PSY 425 Final

Concepts

-Mental representations of a class or individual (Smith) -Meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas (Keifer & Pulvermuller) - A mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions (concepts are abstract; Ex: "happiness", what does that mean?

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird.

583; 653; 518 ms

Describe Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia. What are the typical language deficits that are associated with the two aphasia types? Which type of aphasia reflects a semantic deficit? A syntactic deficit?

Broca's area is an area in the brain that is important for syntax and sentence structure. Wernicke's area is an area in the brain that is important for semantics and understanding. Broca's aphasia is the partial loss of the ability to produce language and speech, such as speaking or writing. Wernicke's aphasia impairs the ability to understand what is written or spoken. Wernike's aphasia reflects semantic deficit and Broca's aphasia reflects syntactic deficit

Describe the Collins and Quillian (1969) and Collins and Loftus (1975) spreading activation model. What are the primary differences between the two? What is one of the flaws that the Collins and Loftus' spreading activation model addresses that is present in the original Collins and Quillian model? Why is this important?

Collins and Quillian created the semantic network model which is put together in categories by association. The model was composed of nodes, which stood for category or concept that are linked together based on relations or association. This model stored lower-level (subordinate) nodes. The problem with this model is the redundancy, the subordinate items repeated with higher-level properties which make this inefficient. Collins and Loftus took away the hierarchial process, therefore all the nodes are connected which means the nodes can only happen once.

Describe the differences between episodic and semantic memory. What neuropsychological evidence suggests that these memory systems are independent? Be sure to describe the double-dissociation that has been found to provide evidence for the independence of these memory systems.

Episodic memory is the memory for personal things that a person have experienced\ Semantic memory is the memory for facts, vocabulary, and locations. Patient KC suffered from semantic memory after damage to his hippocampus and surrounding structure

How do experts categorize objects that are within their area of expertise relative to novices? According to Tanaka and Taylor's (1991) naming things paradigm, when experts and novices list category exemplars, what hierarchical grouping are experts more likely to rely upon when listing from a category they have expertise in? Novices? What do expertise effects tell us about individual differences in how people organize semantic knowledge?

Experts use specific level rather than novices to categorize objects within their area of expertise. In hierarchical grouping, experts would more likely rely on specific (subordinate) when listing from a category they have expertise in. Experts use more words that are associated with their specific area rather than other individuals that would use basic words to define a category. Novices also use more broad/global features to categorize objects. Expertise effects tells us that semantic knowledge is moderated by individual experiences (i.e., experiences that are not shared across individuals).

List and describe Transfer Appropriate Processing (Morris, Bransford, & Franks, 1977) and how it is related to memory performance. When is transfer appropriate processing more likely to occur? Less likely to occur? Provide an example of high transfer appropriate processing.

Participants in Transfer Appropriate Processing studied target words by utilizing the meaning or figuring out if words rhymed in a sentence. The two conditions used in this study were the meaning study condition and the rhyming study condition. Meaning study condition means that the participant would fill in the blank with a word associated with the sentence. For example, The bus is yellow and black. Rhyming study condition means that the participants would fill in the blank with a word that rhymed with the sentence. For example, The bus is in a rush. The rhyme study condition had the highest recognition. Transfer appropriate encoding is more likely to happen if the encoding match, but it is not likely to occur when they do not match.

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

Prototype

What is the "given-new contract" in conversational language? How does this type of interaction allow individuals to carry out a conversation? Provide an example dialog specifying a given-new exchange. What does given information establish and why is this important in conversational language?

The given-new contract is conversations that are already organized by shared information and new information. An example would be " Kenya received a new dog for her graduation", the shared information is that it is Kenya's graduation and the new information is that she received a new dog. This allows us to keep a conversation going because it has created more things to talk about. An example dialog would be Dad: Did you know that our neighbor Kenya had her graduation? Her parents got her a dog for this great accomplishment. Child: I told her congratulations, and that is nice of her parents. She deserves it, maybe we should get a dog, I heard they make great companions. Dad: I didn't know that. We will have to look into it. The given information opens up another conversation to help expand on the topic. It is important because it allows us to communicate with each other more.

A neurologist noticed that in one patient, damage to brain structure A resulted in major disruption in speech production, but left hearing ability intact. However, in another patient damage to structure B left major hearing impairment, but did not affect speech production. This scenario is an example of .......

Wernicke's aphasia

Localization of function within the cortex corresponds to...

all of the above

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)

anaphoric inference.

Rosch (1976) presented participants with pictures of objects that were members of categories and asked them to identify them. Which hierarchical category grouping did participants tend to rely on?

basic

The key structural components of neurons are...

cell body, dendrites, axon

Visual imagery is a powerful memory technique that enhances memory because...

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered

When recording from a single axon, greater neural activity is indicated by the ________

electrical magnitude

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of...

encoding specificity

Hubel and Weisel's work in the 1960's using single-cell recordings led to the discovery of ______ which are highly specified neurons that respond

feature detectors

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the ____________________ property of language.

hierarchical

In contrast to B.F. Skinner's behaviorist approach to language, Noam Chomsky proposed that...

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n)

instrument inference.

When reading sentences, people are generally faster at reading "The child played in the park" than "The piglet played in the park" because the underlined word in the first sentence is _______ in the English language, a pattern referred to as the _______.

more common; word frequency effect

Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves

more exemplars than Bob's

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of...

physical changes in terminal buttons of neurons

Automatic spreading activation...

primes associated concept

The question you are completing right now is an example of a ___________ test question.

recognition

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by...

repeating over and over

Wickens (1972) "fruit and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because

the stimulus category remained the same

Knowledge

Explicit use of memory (Semantic) -Information, facts, and skills, that are organized based on experience -Stored information that is highly organized and easily accessible -Conceptual Knowledge: allows for recognition and allows us to make inferences about the properties of concepts (Ex: Shown a pic of a tree and asked what is it?)