psy 45 ch 8

the experimental design in which half the participants receive only posttest and the other half receives both pretest and posttest is formally called a ___________

Solomon four group design

the dropout factor in experiments is called ________ or mortality

attrition

in a repeated measures design, a ____________ effect is likely to occur when the first condition produces a change that is still influencing a person when the second condition is introduced

carryover

repeated measures design are extremely sensitive to finding statistically significant differences between groups because the researchers have access to __________

data from the same participants in both test conditions

a test using a repeated measures design is conducted to measure how room temperature affects the tasks of watching television and reading a book. the test is given in two parts. in one part, reading follows watching television. in the other part, watching television follows reading. in this way, the test can avoid results that would be caused by the __________ effect

order

a pretest is given before an experimental manipulation is introduced in a _________ design

pretest posttest

in a matched pair design after obtaining the measure of the matching variable from each individual the participants are _____________

rank ordered from highest to lowest based on their score on the matching variable

identify a true statement comparing the repeated measures design with the independent group design

repeated measures design has greater ability to detect an effect of the independent variable

random assignment will prevent ____________

systematic biases

a major problem with a repeated measures design stems from the fact that ___________

the different experimental conditions must be presented in a particular sequence

in an experimental design which of the following primarily influences the decision of whether to include or omit a pretest?

the equivalence of the groups in the experiment

in basic experiments, which of the following is included in the simplest possible experimental design?

the independent variable and the dependent variable

identify an accurate statement about latin square that is used to counterbalance the order of the conditions in a repeated measures design

the number of orders is equal to the number of conditions

a researcher plans to assess the effect of physical exercise on performance in an exam by conducting two test; one test is to be conducted with participants performing physical exercise before writing an exam and the other with participants writing the exam without performing any prior physical exercise. in the context of repeated measures design, what is the approach that the researcher should adopt to assess this effect?

the researcher should conduct the test under both conditions on the same group of participants

identify the advantages of using repeated measures design over independent groups design

- there is a decrease in the number of participants required to complete the experiment - there is a greater control over participant differences

a variable that varies along with the independent variable is called ___________

a confounding variable

use of _________ enables one to assess the effects of attrition

a pretest

Matched Pair Design results in an enhanced ability to detect ___________

a statistically significant effect of the independent variable

A study is conducted to determine the effect of monetary benefits on the ability of individuals to memorize words. in the first condition, the participants are asked to memorize a set of words. it is observed that many participants fail to complete this task. in the second condition, the participants are asked to memorize a different set of words and are informed about the associated monetary incentives. experiencing failure at the first task results in a temporary increase in stress responses and pressurizes the participants during he second task. this scenario best exemplifies a ___________

carryover effect

When the effect of the first treatment influences the response to the second treatment in a repeated measures design, it is known as an _______.

carryover effect

a test was conducted to measure the effect of video clips of tragedies on writing. a group of students were asked to write an essay of their choice after watching clips of tragic events. in the control test, the students were asked to write an essay without watching the clips. if the effect of watching the clips affects the results of the control test then that effect is called a ______________

carryover effect

the approach used to deal with order effects in which all possible orders of presentation are included on the experiment is called ______________

complete counterbalancing

__________ occurs when the effect of the independent variable and an uncontrolled variable are intertwined so that one cannot determine which of the variables is responsible for the observed effect on the dependent variable in an experiment

confounding

an independent group design is commonly known as a between subject design because comparisons are made between ____________

different groups of participants

an advantage of the repeated measures design is that few research participants are needed because ________

each individual participates in all conditions

the goal of matched pairs is to achieve the same ___________ that is achieved with a repeated measures design without the necessity of having the same participants indifferent experimental conditions

equivalency of groups

an advantage of repeated measures design is that they are _________

extremely sensitive to finding statistically significant differences between groups

true or false: in an independent group design participant differences can be an explanation for the results of an experiment

false

a test using a repeated measure design is conducted to determine the effects of watching a movie before taking a math test. in the first condition, students are asked to answer the test without watching the movie. in the second condition, they are asked to answer the same test after watching the movie. it is observed that there is deterioration in performance from the first to the second condition. in this scenario, the deterioration in performance is attributed to a __________

fatigue effect

in basic experiments, researchers must make every effort to ensure that the only difference between an experimental group and a control group is the __________

independent variable

a technique to conduct for order effects without having all possible order is to conduct a ______________

latin square

the method of assigning participants to condition in an experiment by first matching people on a participant variable is called a ________

matched pairs design

in a matched pairs design the researcher forms matched pairs that have approximately equal scores on the _________

matching variable

to study the effect of noisy environments on the performance of students in exams, a high school teacher divided her students into two random groups. for one group, she conducted an exam in a noisy environment. for the other group, the exam was conducted in a quiet environment. later, she measured the effect of the noisy environment on the performance of the students. in this scenario, the teacher most likely followed a ___________

posttest only design

sean's performance in a math test is assessed using a repeated measures design. first, he takes the test in a noisy room. later, he takes the same test in a quiet room, sean's test scores shoe that he has performed better in the second test. in this scenario the improvement is best described as a _____________

practice effect

although randomization is likely to produce equivalent groups, it is possible that with small sample sizes, the group will not be equal. In such cases how do researchers ensure that the groups are equivalent?

they use a pretest to tell whether the group are equivalent to begin with

in addition, to counterbalancing the order of treatments, researchers using repeated measures design need to carefully determine the ____________

time and interval between presentation of treatments and possible activities between them

true or false: with a repeated measures design, individual differences cannot be seen and explained

true