Final Exam Psychology Pt. 2

People with ________ often score low on intelligence tests and may have limited or no language ability, yet they exhibit an area of exceedingly superior talent.

savant syndrome

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by avoiding or ignoring the stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction is known as:

emotion-focused coping.

If Tony asks his classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the vast majority will not be very successful. This is likely caused by:

encoding failure.

The elimination of a behavior is known as:

Extinction

The law of effect articulated by E.L.Thorndike is MOST clearly highlighted by:

B. F. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.

When will Lindsay be most likely to experience a happier mood?

Saturday at noon

Ellen Langer and colleagues studied people's compliance to a request to cut in line at a copy machine. They found that when the original request was followed by a pseudo reason: "because I have to make copies," compliance was ____.

as high as when an actual reason was given

T lymphocytes are responsible for:

attacking cancer cells and viral invaders.

People hear a familiar word in their native language and it is virtually impossible not to recognize the word's meaning. This BEST illustrates the importance of:

automatic processing.

During a therapy session, Irvin describes a flashbulb memory from his childhood of his parents fighting. He was 7 years old at the time, and he is now 19. There is a __________ likelihood that his memory is highly accurate.

less than 10%

Francesca is in her mid-20s and is very attractive. Her husband is in his late-50s and is a very successful businessman who is extremely wealthy. Their relationship demonstrates the _____.

looks-for-status exchange

According to research, people who laugh a lot also tend to have:

lower rates of heart disease.

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

observable behavior.

Tina is a 7-year-old girl who frequently witnesses her father's anger and physical abuse of her mother. In Tina's room, she is playing with her toys and begins to yell at them and hit them for "being so stupid and not having dinner ready." Her behavior is a clear example of:

observational learning.

Barbara is moderately stressed about an upcoming paper she must write for her class. To reduce her stress, she creates a plan to work on the paper in stages over the next 5 days. The could be classified as:

problem-focused coping.

When we develop a mental image or "best category" in our mind, we are developing a:

prototype.

Jolene lets out a drawn-out moan when she hears that her final exam will be in essay format. This is because she will have to rely on her _____ instead of her ______ in order to pass the test

recall; recognition

Research on memory construction reveals that memories:

reflect a person's biases and subsequent experiences.

Without additional strategies for remembering, almost half of the material you study is likely to be forgotten in about ______________ according to Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve research.

20 minutes

You read a written transcript of a play therapy session with a child. You recognize that the child is speaking in two-word, telegraphic units. You conclude that the child is most likely ____ months old.

24

People who are competitive, impatient, highly motivated, and verbally aggressive are likely to be classified as:

A Type

Sarah remembers the first time she burnt her hand on the stove. This memory is a memory of an_______.

Acquisition

_____, most children are in the one-word stage.

Around their first birthday

Imagine that your car has broken down on the side of the road and you need help. Which of the following is something you can do to increase the probability of receiving aid?

Ask a specific person to help you.

Why do we often try to flatter people before making a request?

Because a positive mood can influence compliance.

In the relationship between thinking and language, ________________ believes that the very structure of a language determines the structure of people's thinking.

Benjamin Lee Whorf

A lesion in this part of the brain would most likely result in aphasia, a difficulty with or inability to produce or express speech.

Broca's area

_____ psychologists study mental activities, examining the logical and illogical manner in which people create concepts, solve problems, and make decisions.

Cognitive

Which model is used to explain how aggression is often triggered by circumstances that arouse negative affect, such as frustration, pain, extreme temperatures, and encountering people whom we dislike?

Cognitive-neoassociation model

Barb loves her husband very much. Although she no longer believes he is perfect like she did when they first met, she is certain of his love for her and her love for him. Over the years, they have developed a feeling of genuine mutual understanding. What do psychologists call this type of love?

Companionate

Which of the following is not a concern that psychologists have when constructing an intelligence test?

Does the test hold up under a factor analysis?

Who is famous for founding the eugenics movement?

Francis Galton

_____ is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS). Whereas, _____ is the ability to differentiate between the CS and other stimuli that have NOT been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US).

Generalization; discrimination

Psychologist Mimi Langley believes that the language and verbal environment a child is exposed to during sensitive periods of brain development in early childhood is what produces language development. She adheres to the ____________________ perspective.

Interactionist

Passion is adaptive early in a romantic relationship for which of the following reasons?

It frequently results in children.

________________ are one of the most exciting scientific discoveries of the 21st century, which are frontal lobe neurons that fire in an observer's brain as if he or she was doing the action being observed!

Mirror neurons

Which of the following is most true about the normal distribution of IQ scores?

Most peoples' scores will fall in the center of the distribution.

_____ strengthens a response by reducing or removing something unwanted.

Negative reinforcement

Who said that humans are born with a built-in predisposition to learn grammar rules, which helps explain why preschoolers pick up language so readily and use grammar so well?

Noam Chomsky

If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find this attention to be enjoyable. This BEST illustrates:

Operant conditioning

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic often associated with physically attractive people?

Passive

Which of the following statements is most true?

People tend to underestimate their resilience in hard times.

All of the following are research-tested strategies for increasing your happiness, EXCEPT:

Pretend to be happy.

_____ refers to the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, through presentation of specific bits of information, thus predisposing one's subsequent perception, memory, or response.

Priming

Which of the following is true of Stanley Milgram's obedience study?

Shocks were not actually given to the "learner."

_____ refers to people's tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with their current mood. In other words, if one is in a bad mood, one will be more likely to have negative associations.

State-dependent memory

_____ refers to the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.

Syntax

What was the initial assumption underlying cognitive dissonance theory?

That everyone has an equal desire to act consistently

Duncan Godden and Alan Baddeley conducted a study using two groups of scuba divers. One group listened to a list of words while sitting on a beach. The other group listened to the same list of words while 10 feet underwater. Based on the encoding specificity principle, what do you think the researchers discover about context and learning?

The greatest recall for the words occurred when learning and testing were in the same context (learn underwater, test underwater).

Mario is new at Evangel and doesn't know anyone. He is meets Layla on his first day there but is not very interested in her. Over the next few weeks, they end up spending a lot of time together. After the first month at school, Mario finds himself very attracted to Layla and finally asks her out on a date. Which of the following might explain Mario's growing attraction to Layla?

The mere exposure effect

Women are more likely than men to help, EXCEPT in which of the following circumstances?

The situation involves an element of danger.

The majority of correlational studies that have examined television/video game violence and aggressive behavior suggest that the more hours children spend watching violent shows/video games, the more likely they are to exhibit aggressive behaviors. What is one problem with these findings?

They do not prove that TV/Video games are the only or the primary cause of aggression.

Tina's goal is to raise children who enjoy playing musical instruments. Given what is known about observational learning, which action would one recommend to her?

Tina should play her own musical instrument.

Pop quizzes and random checks of quality help to produce slow, steady responding and are examples of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Variable-Interval

Gamblers and golfers have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and golf because of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Variable-Ratio

What is the main difference between the Cannon-Bard theory and the James-Lange theory?

Whether the body's reactions and the mind's appraisal occur simultaneously or not.

Which of the following would indicate that you are high in the need for cognition?

You enjoy problem-solving and thinking abstractly.

Which of the following is an indicator that you might be superstitious?

You wear your "lucky" shirt every time you take a test.

Those countries placing ____ importance on love had higher marriage rates, lower fertility rates, and higher divorce rates.

a lot of

Adrienne has just heard terrible news about the little coffee shop she owns. Starbucks is moving in just down the block, which could threaten the survival of her business. Her stress response may cause her to experience:

a tend and befriend reaction.

George Miller's research on short-term memory capacity indicated that people can only store _____ in their short-term memory.

about seven bits of information (give or take two)

Mick never seems to be satisfied with his successes. He is not depressed; he does celebrate his achievements, but then his achievements become normal after awhile and he moves on to the next big thing. This can be best explained in terms of the:

adaptation-level phenomenon.

The correct order of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is:

alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

According to psychologists, memory refers to the:

all of these things

Memories of emotional events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the:

amygdala.

James has a diagnosis on the autism spectrum. Growing up, his parents helped him form a step-by-step process to ensure that he could complete his morning hygiene needs (e.g. brushing teeth, showering, getting dressed). Now he follows this process every morning, and he has become quite efficient at it. This is because he uses __________ to aid him in getting dressed.

an algorithm

The Skinner Box, where an animal presses a lever for food and water, is also referred to as:

an operant chamber

When people estimate the likelihood of an event based on how readily other instances of it come to mind, they presume such events are common. This is called:

availability heuristic.

Happy people also tend to sleep well, exercise, have close relationships and _______.

be optimistic and outgoing.

It is easier to remember information that is organized into meaningful units than information that is not. This is known as:

chunking.

Children may develop the expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished. This behavior is indicative of _____ in operant behavior.

cognitive processes

Dr. Williams is designing a new intelligence test and one question asks the respondent to think about all of the examples that fit the _________ or mental grouping of "table," such as: surgical table, dinner table, pool table, work table, etc.

concept

Ivan Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a(n):

conditioned stimulus (CS).

Because he mistakenly believes that older workers are not as motivated to work hard as younger workers, a factory foreman is especially vigilant for signs of laziness among his senior employees. His supervision strategy BEST illustrates:

confirmation bias.

Janice has started wearing dresses similar to what other women wear at the new church she is attending. Janice is demonstrating which of the following?

conformity

Dr. James has decided that his 50th birthday would be the perfect time to begin writing an introductory psychology textbook. Because he has accumulated years of knowledge about psychology, it would be a demonstration of his:

crystallized intelligence.

Everyday experiences like long lines, email spam, irritating room mates, and traffic fall into the category of stress called:

daily hassles.

Aerobic exercise _____ depression by ______ the body's production of serotonin and endorphin.

decreases; increasing

Studies have shown that exposure to violence also _____ viewers when later viewing other violent acts on television.

desensitizes

Excessive rewards_______intrinsic motivation.

destroy

A creativity test requires participants to engage in _______.

divergent thinking

The sense of familiarity without awareness of why is known as:

déjà vu.

A good time to teach children another language is during:

early childhood.

Keira is talking to Mimi, and Mimi asks her to repeat what she just said. Before she does so, Mimi responds with an answer of "Yes." This is likely possible because of:

echoic memory.

The Robbers Cave study is an excellent example of how ____ can develop when two groups compete for scarce resources.

ethnocentrism

Your friend has asked you if she can copy your homework because she did not have enough time last night to complete it. While you don't want to, you allow her to copy it. This is an example of _______.

external compliance

Jerry believes that his economic difficulties are caused by the current political situation, and not by his poor business decisions. Jerry is exhibiting a(n):

external locus of control.

The inability to view problems from a new angle is known as:

fixation.

A person's ability to reason speedily and abstractly decreases slowly up to about age 75, and then more rapidly, especially after age 85. This type of ability is also known as:

fluid intelligence.

Conditioned (also known as secondary) reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which is NOT a secondary reinforcer?

food

While Sam was driving to Evangel, a car cut in front of him and he had to slam on his breaks. Sam thinks that the person driving the car is a complete jerk. This is an example of the _______.

fundamental attribution error

Shaping was a method used by B. F. Skinner in order to:

guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.

While ______ people tend to live longer, ______ people are more likely to die early.

happily married; divorced

If Edward wants to live a long, healthy life, he should:

hold strong religious beliefs.

Stacey believes that she is not racist, even though she is frequently rude to Hispanics and often makes negative comments about them. Stacey is demonstrating _______

implicit prejudice

One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to _____ a behavior, while the goal of punishment is to _____ a behavior.

increase; decrease

April is mad at Ivy and is now telling everyone at school lies about Ivy. This is an example of ______ which is more common among ______.

indirect aggression; women

Lara is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is called _________ and is likely caused by the fact that her __________ was not fully developed at that age.

infantile amnesia; hippocampus

Daryl is a member of his department's psychology club. The psychology club makes up his _____.

ingroup

Luca has been studying all week for his biology final exam. His memory for the biology material is least likely to decay if he studies:

one hour before going to sleep the night before.

Solomon Asch discovered that, because of group pressure, about _____ of the participants would select an obviously incorrect answer.

one third

Daniel and Hannah just started dating, they are most likely experiencing _______.

passionate love

Carl is picking out a cereal breakfast and chooses one that is rather expensive. When his mother asks him why he has selected that cereal, Carl states that his favorite singer loves the cereal. Carl has used the _____ to make his decision.

peripheral route to persuasion

When the director of a nursing home allowed the residents to choose their own dinner time and meal options, she found that there were fewer health problems and deaths. This could be attributed to:

personal control.

The left frontal lobe is to _____________________ as the right frontal lobe is to ____________________.

positive expression; negative expression

To reduce the self-destructive behavior of some children, a therapist might squirt water in the children's faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a:

positive punishment

In language development, _____ is the ability to comprehend speech, whereas _____ is the ability to produce words.

receptive language; productive language

When Curtis compares his life with those who are better off than he is, he is likely to experience:

relative deprivation.

According to the textbook, ______________ procedures can provide relief from headaches, high blood pressure; anxiety, depression, and insomnia.

relaxation

Mason is studying emotion in his psychology class and is surprised to find out that in individualistic cultures, _________ is related to happiness while in communal cultures social integration matters more.

self esteem and perceived control over one's life

This fleeting type of memory is the first stage in forming explicit memories. Very brief images of scenes, or echoes of sounds are fed into our working memory and are called ____.

sensory memories.

In the three-stage information processing model, people record information in which order?

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

Professor Kat conducted research on how people are affected by the presence of others. She is likely a(n) _______.

social psychologist

Without conscious effort, you automatically process information about:

space, time, & frequency.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the chapter as a helpful strategy for reducing the harmful effects of stress?

speaking in tongues

Although stereotyping people can ____ our social judgments, these cognitive shortcuts also can ____ our thinking.

speed up; impede

Women have been found to score lower on a math test when they are told "blonde" jokes before beginning the test. This best illustrates the impact of

stereotype threat.

Fido regularly chases the mail man because he is loyal and territorial of his owner. The mail man realizes that the sound of his engine is what alerts Fido to his presence and causes the dog to chase after him. The mailman decides to park at the end of the block and walk to the mailbox instead. In this scenario, the mailman has removed a_______to prevent Fido's behavior.

stimulus

After receiving a long-awaited research grant, Dr. Kelly was much more inclined to contribute to a local giving campaign in town and to give her students A's on their papers. This best illustrates:

the feel-good, do-good phenomenon.

Researchers are currently conducting a study of men on the relationship between movie violence viewing and sexual violence attitudes. The men will view 10 violent movies over a period of two months, and then assess their attitudes toward women and toward violent sexual acts. The researchers will most likely find that:

the men express less empathy towards women who experience sexual violence.

Lily's memory of a car accident has been corrupted by misleading information from other eye witnesses at the scene, some of who did not actually see the event but enjoyed the excitement of gossiping about it. This is called:

the misinformation effect.

While watching a movie, your brain assigns different teams of cells to process sounds, emotions, sights, and many other associations. This is called:

the parallel distributed processing model of memory.

As Jenny studied for her public speaking final presentation, she tried to connect the different parts of her speech with concrete and visualizable words. This process is known as:

the peg-word mnemonic.

Brian is at the grocery store trying to recall his grocery list, which he accidentally left at home. He is able to reconstruct the list of needed items fairly accurately by visualizing his kitchen and bathroom to draw up memories of what he needs from the store. Also, as he thinks of one item, it helps him remember a second and third item. In addition, when he is shopping in certain areas of the store, he recalls more items on his list. This illustrates the ______________________.

the semantic network model of memory.

A person's tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as:

the serial position effect.