PSY 3430 Exam 4
According to the Triandis (1994) model, when are researchers most likely to commit ethnocentrism?
When the "real" nature of the situation seems very obvious.
A pessimistic strategy produces a _______ outlook on life, but can also motivate _______.
negative; goal-seeking behavior
Match each cross-cultural difference with the appropriate ecological explanation
Certain Traits increase interpersonal contacts and disease risk: - Extraversion, Openness, and Sociosexuality are lower in countries near the equator Thousands of years ago, the development of complex agricultural projects and water systems required the coordination of many people: - China is considered to be high in collectivism In some cultures, catching fish sometimes requires venturing out to sea, which is hazardous. In other countries, fish can be caught easily in the home lagoon: - Cultures have different patterns of gender roles and aggressive behavior
What trait is most clearly associated with positive health outcomes?
conscientiousness
Identify the important functions of the self.
Functions of the Self: - helps us understand others based on our experiences - directs the gathering of accurate information about personality and ability - helps us to restrain or maintain our behaviors - organizes the information needed to study Not Functions: - organizes the information needed to study
In what way is behavioral consistency limited?
It is not strong enough to predict a single action in a single situation
After more than a decade of the DSM-IV's widespread use, it became widely acknowledged that a major text revision was long overdue. What is the main difference between the original DSM-IV, and the latest version, the DSM-5?
The DSM-5 has a more scientifically grounded disorder classification system
Which of the following is not evidence of the unconscious mind?
conscientiousness is strongly related to longevity
According to what we know about cross-situational consistency of behavior, if Ted is the most extraverted person attending a wedding, he will most likely be the _______ extraverted person at a funeral. Moreover, if Sandy was the least agreeable child in her play group, she has likely grown up to be the _______ agreeable person in her peer group as an adult.
most; least
Learning a behavior vicariously, by seeing someone else do it, is called what?
observational learning
According to the text, research seeking to improve individuals' health typically focuses on understanding the relationship between health and _______.
personality
From the perspective of cognitive psychology, emotions can be considered a kind of _______ , similar to skills such as riding a bike, singing, or shooting basketballs.
procedural knowledge
The recent updates to the DSM include a(n) _______ in the number of disorders and, more importantly, a change from placing disorders into categories, recognizing that disorders are more a matter of _______.
reduction; degree
What is the focus of the psychoanalytic approach to personality psychology?
unconscious motivations and conflicts
Which of the following people engages in behavior most typical of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)?
The person is bound by rituals and rules, and may become a "workaholic" who works for work's sake rather than necessarily to get anything done
What is the main finding of biological research?
patterns of personality are associated with anatomical brain structures
What therapy has sometimes been effective for treating borderline personality disorder (BPD)?
dialectical behavioral therapy
Why are labels useful with regard to psychological disorders?
research about mental illness would be impossible without labels
Why is it important to study the unconscious mind?
Correct: - Some aspects of the self, such as prejudice, are only known implicitly. - Researchers have the ability to prime perceptions, memories, and thoughts. - Some people have brain damage so severe that they cannot control certain behaviors. Incorrect: - Humans have the ability to have free will. - Humans have the ability to store large amounts of information in their short-term memory.
Which of the following individuals suffer from either ego-syntonic or ego-dystonic personality disorders?
Ego-Syntonic Personality Disorder: - individuals who feel that their symptoms are normal and valued aspects of who they are, and who may even rate disorder-related traits as likable - individuals with antisocial or narcissistic personality disorders Ego-Dystonic Personality Disorder: - individuals who want to be cured of their personality disorder - individuals who experience symptoms of confusion, depression, or anxiety in relation to their personality disorder
Which of the following statements accurately describe narcissistic personality disorder (NPD)?
Correct: - It is difficult to treat - It is easy to diagnose - It is hard to estimate its prevalence in the population Incorrect: - It is ego-dystonic - It is associated with self-harm
According to the text, labeling can be dangerous, because it runs the risk of _______ so many undesirable patterns of behavior that the concept of mental illness begins to _______.
pathologizing; disappear
Our __________ is based on past experiences that direct how we relate with each of the important people in our lives.
relational self-schema
The value of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) is that it can help to measure the characteristics of our implicit self. Why is this valuable?
Our implicit selves can influence our emotions and behaviors
According to self-discrepancy theory, what determines how you feel about life?
The disconnect between your desired selves and your actual self
What finding has been used to support the argument that personality itself has no meaning in collectivist societies?
There are relatively few trait-related words in Chinese
In general, members of _______ cultures spend less time with more people; members of _______ cultures spend more time with fewer people.
individualist; collectivist
What is the term for an individual's unique view of the world?
construal
Which of the following traits increase over the life course?
Correct: - emotional stability; openness to experience; conscientiousness; agreeableness Incorrect: - Personality traits do not change throughout the lifespan; neuroticism; extraversion
Match each cluster from the DSM-IV to the personality disorders that it would include.
Cluster A: - Schizotypal, schizoid, and paranoid Cluster B: - histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, and borderline Cluster C: - dependent, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive
The enhancement of long-term memory that comes from thinking of how information relates to the self is called what?
the self-reference effect
What are the images we have or can construct of the other ways we might be?
possible selves
Identify each of the following as an example of either emics or etics.
Emics: - yuan - amae Etics: - duty - obligation
Philosopher John Locke claimed that the human mind is a blank slate at birth. What do decades of biologically based research say about Locke's claim?
It is completely inaccurate
Individualistic and collectivist societies can be further categorized as what?
vertical or horizontal
According to Henrich et al., 80 percent of participants recruited for psychological studies come from countries that exhibit which of the following characteristics?
(WEIRD) - Western - Educated - Industrialized - Rich - Democratic
What is one potential issue identified in the text of diagnosing personality disorders?
There is no sharp defining line between normal personality and abnormal personality
Johnny frequently gets into fights and is generally described as hostile and aggressive. Based on this information, what conclusion can reasonably be drawn about his personality and health?
His hostile personality likely puts him in situations that lead to dangerous confrontations
What is cultural relativism?
The idea that all cultural views of reality are equally valid.
The comparison between cultures that tolerate very little deviance from the norm and cultures that give great allowance toward the norm is reflected in which dimension of difference?
Tightness-looseness dimension
What is a downfall of psychology when viewed as a deterministic science?
it tends to ignore free will and the related concept of personal responsibility
Proponents of social learning theory found several fundamental shortcomings in behaviorism. What is not one of these shortcomings?
Classical behaviorism is based on research using humans, as opposed to animals
Which of the following are components of the self, or the me, according to James?
Components of the Self: - level of openness - whether you own a bicycle - your relationship with your sister - eye color - skill level at playing tennis - that you feel most comfortable at your grandma's house Not Components of the Self: - your relationship with the cashier at the grocery store - your relationships with a new coworker at work
Why is the meaning of trait-level comparisons between cultures not always clear?
It may not be true that the same traits can be used to meaningfully describe people from different cultures
Zane believes that he is superior to everyone else and expects constant recognition for his above-average appearance, intelligence, and skills. If Zane's therapist were using the DSM-IV to diagnose him, in which cluster of disorders would the therapist put Zane?
Cluster B
Which of the following are limitations to personality consistency?
Correct: - Behavior changes from one situation to the next. - Behavioral consistency is not strong enough to predict a single action in a single situation with any great fidelity. Incorrect: - Personality is consistent across situations but not across the life course. - Personality consistency can only be assessed via self-report measures.
Dr. Parthe is interested in the parts of the brain that are associated with addiction and is using the _______ approach(es). Conversely, Dr. Stanley uses the _______ approach(es) to investigate how addictive behavior is learned throughout a person's life and the most effective ways to help people unlearn this behavior.
biological; learning and cognitive
What is a particularly important influence on your working self-concept?
the people you are with
The author of your text describes a scenario wherein his psychology professor would give extra points on an exam if students figured out and said the right word. This scenario illustrates a number of relevant points to learning, motivation, and the self. Which of the following apply to this scenario?
Correct Answers: - Behaviors that we expect to be reinforced are more likely to happen again. - by watching others, we can learn what is reinforced - behaviors that are reinforced are more likely to happen again - behaviorist theory - social learning theory Incorrect Answers: - psychoanalytic theory - trait theory
Match each major personality disorder to the corresponding behavioral pattern.
Avoidant Personality Disorder: - extreme social withdrawal resulting from fear of criticism Narcissistic personality disorder: - expectations of unconditional recognition and admiration of others Borderline personality disorder: - unstable and confused behavior and patterns of self-harm Schizotypal Personality Disorder: - distorted experiences of reality, jumbled thinking, and hallucinations Antisocial Personality Disorder: - manipulation, deceit, recklessness, and impulsivity
Why is it important to identify cross-cultural differences in experience, personality, and behavior?
Correct Answers: - Cross-cultural research informs us about the generalizability of research findings - If differences across cultures are not understood, there may be misunderstandings - Such cross-cultural differences tell us about variability in human experiences Incorrect Answers: - Cross-cultural difference enable scholars to confirm that their culture is superior - Cross-cultural differences provide support for genetic explanations for personality
Henri was just diagnosed with schizophrenia. Which of the following behaviors does Henri likely exhibit?
Correct: - hallucinations - distortions of reality - jumbled thinking Incorrect: - extreme commitment to rule and rituals - inability to distinguish between right and wrong - extreme lack of empathy
Which of the following elements are involved in the biological approach?
Involved in the Biological Approach: - genes; hormones; heritability Not Involved: - memory; learning; traits
What is a benefit of the working self-concept?
It helps us adapt to our current situation
According to the text, most personality disorders are _______, tend to _______ over time, impact _______, and cause _______.
Unusual; be stable, social relationships, problems
What term refers to psychological attributes of groups?
culture
According to research on the science of well-being, a healthy life involves seeking out _______, and, when they are accomplished, _______.
difficult but meaningful; seeking more
Children pick up the culture into which they are born (a process called _______) and people who move from one country to another may gradually learn the culture of their new home (a process called _______).
enculturation; acculturation
Match each description to the type of self it represents. Note that some items may require more than one match.
Ideal Self: - can be an accurate/achievable or inaccurate/unachievable representation - refers to someone's understanding of themselves as they would like to be in a perfect world Ought Self: - refers to someone's understanding of how they think they should be based on social rules - discrepancies between this self and the real self can lead to anxiety Actual Self: - refers to someone's understanding of themselves as they really are
Personality psychology focuses on the psychological differences between individuals. Why does culture often come into play?
Individuals may differ from each other to the extent that they belong to different cultural groups.
What does it mean for a culture to think holistically?
It means that individuals explain events in context and seek to integrate divergent points of view.
According to the textbook, what example of cross-cultural misunderstanding led to a Danish mother's arrest in New York?
Leaving her 14-month-old daughter asleep outside in a stroller.
When comparing different kinds of learned behaviors, _______ implies a kind of passive response with no impact of its own; _______ is when an animal (including humans) learns to operate in its world in such a way as to change it.
respondent conditioning; operant conditioning
Behavioral psychologists study how a person's _______ is a direct result of his or her _______.
behavior; environment
What are the two defining features of all personality disorders?
They are usually extreme and cause problems
Which statement about the nature of happiness is true?
A healthy life involves seeking out reasonable and meaningful challenges
Which of the following domains from the DSM-5 have replaced the cluster system of the DSM-IV-TR?
Correct: - antagonism; negative affectivity; detachment Incorrect: - narcissism; paranoia
Identify the following statements as either consistent with the DSM-IV or the research-based section of the DSM-5.
DSM-IV: - It is supported by the "old guard" of clinical psychologists - It includes a description of histrionic personality disorder - It defines mental disorders according to only three clusters DSM-5: - It is supported by research-based psychologists - it includes a three-step method for diagnosis that assesses the degree to which someone is experiencing problems
Identify whether the following are examples of either declarative or procedural knowledge about the self.
Declarative Knowledge: - Lucia knows that she is one of the most outgoing people in her class - Barry's mom told him that he learned to talk between 10 months and 2 years old Procedural Knowledge: - At soccer tryouts, Nathaniel isn't sure what the coach will ask players to do, so he waits in the back of the line and observes others first - Marianne is able to introduce herself and easily start a conversation with a new person
Match each function of the self to the correct definition.
Identity: - The organization of self-knowledge that tells us how we fit into our interpersonal groups, such as family. Relate to Others: - The process of understanding people through the lens of our own experience. Self-Regulation: - The process of controlling or continuing impulses and behaviors in order to move toward a long-term goal, such as earning good grades. Information-Processing Filter: - The function that directs our attention and memory encoding toward the experiences that are meaningful to us.
Which of the following are reasons why cultural relativism is considered problematic?
Reasons: - Belief in cultural relativism may give individuals the right to perform harmful practices - Researchers may disregard cultural practices and customs that are actually quite harmful to the group Not Reasons: - Researchers may not appreciate practices that are normative in one culture and not in another - Belief in cultural relativism may lead one to believe that some practices and customs are universally bad
What term describes the wide range of knowledge a person has about their psychological attributes in a cognitive structure?
Self-Schema
Match each scientist to his discovery in the field of personality psychology.
Sigmund Freud: - described someone with OCPD as an anal character Philippe Pinel: - identified the problem known as "madness without distortion" Kurt Schneider: - defined one feature of personality disorders in which someone exhibits an unusually extreme degree of one or more attributes of personality
What is the best way to get information into your long-term memory (LTM)?
Think about how it relates to your life
The Try for Yourself feature in this chapter asks you to rate yourself as independent or dependent, as an individualist or a conformist, and as a leader or a follower, and then asks you to rate how important your description is for each option. Your final score tells you if you are schematic for the trait of independence or dependence. How can you use this information?
To decide whether to take a class online or in person
What would happen to your self-view if you lost your memories of your past?
You would not change your view view yourself
According to Mischel's theory of personality, what are if . . . then contingencies?
actions triggered by particular stimulus situations
_______ focus on observable behavior and observable situational conditions that promote learning. Research involving this approach uses _______ as subjects, which may contribute to some of its drawbacks—it ignores cognitive processes, such as _______, as well as ignoring emotion and _______ as influential in learning. Another challenge is the fact that this approach does not consider the active role humans have in their learning. _______ include all three of the internal processes as well as considering social interaction as having a large influence on learning. One of the first examples of how influential these factors can be is Kohler's research on _______, which showed that learners may develop an understanding of their problem and be active in their learning process.
behaviorists; animals; thinking; motivation social learning theories; insight
S-R theories are based on the idea that we learn how to respond to a stimulus and we continue to respond that way in the future. Associating stimuli is a basic principle of _______ conditioning. Each person experiences many _______ stimuli throughout their lives, and their learned responses to those stimuli will collectively make up their _______. Personalities are unique due to the unique combination of environments that a given person is exposed to in comparison to peers.
classical; different; personality
Which of the following reasons explain why labeling can be useful?
correct: - Clinical psychologists have a diagnosis to report to insurance companies - it helps is talk about and understand important phenomena incorrect: - When a person is labeled, it is easier for other people to view the person as problematic and thus know that they should avoid them. - Labeling characterizes personality disorders as developing throughout one's childhood and remaining relatively stable throughout adulthood
According to the DSM-5, which of the following is not a step that clinicians should take in diagnosing personality disorders?
counter the number of indicators that are present
Your __________ self might include an image of yourself as being so good-looking that people pause and stare as you walk by. Your _________ self might include an image of yourself as somebody who never ever tells a lie.
ideal; ought
According to research on emotionality, _______ lead(s) people to experience more stressful events, such as unemployment and divorce, while _______ lead(s) people toward optimistic thinking and engagement in more health-promoting behaviors.
negative emotions; positive emotion
Some philosophers and psychologists call the I the __________ self and the me the __________ self.
ontological; epistemological
Dr. Canales is a clinical psychologist whose new client has recently developed a habit of lying to his parents. If Dr. Canales were to immediately diagnose her client with antisocial personality disorder, what could she be accused of doing?
pathologizing her client's behavior
What label may be used to indicate a pattern of personality that is both unusual and problematic?
personality disorder
B.F. Skinner's clever students were able to manipulate his lecture style by adopting certain kinds of listening postures when he was near the podium and others when he took steps away from it. What kind of learning did the students employ to shape his behavior?
reinforcements and punishments
Personality disorders are characterized by extreme variations of adaptive personality traits. A lovably unusual, creative person at this extreme end has the potential to develop a __________ personality disorder.
schizotypal
According to Benet-Martínez and Haritatos, what are the main aspects of bicultural identity integration (BII)?
Main Aspects of BII: - The degree to which individuals see their two cultures as being in conflict as opposed to in harmony. - the degree to which bicultural individuals see their two cultures as distinct from each other as opposed to overlapping. Not Main Aspects of BII: - the degree to which two cultures are geographically close to one another versus cultures that are geographically distant. - whether or not the two cultures include different languages.
Jazmin can envision herself working as a mechanical engineer after college. How might Jazmin's possible self impact her choices for her senior year of high school?
Possible-Self Outcomes - She might apply to mostly colleges that offer an engineering major. - She might be more likely to register for a physics class. - She might be more focused on doing well on the math portion of the SAT. Not Possible-Self outcomes - She might be more likely to register for a photography elective class. - She might be more focused on doing well on the verbal portion of the SAT. - She might apply to mostly liberal arts colleges.
If you tend to believe that personal qualities, such as intelligence, are unchangeable, then your personal construct in this dimension could be called a(n) _______ theory. Conversely, if you believe that things like intelligence and ability can change with time and experience, you probably hold a(n) _______ theory.
entity; incremental
Tamika and Maritza are sitting at the kitchen table when their son, Julian, trips and put his arm through the glass window. Tamika feels the urgency and worry for Julian's safety, and starts to consider the situation. Maritza feels panic; she covers her face and screams, "Oh no, I can't look, it's awful!" These immediate reactions represent a difference in emotional _______. Tamika then takes a deep breath to calm herself down and walks quickly to Julian's side. Feeling more frantic, Maritza moves around quickly, and tries to soothe Julian in a high-pitched voice, while she looks around for a solution. This represents a difference in emotional _______. Tamika examines Julian's arm and sees that the cuts do not appear to be deep, but it's a serious accident and she would like to bring him to the pediatrician to be certain. Maritza sighs and says, "What a relief," and offers to grab a snack for Julian while they are in the waiting room. This represents a difference in emotional _______.
experience; intensity; change
The new section of the DSM-5 describes a new way to go about psychological diagnosis: Rather than counting up the number of indicators that are present or absent and making a yes or no diagnostic decision (which was the old system), a clinical psychologist or psychiatrist is advised to take a different series of steps when diagnosing a client. Place the following steps in the order that clinicians should take, from first to last
- Assess whether the client's "personality functioning" is seriously impaired and, if so, rate the degree of dysfunction - Assess whether at least one of the six defined types of personality disorders is present - Assess the degree to which the client is characterized by each of the five maladaptive personality traits
Match each self-related concept to the correct definition.
Actual Self: - a person's current understanding of their personality as they are Self-esteem: - a person's opinion of their own value Working Self-Concept: - a person's current presentation of themselves considering the situation they are in and the people around them Implicit Self: - a person's sense of self that influences decisions and behavior but that is not easily accessed or described Self-schema: - a person's collection of knowledge about their self Self-efficacy: - a person's opinion of their own ability
Which of the following scenarios reflect components of the working self-concept?
Correct: - After finishing his shift at work, Raoul's mind is on taking a nap and meeting up with friends, in that order. As he leaves work, a scuffle breaks out between two men near him, but he does not even notice the interaction, and continues back toward his dorm room. - As she walks into a job interview, Natalia reassures herself, "You are a professional and you have the skill set for this job." Incorrect: - Ginny's dad has always made bad decisions and is currently in prison. Ginny knows she wants something different for herself and focuses on her job applications as she finishes her last year of college. - Nancy's dad asks her to sit down and talk about her career. Nancy tells him that conversation is for another day, because she has plans to go to the beach.
Match each personality trait or characteristic to its corresponding health-rated behaviors.
Negative Emotionality: - more experiences of dependent stress life events such as unemployment and financial problems. Conscientiousness: - regular doctor visits, adherence to medical treatment, high self-control, less likely to be smokers Optimism - increased exercise and healthy diet, increased likelihood to seek information about health
Which of the following personality disorders fall into Cluster B, according to the DSM-IV?
Correct: - antisocial; borderline; histrionic; narcissistic Incorrect: - obsessive-compulsive; avoidant; paranoid; schizotypal
Which of the following are the main purposes of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)?
Main purpose: - to facilitate insurance billing - to make psychiatric diagnosis more objective Incorrect: - to enable clinicians to make more subjective diagnoses - to guide research on the genetic bases of disorders
There are a number of self-help books that teach people how to change, with most of these books focusing on changing our procedural self-knowledge. What is the key error that most people make when reading such books?
Believing that reading the book is the end goal.
Which of the following are conditions of worth that can contribute to a person's overall self-esteem?
Conditions of Worth - Physical attractiveness; race; gender; social expectations Not Conditions: - Excelling at a sport
Sai is researching how extraversion and openness vary around the world. Which of the following approaches might he use in his research?
Correct: - humanistic; trait Incorrect: - biological; psychoanalytic
Which of the following best describes the subfield of personality psychology?
It is where all of the strands of psychology come together
According to the discussion in the text about cross-situational consistency of personality, research in what paradigm of personality psychology has demonstrated the consistency of mental processes such as pessimistic thinking?
The cognitive paradigm
The graph shows the number of psychology journal articles that had "Type A" in the title and that mentioned the word "heart" anywhere in the article. Based on the history of Type A research as presented in the text, select the area on the graph that corresponds to when researchers stopped finding the link between the Type A personality and heart disease.
early 1990s
Cross-cultural psychology raises several issues about society that make research especially challenging. For instance, _______ is the tendency to judge another culture from the point of view of our own culture. Likewise, the tendency to see members of your own group as very different from one another but the members of groups to which you do not belong as very similar to each other is called the _______ bias.
ethnocentrism; outgroup homogeneity
Nima moved to the United States when she was 5 years old, and she has gradually adopted the language, attitudes, and styles of American culture. What process has Nima gone through?
Acculturation
The idea that some people integrate multiple cultural identities to gain the maximum benefit from each while others experience conflict and stress is called what?
Bicultural Identity Integration (BII)
Identify the following as examples of either collectivist or individualist cultures
Collectivist: - a culture that emphasizes that "the nail that stands out gets pounded down" - a country in which few autobiographies are written - cultures that tend to emphasize the needs of the group Individualist: - countries in which the holier-than-thou effect is likely to occur - countries in which experiences of depression is more likely - countries in which people report more self-focused emotions
In a study investigating differences among individuals who have and have not studied abroad, participants were asked to draw pictures of aliens from a different galaxy. Based on the results from that study, select the panel in the image that contains drawings from participants who have studied abroad
Option A (with more detailed drawings)
Which of the following are related to low self-esteem?
Related to Low Self-Esteem: - failure in the eyes of peers and feeling rejected - loneliness and dissatisfaction with life - a poor opinion of the self and feeling unworthy Not Related to Low Self-Esteem: - less trusting in romantic partnerships - more likely to engage in bullying or abusing behavior
Identify the following descriptions as applying to either social learning theories or behaviorist theories.
Social Learning theories: - emphasizes the relevance of interaction in learning - considers emotion and motivation - requires the learner to have an active role in their learning process Behaviorist Theories: - focuses on observable behaviors - emphasizes how influential conditions for learning are
If a player on a sports team reacts explosively and negatively after the coach gives the player advice, what could be true?
The player could be unconsciously pursuing a judgmental goal instead of a development goal.
This figure illustrates Dweck's Motivational Theory. Place the labels on the figure to complete the relationships involving views of the world, goals, and behavioral responses
Theory: (1) Entity (2) Incremental Goal: (1) Judgement (2) Development Response to failure: (1) Helplessness (2) Mastery
Several studies have examined whether certain Big Five traits apply universally across cultures. As it stands, which of the following traits appear to be truly universal?
Truly Universal: - Conscientiousness - Agreeableness - Extraversion Not Universal: - Neuroticism - Openness
What philosophical idea states that all cultural views are equally valid and that it is ethnocentric to think otherwise?
cultural relativism
Everyone has emotional experiences, but they can differ in a few ways. The emotions we have or choose to respond with can differ from person to person. People also differ in how _______ they experience an emotion. The same event may evoke mild worry in one person and almost panic in another. Finally, although there are differences in the rate at which peoples' emotions _______, those with quickly vacillating emotional experiences tend to be more _______ and hostile.
intensely; change; fearful
What term is defined as "the process of behavioral change as a function of experience"?
learning
Which of the following criteria are related to the stages of emotional experience?
Correct: - facial expressions - nonverbal behaviors - motives - physical responses - appraisal Incorrect: - seeing something vivid take place - conditioning
In the context of behavioral psychology, environment refers to what, exactly?
The rewards and punishments that an individual experiences in the physical and social world
The term _______ refers to psychological attributes of groups. The process by which children learn the culture into which they are born is called _______, whereas the process by which a person gradually picks up the culture in a new home country is called _______.
culture; enculturation; acculturation
Behaviorism was an early approach to personality research that was considered to explain the majority of behavior. Behavior was considered to represent personality, and behaviorists tended to ignore _______. As research continued, _______ theorists found ways to include and consider some valuable processes such as _______, emotion, and goals, which would help to motivate _______.
internal processes; social learning; cognition; behavior
What have studies assessing the proportion of countries that emphasize face, honor, and dignity concluded?
All countries have elements of all three values in them
What is the purpose of the research technique called item response theory (IRT)?
to improve the degree to which personality tests are comparable from one group to the next
Research has shown clear connections between personality and physical health. Longevity, for example, is related to which personality trait?
conscientiousness
Cross-cultural psychologists have developed various approaches to understanding cross-cultural differences. According to the ecological approach, differences in ecology generate differences in _______, which in turn shapes _______.
culture; socialization
Dr. Mendoza, a clinical psychologist, has just seen a new client and needs to diagnose him to appease the insurance company. In this case, what would be most helpful for Dr. Mendoza to make a diagnosis?
labeling
What do psychologists mean when they say that personality disorders must, in many cases, be social?
Personality disorders manifested in interactions with other people
Jane constantly expects criticism, contempt, and rejection from others. What disorder does she most likely have?
avoidant
The IAT was developed to try to measure personal beliefs about the self as well as attitudes or opinions about the self. The procedure is somewhat complicated but effective. The IAT compares _______ time for words that may describe the participant, or not. The IAT pairs comparison words together that should either _______ what the participant's self-belief is, resulting in a faster reaction time or _______ the participant's self-belief, resulting in a longer reaction time. This longer reaction time is based on the hypothesis that the _______ beliefs will take longer to process. There is a significant amount of supporting research for the IAT's effectiveness in measuring implicit beliefs.
reaction; correspond to; contradict; contradicting
Bandura, a well-known social learning theorist, suggested that one of the core goals of psychotherapy should be to improve what construct in clients?
self-efficacy
Nia is on her way to school carrying a very full backpack—she has a chemistry exam today and a lacrosse game after school. She is not feeling very confident about her exam, but she did study and plans to work hard on it, and she is looking forward to the game, since she scored three goals in the last game and would like to do the same today. Nia's _______ regarding the _______ is lower than the _______. Because Nia's _______ is pretty positive, that is likely to continue to bolster her feelings regarding the exam and the game
self-efficacy; exam; game; self-concept
Elena just started college and is trying to be more conscientious. What is the best way to for her to change her personality?
through gradual and consistent changes in small behaviors over time
According to the text, what is the most useful thing we can learn from studying the relationship between personality and health?
which behaviors are healthy and unhealthy
_________ is a crucial theme in existential philosophy and humanistic psychology, and is also at the core of psychoanalytic, cross-cultural, and cognitive approaches to personality.
construal
Mateo was recently diagnosed with _______, and those who know him would describe him as difficult to read. His classmate Antonio, who was diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder, is described by those who have just met him as _______, and those who have known him for a long time as _______.
Borderline personality disorder; charming; annoying
Jamir has a test in his personality psychology class this Friday. What strategy should Jamir use to learn the term "self-esteem" and remember its definition for the test?
Consider what his self-esteem is and how that influences his thoughts and behavior
Which of the following are legitimate concerns that have been raised about the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)?
Correct: - The labels in the DSM can be overused. - There is a tendency to pathologize morally repugnant and criminal behavior. - There is little in the way of a clear definition of mental health in the DSM. Incorrect: - Many disorders are missing from the DSM. - The DSM system is not widely used by the psychiatric community.
Which of the following are potentially negative consequences of diagnosing the major personality disorders?
Correct: - pathologizing negative behavior -labeling Incorrect: - attempting to diagnose ego-dystonic disorders - attempting assess the degree to which someone has a mental disorder
What is one difficulty of studying the relationship between biological structures and personality?
Each biological component interacts with all the other components
Match each type of possible self to the appropriate description. Labels can be used more than once.
Ought Self: - Reyansh has gotten a promotion at work. He thinks he should really start putting some money into a retirement fund. - represents the qualities one thinks that they should have Actual Self: - represents the self as it currently is Ideal Self: - Janice thinks she would like to win the Nobel Prize one day. - represents the qualities one would have in a "perfect world" Self-discrepancy self: - represents the difference between the actual self and the ideal self - represents the difference between the actual self and the ought self
Match each approach to studying personality to the scientific goal with which it is most closely associated.
Psychoanalytic: - understanding the unconscious mind and the effects of motivations and conflicts that we are not aware of Humanistic: - understanding moment-to-moment conscious awareness and the ability to experience free will Trait: - understanding individual differences Biological: - understanding the heritability and evolutionary basis of behavioral patterns Learning and Cognitive: - understanding basic mental processes relevant to perception, memory, emotion, and motivation
There are three basic routes to improving self-knowledge. Which of the following answers is not one of these routes?
You can reinforce correct self-assessments and punish incorrect ones
Francis is deciding whether or not to accept an offer for a job in Chicago. What is Francis confronting when making this decision?
free will
What does the trait approach to personality psychology focus on?
individual differences
Two stimuli repeatedly experienced together will eventually elicit the same response. Additionally, behaviors followed by pleasant outcomes tend to be repeated, whereas those followed by unpleasant outcomes tend to be dropped. These two ideas can be reduced to what simpler notion?
Behavior changes as a result of experience
Match each social learning theory concept to the correct definition.
Insight: - a sudden understanding of a solution, without instruction Self-Efficacy: - the extent to which one believes they can be successful at a given task or in a given situation Self-Concept: - collective judgments about the self that comprise one's understanding of themselves Locus of Control: - the extent to which one believes that relevant events are controlled by oneself or others
Match each "Bad Five" trait domain to the Big Five personality trait of which it is the extreme version.
- Openness to experience: psychoticism - Neuroticism: Negative affectivity - Conscientiousness: disinhibition - Extraversion: detachment - Agreeableness: antagonism
Within your conscious knowledge and opinions about your own personality traits, your overall opinion about whether you are good or bad is called self-__________. A more detailed opinion containing everything you know, or think you know, about your traits and abilities is called self-__________ and is __________ correct.
esteem; knowledge; not always
Which of the following are not one of the indicators of health according to researchers Howard Friedman and Margaret Kern (2014)?
having a healthy mix of positive and negative emotions
Anton recently won the lottery. What advice would a positive psychologist give him about maintaining his happiness?
remember to be grateful for the things that he has
Implicit selves are more automatic and difficult to measure. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) can be used to measure implicit self-esteem. While participating in the IAT, participants respond as quickly as possible to information presented to them. Which of the following are hypotheses of the IAT as used to measure implicit self-esteem?
Correct Answers: - Those with high self-esteem will have a faster reaction time to phase 1 "good," "me" concepts than to phase 2 items, with "good," "not me" concepts. - Those with low self-esteem will have a more equivalent reaction time in the two phases of the experiment, or perhaps would respond more quickly to "good," "not me" concepts. - The IAT is more accurate at predicting behavior than are self-report, self-esteem measures. Incorrect Answers: - The IAT is less accurate at predicting behavior than are self-report, self-esteem measures. - The concept of unconscious or automatic influence on the self is impossible to measure.
Ananya can envision herself having a career as a photographer. Which of the following decisions in her senior year of high school would align with her possible self?
Correct: - She may be more focused on doing well on the verbal portion of the SAT. - She may be more likely to register for a photography elective class. - She may apply to mostly liberal arts colleges. Incorrect: - She may apply to mostly colleges that offer an engineering major. - She may be more focused on doing well on the math portion of the SAT. - She may be more likely to register for a physics class.
Which of the following characterizes the Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS)?
Correct: - social learning conceptions - cognitive interpretations as motivating behavior - if-then contingencies Incorrect: - physical stimuli as motivating behavior - traits
Match each self-related concept example to the appropriate term.
Implicit Self: - Zoe doesn't know why, but she feels most comfortable about herself when she's at work; she feels like she can function quickly and smoothly Self-esteem: - Zaire feels like he doesn't measure up in comparison to his friends and family Working self-concept: - As he prepares to walk into a part, Zed smiles, throws his shoulders back, and calls out to his friends Actual Self: - Zach considers himself to be hard-working and shy Self-efficacy: - Zalia wishes she was better at piano; she feels like she makes mistakes every time she plays Self-schema: - Zane has a detailed idea of what he like, including his beliefs, abilities, and behaviors
Match each component of personality processes to the correct description.
Social Learning theory: - Learning is understood as an interaction between the cognition of the learner and the people and environment the learner interacts with. Classical Conditioning: - learning to associate two stimuli such that the new stimulus elicits the response to the original stimulus. Operant Conditioning: - learning based on rewards, where rewarded behavior is more likely to occur again Behaviorism: - People are understood from their behavior and the causes of their behavior, which are observable. Cognitive Theory of Personality: - posits thinking as the basis of understanding of belief, emotion, and behavior Emotions: - procedural knowledge of a response to experience Motivation: - the incentives that drive human behavior
Match each behaviorism-related concept to the correct description. Labels can be used more than once.
Types of Learning: - classical conditioning - operant conditioning - habituation Behaviorism: - the study of people's actions, and the causes of them, are observable Functional analysis: - the process that maps out which environmental stimuli are responsible for which behaviors
This cartoon illustrates a discussion between the two horses about the _______ of being able to giddy up. If the one horse does not believe it is good at it, then it won't try to giddy up. The horse's beliefs about its overall ability to succeed at a task are part of its _______, which is considered _______ knowledge because it is part of the information the horse has about itself. Finally, as we see in the cartoon, the horse's belief that it can't giddy up is _______, but it affects the horse's behavior nonetheless.
self-efficacy; self-schema; declarative; inaccurate
Which of the following is not a reason why psychologists are interested in cross-cultural differences?
To understand why some groups of people are inherently better and worse than others
In the beginning of this chapter, the author of your textbook describes a study that began with the prompt, "Tell me something about yourself." What was surprising about this research?
Many students did not have a ready answer
According to William James's (1890) theory of the self, identify the following as applying to either the I or the me.
The I - homunculus - ontological self - actively observes and describes the self - assess how stubborn the self is The Me - epistemological self - is observed and described when considered the self - possesses a level of stubbornness
According to the text, which approach to personality psychology is the most "correct"?
This question is not answerable; different approaches answer different questions
Match each approach to personality psychology to the corresponding central focus.
Trait Approach: - individual differences that make individuals psychologically unique Humanistic Approach: - moment-to-moment consciousness awareness Learning and cognitive approaches: - behavioral change and coherence through punishment and reward Biological Approach: - architecture and function of the nervous system and on the heritability and evolutionary history of behavioral patterns Psychoanalytic Approach: - the unconscious mind and the complicated effects of motivations and conflicts of which we may not even be aware
Which of the following contribute to an individual's view of reality?
biological processes; past experiences; ambitions; needs
Some psychologists have proposed that _______ bias, such as extreme racism, homophobia, or other strong feelings about certain groups, should be defined as a personality disorder. Others believe that this may be an example of pathologizing negative behavior and that if _______ is a mental illness, then _______ is a mental illness.
pathological; everything; nothing
The gender difference in self-esteem is that _______ tend to have higher self-esteem. This gap is more pronounced in _______ cultures. One theory offers that this would be historically accurate if we consider societal influence instead of just personal influence. It also suggests that, in the past, women and men would only compare their self-worth to the _______. Later, as gender barriers began to change and opportunities became less tied to gender, people began comparing themselves to all people, and women started to realize that their experiences were previously disadvantaged. In the final stage, women are able to take advantage of more opportunity, their self-esteem can _______, and the gap can minimize. The broad learning point to be taken from this is that people's self-worth is partially based on _______ expectations.
males; egalitarian; same sex; increase; societal
Identify the following as either a "strength of the head" or "strength of the heart."
Strength of the Head" - Critical thinking - creativity - artistic excellence Strength of the Heart: - gratitude - hope - fairness
A main strategy that can affect the effort someone makes toward achieving a goal, and the person's overall happiness, focuses on the extent to which the person is _______. Such people are more likely to focus on potential successes and find that focus to be _______. People who are _______ are more likely to focus on potential failures, which may help motivate them to act in order to prevent failure. A subcategory, called _______, suggests that considering the worst possible conclusion could help people who have this outlook put the actual experience into perspective. These people are more likely to conclude, "_______."
optimistic; motivating; pessimistic; defensive pessimism; it could have been worse
According to the ecological approach to cross-cultural psychology, which country is the least likely to have high levels of extraversion, openness, and sociosexuality?
India (The average level of these traits tends to be lower in countries that historically have suffered from high levels of infectious disease).
One category of self-knowledge is _______ knowledge, which represents the things that we know about our own qualities. This self-knowledge can be further broken down into two parts: first, _______, which is our overall opinion toward our self and which represents how much we see our self in a generally good or bad light. The second part is our _______, which represents all the information we have that is relevant to our self, including our understanding of our overall traits and abilities. It is also useful to remember that all of these types of self-knowledge may at times be slightly or mostly _______, because they are based on our learned perceptions of ourselves.
declarative; self-esteem; self-schema; inaccurate
Research presented in the text suggests that individuals from ______________ cultures are more consistent across situations, whereas individuals from _____________ cultures tend change their personalities from one situation to the next.
individualist; collectivist
Personality psychology is a quest for _______. Therefore, the most effective way to learn about a person is to watch what they do and _______.
mutual understanding; listen to what they say
According to the text, which of the following components make up the ideal "healthy personality"?
Correct: - physical health; mental health Incorrect: - openness to experience; a strong cultural identity; environmental factors
Match each cultural dimension to the personality trait it MOST resembles.
Cultural Complexity: - cognitive complexity Cultural Tightness: - conscientiousness Individualism: - ideocentrism
According to the text, what is the philosophical or epistemological advantage that personality psychology has over other sciences, such as chemistry and physics?
Personality psychologists have not settled firmly, or too soon, on a single unifying approach.
What general conclusion can be drawn from studies investigating cross-cultural gender differences in the Big Five?
The size of the gender differences is larger in more-developed societies than in less-developed societies
Match each cultural characteristic to the associated description
Toughness: - few valued goals and limited ways to achieve them Head: - emphasis on values such as creativity, critical thinking, and learning Dignity: - Belief that one's value is unrelated to other's opinions Face: - avoidance of social conflict through hierarchy, humility, and harmony Tightness: - limited acceptance of those outside cultural norms Honor: - High sensitivity to threats to reputation Vertical: - Belief that people are uniquely important Collectivism: - Belief that the needs of the group outweigh the needs of the individual
Identify the true and false statements about our self-schema.
True: - It helps us process personally relevant information quickly - It helps us recognize relevant Information - it has some inaccuracies False: - It can change along with changes in memory
What is the self-schema?
a cognitive structure that contains the declarative self
Bandura's philosophy for enacting self-change is to first identify what you want to change. Next, engage in the desired _______, even if you don't feel good about it, or are reluctant. Simply engaging in this desired behavior will provide _______ to promote the direction of growth. This is likely to bring about increased _______ to continue the behavior. In this way, Bandura says, we can accomplish lasting change in behavior and _______.
behavior; reinforcement; motivation; self-efficacy
From a personality psychology perspective, construal is studied as the origin and consequences of individuals' _______ views of reality. From a cognitive psychology perspective, self-selection into different environments is the product of their _______.
differing; rewards and punishments
Which psychological approach focuses on the moment-to-moment, conscious experience of being alive?
humanistic approach
Psychologists Angela Leung and Dov Cohen (2011) suggest that cultures differ on three distinct dimensions. Fill in the blanks to complete the passage
Countries that value honor have strong social norms of demanding retaliation, regardless of the cost when one's property is at risk, whereas countries that value face respect and obey authority figures and avoid controversy. Finally, in countries that value dignity, individuals are valued in their own right and this value does not come from what other people think of them.
Match each type of goal to the appropriate description
Idiographic: - These goals are unique to the individual that has the goal. Personal Striving: - These goals are concentrated on organizing broad areas of a person's life and are not easily accomplished. Current Concerns: -These goals remain active in the mind until they are accomplished or abandoned. Personal Project: - These goals are what people do and are made up of efforts people put into goals. Short-term: - These goals are typically specific. Long term: - These goals are typically general.
Match each type of goal to the correct description.
Nomothetic: - Everyone has this type of goal, described by McClelland and others (1985), to a certain extent, and the level of the goal motivation impacts our thoughts and behavior. Idiographic: - As described by a variety of researchers, this type of goal is unique to each individual. Judgement: - Described by Grant and Dweck (1999), this type of goal involves understanding the level of an attribute we have and creating a goal based on that. Development: - Described by Grant and Dweck (1999), this type of goal is set to improve oneself.
According to cross-cultural research on bilingualism and personality (Ramírez-Esparza, Gosling, Benet-Martínez, Potter, & Pennebaker, 2006), what did bilingual participants do after completing a personality measure in both Spanish and English?
They scored higher for conscientiousness when they completed the personality measure in English.
Dayana would like to be more popular. She considers how popular she currently is and compares that to how popular she would ideally like to be, which is known as having a _______ goal. She then plans for groups that she can join and things she can do to improve her popularity; this is known as a _______ goal. Because Dayana is focused and working toward the goal, she is likely to respond with a _______ pattern when she encounters a hurdle; she will likely try even harder. These two types of goals work together in this example, but sometimes they may lead a person to different outcomes.
judgement; development; mastery-oriented
Match each definition and example to the type of self it describes. Labels can be used more than once.
Implicit Self: - self-relevant behavioral patterns that we are not consciously aware of - Jared says he likes fast food but he never wants to go to a fast-food restaurant Relational Self: - Marilu lives on her own, but when she returns home for Thanksgiving, she finds herself relaxing on the sofa whole her parents prepare dinner - our perceptions and behavior are directed by those who we have important relationships with Procedural Self: - Jacques is an outdoorsman, so he often invites dates on nature walks, where he is skilled and can converse easily - Behaviors that show who we are based on what we do
Emotional experiences can be caused by a number of things. The most commonly considered sources of emotion are _______. An example of this would be getting angry after finding a parking ticket on your car. However, sources of emotion can also be _______, as exemplified by schoolchildren who come to associate a ringing bell with the happiness of recess. Finally, emotions can also be caused by _______, such as feeling happiness when thinking back on the fun times at recess.
Stimuli in the environment; learned; memories
The _______ model suggests that seven basic needs that all people have motivate us to first create individualized _______ such as those discussed in this chapter. As a result of this first stage, people then create beliefs, emotions, and action potentials that result in a cohesive and _______ pattern for thinking, feeling, and behaving, and that represents personality, as well as the name of the theory.
BEATS; goals; consistent
What does self-determination mean?
Your behavior is a result of your own personality.
Which two theories are based upon the idea that rewarded behaviors become more likely and punished behaviors become less likely?
behaviorism and social learning theories
Shonda just graduated from college with a degree in personality psychology and is now applying for jobs. What skills would she have acquired from her personality psychology courses that, according to the text, make her a more competitive job applicant?
research method skills
Which of the following describe learned helplessness?
Correct: - consequences that appear to happen randomly - a link to depression - a link to low motivation - a feeling that one's actions will not change one's situation Incorrect: - receiving only punishment, not reward
Match each dimension of culture to the country in which it would most likely be found.
Face: a country with a stable hierarchy based on cooperation Dignity: A country with advertising slogans prompting individuals to "think differently" and "do it yourself" Honor: A country in which individuals may react violently of their property is put at risk
Match each type of self to the correct definition.
Ideal Self: - your very best possible self Implicit Self: - This self, which is part of the actual self, may not be as consciously accessible, but still influences our decisions and behavior. Ought Self: - your self as you think it is your responsibility to attempt to be Relational Self: - This self, created by past experiences, informs us about how to interact with people we know well Real Self: - the self as you currently see it (also known as the "actual self") Future Self: - your self as you consider what could be in comparison to the actual self
Cross-cultural psychologists Schwartz and Sagiv theorized that there are values that everyone everywhere wants to achieve, and that these values can be organized in terms of two dimensions: self-enhancement versus conservativism and openness to change versus self-transcendence. Based on this structure of dimensions and the values associated with each, correctly label each section of the diagram.
Openness to Change: - self-direction - stimulation - hedonism Self-Enhancement: - achievement - power - hedonism Conservatism: - Security - conformity - tradition Self-Transcendence: - benevolence - universalism
Self-knowledge can be divided into two types: __________ consists of the facts and impressions that we consciously know and can describe; __________ is knowledge expressed through actions rather than words.
declarative; procedural
Sonia has lived in Wisconsin her whole life. According to the Rentfrow, Gosling, & Potter's (2008) study of geographic variation in personality, which personality traits will Sonia likely have?
friendly and conventional
Some people do an excellent job regulating their emotions when necessary, focusing on the task at hand, and expressing moderate emotion, rather than immediate extremes. What term applies to such people?
high emotional intelligence
According to Park and Kim (2015), after failing at a task, a person following what theory of the world is likely to have the failure affect their performance on a new task?
incremental
The self can impact us in many ways but is sometimes difficult to conceptualize. Consider the example of a cultural application of the self as seen in collectivist versus individualist cultures. Most of the discussion of the self has focused on a Western perspective, which has a(n) _______ culture, wherein the self is focused more on _______. In more _______ cultures, on the other hand, some research shows that the self includes a concept of _______. When the _______ effect is considered, those from collectivist cultures responded the same to information related to _______ as they did to themselves, which was not the case for individualist cultures.
individualist; the individual; collectivist; a group; self-reference; parents
The opinion one has of one's self is referred to as _______. This is a very influential attitude that can impact one's overall _______. If one's attitude toward oneself is _______ high or low, it could impact the self by altering the perceptions of self. In fact, people with excessively high self-esteem are prone to _______, which can significantly interfere with interpersonal functioning because these people often demean their peers. Alternatively, significantly low self-esteem can lead to _______, which has negative impacts on the self and on interpersonal relationships and can be very damaging if left unchecked. In conclusion, a balanced, accurate level of self-esteem is seen as the healthiest for the self.
self-esteem; self-schema; inaccurately; narcissism; depression
What historic figure believed in the concept of free will?
Sartre
Researchers Howard Friedman and Margaret Kern (2014) developed a list of six indicators of physical health. Which of the following are indicators of a healthy individual according to Friedman and Kern?
Correct: - being productive and getting things done - feeling good - having good memory capacity and being able to make good decisions - staying alive - having supportive social relationships and being able to support others having the ability to do the things one wants to do Incorrect: - creating a comfortable living environment - traveling as much as possible - making as much money as possible
Which of the following are general characteristics of personality disorders?
Correct: - they can be ego-syntonic - They are unusual - They affect social relations Incorrect: - They are consistent across cultures - They are unstable across the lifespan
Harry Triandis has suggested that both individualist and collectivist societies can be further categorized as being either vertical or horizontal. Match each of the following to the correct description.
Vertical-individualist: Views the self as different from others, has strong enforcement by authority, and supports a market economy. Horizontal-individualist: Values individual freedom but assumes people have important differences. Collectivistic-vertical society: views the self as different from others, and has a strong enforcement from authority and values communal sharing. Horizontal-collectivist: Has weaker authority but a strong ethic that enforces equality and sharing.
Which of the following domains of traits from the DSM-5 are sometimes called the Bad Five and have replaced the cluster system of categorizing disorders used by the DSM-IV-TR?
Correct: - antagonism; disinhibition; psychoticism Incorrect: - paranoia; emotional stability
What two pathways between personality and health should be considered when evaluating their relationship?
Correct: - behavioral; biological Incorrect: - cultural; social; environmental; occupational
Which of the following are reasons why it is difficult to gather data on health?
Correct: - medical health records are confidential - people may not know how unhealthy they are - people may be unwilling to answer truthfully when asked about their health Incorrect: - psychologists don't have the ethical right to gather any data on individuals' health - death records do provide any relevant information about health
Which of the following are possible downsides to having few or no long-term goals?
Downsides: - you may feel aimless and disorganized - your motivation may suffer - you may feel as through your life is not meaningful Not Downsides: - you have no short-term goals
Match each personality trait to the health behavior with which it is most closely associated.
High conscientiousness: - decrease likelihood to smoke or drink to excess High neuroticism: - tendency to withdraw from life and fail to take care of oneself Low agreeableness: - increased likelihood to get in fights
Which of the following describe someone high on bicultural identity integration (BII)?
High on BII: - Someone who is able to balance their cultural identities. - Someone who sees themselves as a combination of two cultures Low on BII: - Someone who experiences conflict between two cultural identities. - Someone who spent three weeks visiting a new country experiencing their customs and traditions.
Identify the following as either properties or limitations of idiographic goals.
Properties: - They represent thoughts and behaviors aimed at a specific outcome - They are changeable - They are independent - they are considered consciously Limitations: - One idiographic goal can only represent a single person - They are organized hierarchically
Identify the following as either real self or possible self.
Real: - implicit; actual, relational Possible: - ideal; ought; future
Identify the following as applying to multiple selves or not.
Multiple Selves: - not knowing who you are or feeling that your identity is in flux - working self-concept - changing behavior for different situations - being short-tempered with one person but polite with another Not Multiple Selves: - Having goals that are congruent with one's self-image - being "authentic" with predictable and steady behaviors - having a coherent sense of self
Which statement is not true regarding culture and personality?
The Big Five personality traits cannot be regarded as human universals because personality is culture-specific
The philosopher William James noted that the self can have two different meanings, which he called the I and the me. Which of the following correctly distinguishes the two?
The self that is being looked at is the ME; the self that is doing is the I
Professor Baya's research emphasizes how unrealistic or fantasized views of reality can cause neurotic, self-defeating behavior. What approach to personality assessment does Baya most likely use?
psychoanalytic
How can personality disorders best be defined?
patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior that go beyond the normal range of psychological variation
Long-term memories are recalled better when encoded in certain ways. Place the methods of recall in order from first to last.
rehearsal of information; elaboration on information; self-referent elaboration