomes

From a policy perspective, which proposal for reducing interest rates for short-term loans used by urban people is based on the idea of changing costs? a) Place limits on the levels of profit urban lenders can earn b) Require that race information be excluded from loan applications c) Require that urban lenders and suburban lenders charge the same interest rate d) Increase the efficiency of processing and selling short-term loans

d) Increase the efficiency of processing and selling short-term loans

Imagine a new parental leave policy in which both fathers and mothers are *required* to take time off from work following the birth of a child. As discussed in class, how would this influence the income disparity between men and women? a) It would reduce the gender disparity by increasing women's desire to be as competitive as men b) It would reduce the gender disparity by equalizing the cultural value placed on male-dominated and female-dominated professions c) The gender disparity would stay the same because mothers and fathers would still receive unequal pay for equal work d) It would reduce the gender disparity by equalizing the negative impact of child birth on men and women's career development

d) It would reduce the gender disparity by equalizing the negative impact of child birth on men and women's career development

A comparison of the incomes of Japanese Americans andPuerto Rican Americans suggests a) Each group has reached a similar economic position despite experiencing different levels of discrimination in the past b) Each group has reached a similar economic position, which reflects the similar experiences of past discrimination for these two groups c) Japanese Americans have better outcomes than Puerto Rican Americans, which reflects the fact that Puerto Ricans were historically exposed to more severe discrimination d) Japanese Americans have better outcomes than Puerto Rican Americans despite the fact that Japanese Americans were historically exposed to equal or worse levels of discrimination

d) Japanese Americans have better outcomes than Puerto Rican Americans despite the fact that Japanese Americans were historically exposed to equal or worse levels of discrimination

Which of the following is a conditional probability? a) The probability of someone being male b) The probability of someone being male given that the person is 6 feet tall c) The probability of someone being female given that the person is 6 feet tall d) More than one of the above

d) More than one of the above

According to reciprocal altruism, why might we share with ingroup members and not outgroup members? a) We have a longer time horizon with ingroup members compared to outgroup members b) Outgroup members can be ostracized c) We can readily monitor ingroup members d) More than one of the above is correct

d) More than one of the above is correct

As seen in Social Dominance Theory, the _________ hypothesis can be derived from sexual selection and parental investment theories. a) Outgroup Male Target Hypothesis b) Motive Differential Hypothesis c) Invariance Hypothesis d) More than one of the above is correct

d) More than one of the above is correct

Findings from the Minimal Group paradigm support which of the following conclusions? a) People care more about their group being relatively better than other groups than they care about the absolute outcomes of their group b) Competition over real, valued resources is necessary to trigger intergroup bias c) Mere categorization into ingroups and outgroups is enough to trigger intergroup bias d) More than one of the above is correct

d) More than one of the above is correct

Why do affirmative action policies as currently practiced at elite institutions result in racial group differences in the classroom? a) College readiness varies across racial groups b) Different standards for admission are applied across racial groups c) Universities do not provide the necessary remediation for unprepared students d) More than one of the above is correct

d) More than one of the above is correct

Navarrete et al.'s (2009) findings using a fear conditioning & extinction paradigm most directly supports which of the following Social Dominance Theory hypotheses? a) Kin Selection b) Invariance Hypothesis c) Motive Differential Hypothesis d) Outgroup Male Target Hypothesis

d) Outgroup Male Target Hypothesis

What is one reason why people might devote more attention to inconsistent information compared to consistent information? a) This is a trick question; people always prefer consistent information to inconsistent information b) More than one of the above is correct c) People may be motivated to avoid learning about troubling information d) People want to make the inconsistent information fit with their overall stereotype, allowing them to maintain the stereotype

d) People want to make the inconsistent information fit with their overall stereotype, allowing them to maintain the stereotype

The fact that ingroup/outgroup bias is observed in the minimal group paradigm suggests what about prejudice? a) Prejudice is uncommon outside the context of race relations b) Prejudice requires a history of conflict c) Prejudice only emerges when groups are based on culturally meaningful categories d) Prejudice is a basic human tendency

d) Prejudice is a basic human tendency

Married men usually have higher incomes than single men of the same age. According to Sowell (2008), what is the most likely reason for this? a) This is a trick question; married men do not earn more than single men b) Married men are less happy than single men, and this misery translates into the married man wanting to spend more time at work to avoid his spouse c) Married men are happier than single men, and this additional happiness translates into better workplace performance d) Some portion of single men's time is spent on tasks (food shopping, etc.) performed by the wife of a married man, freeing the married man to spend that time at work

d) Some portion of single men's time is spent on tasks (food shopping, etc.) performed by the wife of a married man, freeing the married man to spend that time at work

An association between a group and an attribute is the definition of _____; treating people differently on the basis of their group membership is the definition of _____. a) Stereotyping; Prejudice b) Prejudice; Stereotyping c) Prejudice; Discrimination d) Stereotyping; Discrimination

d) Stereotyping; Discrimination

"The urban poor are exploited by business owners." What is a good reason to question the truth of this statement? a) Business owners in urban areas are not motivated by profit b) The urban poor and suburban residents pay the same prices for products c) The urban poor and suburban residents have equal access to services d) The costs of operating a business in urban areas tend to be higher

d) The costs of operating a business in urban areas tend to be higher

Imagine a person encounters a Black female performing a stereotypically feminine activity. Now imagine a different scenario where a person encounters a Black female performing a stereotypically Black activity. How would categorization of this person be affected in these two contexts? a) The stereotypic feminine activity would influence categorization, but the stereotypic Black activity would not influence categorization because race is a fundamental category b) The context would not alter the tendency to categorize by race or sex c) The stereotypic Black activity would influence categorization, but the stereotypic feminine activity would not influence categorization because sex is a fundamental category d) The stereotypic feminine activity would increase the tendency to categorize by sex, and the stereotypic Black activity would increase the tendency to categorize by race

d) The stereotypic feminine activity would increase the tendency to categorize by sex, and the stereotypic Black activity would increase the tendency to categorize by race

Imagine you need to choose a babysitter, and you're choosing between a man and a woman. (Women are stereotyped as being more nurturing than men.) Which of the following two conditions are *necessary* for the use of stereotypes to increase accuracy in your decision to choose a nurturing babysitter? a) Women are much more nurturing than men, and you don't have much clear individuating information about the potential babysitters b) Women are at least somewhat more nurturing than men, and you have plenty of clear individuating information about the potential babysitters c) Women are much more nurturing than men, and you have plenty of clear individuating information about the potential babysitters d) Women are at least somewhat more nurturing than men, and you don't have much clear individuating information about the potential babysitters

d) Women are at least somewhat more nurturing than men, and you don't have much clear individuating information about the potential babysitters

According to Haidt & Jussim (2016), which of the following university policies will likely WORSEN race relations on college campuses? a) race-based affirmative action admissions policies b) microaggression training c) membership in race-based student organizations d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Imagine the following experiment: You send out fake job applications to 100 jobs. You vary the sex and race of the supposed applicant: the applicant is described as a Black male, Black female, White male, or White female. Social Dominance Theory predicts which of the applications will receive the fewest contacts? a) white females b) black females c) white males d) black males

d) black males

Stereotypes are most likely to influence how we perceive a person's behavior when we have ____ and when the nature of the behavior is ____. a) categorical and individuating information ... ambiguous b) categorical but not individuating information ... clear c) categorical and individuating information ... clear d) categorical but not individuating information ... ambiguous

d) categorical but not individuating information ... ambiguous

The Contact Hypothesis proposes that _________ can effectively reduce intergroup prejudice. a) any contact b) minimal group contact c) mere contact d) contact under specific, ideal conditions

d) contact under specific, ideal conditions

A prejudice intervention that instructs people "to ignore a person's group identity and instead focus on a person's unique characteristics" would be which of the following types? a) recategorization b) crossed-categorization c) integration d) decategorization

d) decategorization

Imagine a person is deciding how to allocate money between the in-group and the out-group. The first option gives $10 to the in-group and $5 to the out-group. The second option gives $20 to the in-group and $19 to the out- group. The first option maximizes _____, which is consistent with the goal of _____. a) absolute benefit; in-group charity b) absolute benefit; establishing superiority c) difference; in-group charity d) difference; establishing superiority

d) difference; establishing superiority

In a study by Carver and de la Garza (1984), participants listed questions they would ask about a driver involved in a car accident. When the driver was described as old, participants were more likely to ask questions about _____, which illustrates how stereotypes promote searching for _____ information. a) drunk driving; disconfirming b) health issues; disconfirming c) drunk driving; confirming d) health issues; confirming

d) health issues; confirming

Across two studies, Hamilton & Gifford (1976) showed that stereotypes form when infrequent groups perform ______ behaviors. a) positive b) frequent c) negative d) infrequent

d) infrequent

Most real-world interventions used by corporations and government agencies to reduce prejudice suffer from low _________. a) external validity b) participation c) intelligence d) internal validity

d) internal validity

Imagine a small store and a large store that sell similar products. The small store receives its inventory in a series of many small shipments and keeps less inventory in storage, whereas the large store receives a fewer number of bigger shipments and uses more storage. The small store will be ____ and will have higher ____ . a) more efficient; profits b) less efficient; profits c) more efficient; prices d) less efficient; prices

d) less efficient; prices

As discussed in class, reducing the average income gap between men and women would require policies that: a) lead women to view positions of power as more attainable b) train women to develop the leadership skills they need to reach their goals c)prohibit employers from engaging in wage discrimination d) make the sexes more equal in terms of work experience and employee value

d) make the sexes more equal in terms of work experience and employee value

Laboratory studies on prejudice reduction are ______ in number and ______ in external validity. a) few... strong b) many... strong c) few... weak d) many... weak

d) many... weak

Among women (compared to men), high quantitative skill is ___ likely to be accompanied by high verbal skill. This suggests that women prefer "symmetric" fields like psychology and medicine because these fields ____. a) more; allow women to use their verbal skills to compensate for their poor quantitative skills b) less; allow women to use their verbal skills to compensate for their poor quantitative skills c) less; allow women to use both their verbal and quantitative skills d) more; allow women to use both their verbal and quantitative skills

d) more; allow women to use both their verbal and quantitative skills

Research on stereotype accuracy by Jussim and colleagues (2009) suggests that: a) it's very difficult to study the accuracy of any stereotypes b) nearly all stereotypes are highly inaccurate c) nearly all stereotypes are highly accurate d) most of our racial and gender stereotypes are "pretty accurate."

d) most of our racial and gender stereotypes are "pretty accurate"

Simonovits and colleagues (2017) found which of the following techniques to effectively reduce intergroup prejudice? a) jigsaw classroom b) superordinate goal c) cooperative learning d) perspective taking

d) perspective taking

In the evaluative race-based IAT, implicit racial bias against Blacks is indicated by reaction times that are _____ when "Blacks" is paired with "Good." According to the readings for this unit, it is possible that this implicit bias can result from _____. a) faster; both prejudice and stereotypes b) slower; stereotypes but not prejudice c) faster; prejudice but not stereotypes d) slower; both prejudice and stereotypes

d) slower; both prejudice and stereotypes

If a job is dangerous, then ____ of employees for that job is decreased, which increases ____. a) demand; discrimination b) demand; wages c) supply; discrimination d) supply; wages

d) supply; wages

The purpose of Tajfel & Wilkes (1963) was: a) to test whether prejudice could be understood with the same processes that we use to judge physical stimuli b) to test whether the lighting in a room impacted participants' judgments of lines c) to test whether the lighting in a room impacted participants' use of stereotype information d) to test whether stereotyping could be understood with the same processes that we use to judge physical stimuli

d) to test whether stereotyping could be understood with the same processes that we use to judge physical stimuli

Duncan (1976) found that, compared to a push performed by a White actor, a push performed by a Black actor was more likely to be perceived as ____ and more likely to be attributed to the ____. a) playing around; person b) playing around; situation c) violent; situation d) violent; person

d) violent; person