CHAPTER 27 BIO

An important synapomoprhy of the euphyllophytes is overtopping a growth pattern in which on branch differentiates from and grows beyond the other

. Overtopping growth allowed for MORE ACCESS TO SUNLIGHT FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND EVOLUTION OF A LARGER LEAF TYPE

The evoluntionary importance of a plant tissue composed of tracheids is that is provides

A PLANT VASCULAR SYSTEM AND STRUCTRUAL SUPPORT

Which feature is universal in the life cycles of land plants

ALTERATION OF GENERATIONS BETWEEN HAPLOID GAMETOPHYTES AND DIPOLOID SPOROPHYTES

The most likely reason the nonvascular land plants have never evolved to the size of vascular plants is that they lack

AN EFFICIENT SYSTEM FOR CONDUCTING WATER AND MINERALS LONG DISTANCES AGAINST GRAVITY

The nonvascular plants have a number of structures or characteristics that allow them to obtain water and minerals in the absence of a vascular system. These include all of the following except

AN EXTENSTIVE ROOT SYSTEM TO TAKE UP WATER FROM SOIL

A property shared by the sporophyte of mosses and ferns is

APICAL CELL DIVISION

Which characteristic is a synapomorphy for green algae and land plants

CHLOROPHYLL B

Which land plant group possesses leaflike microphylls

CLUB MOSSES

The cyanobacteria found in the interal mucilage-filled cavities of hornworts serve to

CONVERT ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN GASS INTO A FORM USABLE BY THE PLANT

A synapomorphy for green algae and land plants

Chlorophyll b

The sporophyte of the sphagnum

DEPENDS ON THE GAMETOPHYTE FOR NUTRIENTS

The sporophyte of the moss sphagnum

DEPENDS ON THE GAMETOPHYTE FOR THE NUTRIENTS

The nonvascular plant clades require liquid water for fertlilzation during sexual reproduction because

EGGS ARE FERTILIZED BY A FLAGELLATED SPERM THAT SWIMS TO THE EGG

Several important adaptations evolved in the common ancestor of land plants that allowed for successful emergence on land. Which of the following is one of those changes

EVOLUTION OF A WAXY CUTICLE

The sporophyte generation

EXTENDS FROM THE ZYGOTE THROUGH THE ADULT DIPLOID PLANT

Which innovation in land plants addressed the challenges of reproductions rather than mere survival

GAMETANGIA

In a plant species that has alternation of generations

HAPLOID AND DIPLOID STAGES OF THE LIFE CYCLE ALTERNATE AND BOTH HAVE A MULTICELLULAR STAGE

The nutritionally independent stage of the life cycle of a liverwort is the

HAPLOID GAMETOPHYTE

Which group represents the most ancient surviving land plant lineage

Liverworts

Which of the following regarding the two leaf types is false

MEGASHYLLS AROSE FROM THE FLATTENTING OF A DICHOTOMOUS BRANCHING SYSTEM

During the carboniferous period forest of large plants dominated the landscape. Which of the following were not amoung them

MOSSES

In which plant group did the stomata first appear

MOSSES

Are believed to have evolved from sterile sporangia

Microphylls

One important benefit of the evolution of xylem was the development of a mechanism for

RIGID STRUCTURAL SUPPORT

False about vascular plant evolution

THE FOSSIL RECORD SHOWS THAT VASCULAR PLANTS APPARED ON LAND AFTER THE FIRST LAND ANIMALS

How can nonvascular plants survive on land without true leaves stems and roots

THEY ARE SMALL ENOUGH TO ALLOW MINERALS TO DIFFUSE THROUGHOUT THEIR BODIES

All of the following are evoluntionary adaptations shared by all land plants except

WATER TRANSPORT BY XYLEM

A Monilophyte

a clade of seedless vascular plants that includes ferns and horsetails

Strobilus is

a cluster of spore bearing microphylls

Rhyniophytes

a gourp of early vascular plants that appeared in the Silurian and became extinct in the Devonian

Monilophytes

a group of vascular plants sister to the seed plants and characterized by overtopping and possession of megaphylls

Microspore

a haploid spore that produces a male gameophyte

Phycoerythrin

a red protein pigment that occurs in red algae

Dichotomous branching happens when

a shoot tip divides and grows into two equal branches

Microphyll

a small leaf with a single vein found in club mosses and their relatives

Sporophyte

a structure that can survive for hundreds of years in some species but could not form without water

Tracheid

a type of tracheary element found in the xylem of nearly all vascular plants characterized by tapering ends and walls that are pitted but not perforated.

Rhizome

a underground stem that runs horizontally beneath the ground

Dichotomous

a young animal, or young plant sporophyte while it is still contained within a protective structure such as a seed egg or uterus

Streptophytes

all green plants other than chlorophytes

Nonvascular land plants

all land plants that lack a vascular system

This group's gametophyte starts as a branched filamentous structure called a protonema

and many types contain hydroid cells, MOSSES

Spore

any asexual reproductive cell capable of developing into an adult organism.

Gametagium

any plant or fungal structure which a gamete is formed

Algae

are aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotes

Chlorophytes

are not believed to have given rise to land plants

In mosses the protonema resembles filamentous green allege because

both are composed of branched photosynthetic filaments

Common to hydroids and tracheids

both conduct water

Morphologicial structures

both micro and macroscopic, have been used as evidence to support the idea that land plants arose from a green algae clade. Of these structure, the one that contributed most to the success of plants on land was, THE CUTICLE

Stomata function to

control the entry and exit of O2 and Co2 and water vapor from the plant surface.

Synapomorphy

defined as shared derived trait

The addition of Tracheid cells strengthened with lignin allowed early land plants to do all of the following except

disperse gametes more widely

Evolution of lignified cell walls contributed to the increased abilities of plants to

disperse spores grow tall and compete for sunlight

Chlorophytes

diverse group of green algae, including freshwater, marine, and terrestrial forms, some are unicellular Chlorophytes use Chlorophylls A and C in their photosynthesis.

Algae

encompassing various distantly related groups of aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotes

Rhizoids

hairlike extensions of cells in mosses liverworts and a few vascular plants that serve the same function as roots

Hornwort sporophyte

has no stalk and is persistently green a trait shared with vascular plants

Megagametophyte

in heterosporous plants, the female gametophyte produces eggs

Microgametophyte

in heterosporous plants, the male gametophyte produces sperm

Megaspore

in plants a haploid spore that produces a female gametophyte

Sorus

in plants and fungi, any specialized structure within which one or more spores are formed

Gametophyte

in plants and photosynthectic protists with alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid phase that produces the gametes

Sporophyte

in plants and protists with alternation of generations, the diploid phase that produces the spores

Xylem

in vascular plants the tissue that conducts water and minerals

Phloem

in vascular plants tissue that transports sugars and other solutes from sources to sinks

Chlorophytes

include both unicellular and multicellular forms

The plant group

is defined differently by different groups of scientist

What effect does having a basal region of cell division have on sporophyte function in hornworts

it allows spores to be continually made and released as long as the sporophytes live

Nonvascular plants has restricted their expanstion on land to moist areas

lack of true roots

Describes the nonvascular land plants

liverworts mosses and hornworts

The hornworts are the sister taxon of this land plant clade

lycophytes horsetails ferns and seed plants

Microphylls differ from megaphylls in that

microphylls are thought to have evolved from sterile sporangia wherase megaphylls evolved from modified branches.

A megasporangium has the same relationship to a megaspore as a microsporangium has to a

microspore

The primary endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium by an early eukaryotic cell that led to evolution of plants occurred

more than a billion years ago

Coleochaetophytes

multicellular green algae characterized by flattened growth form composed of thin-walled cells thought to be the sister-group to the stoneworts plus land plants

Stoneworts

multicellular green algea with branching, apical growth and plasmodesmata between adjacent cells.

Red Algae

multicellular marine and freshwater algae characterized by the presence of phycoerythrin in their chloroplast

Liverworts

nonvascular plants lacking stomata stalk of sporophyte elongates along its entire length

Hornworts

nonvascular plants with sporophytes that grow from the base cells contain a single large platelike chloroplast

Mosses

nonvascular plants with true stomata and erect "leafy" gametophytes and apical cell division

Sporophyte

nutritionally, gametophyte

Morphological structures both micro and macro have been used as evidence to support the idea that land plants arose form a green algae clade

of these structures the one that contribuited most to the success of plants on land was THE PRESENCE OF TRACHEIDS

Strobilus

one of several conlike structures in various groups of plants

Green plants

organisms with chlorophylls A and B cellulose containing cell walls starch as carbs storage product and chloroplast surrounded by two membranes

Peat

partly decomposed vegetable matter especially of sphagnum moss

The red color present in red algae is primarly due to the accessory pigment

phycoerythrin

Overtopping

plant growth patter in which one branch differs from and grows beyond others

Land plants

plants with embryos that develop within protective structures major groups are the liverworts mosses hornworts and vascular plants

Vascular plants

plants with xylem and phloem major groups include the lycophytes and euphyllophytes.

Homosporous

producing a single type of spore that gives rise to a single type of gametophyte bearing both female and male reproductive organs

Heterosporous

producing two types of spores one of which gives rise to a female megaspore and the other to male microspore

Hornworts can be distinguished from other nonvascular plants by their

single chloroplast per cell and persistently green sporophyte

Stoma

small opening in the plant epidermis that permits gas exchange; bounded by a pair of guard cells whos osmotic status regulates the size of the opening

Heterospory in a plant life cycle is characterized by two different kinds of

spores that mature into two different kinds of gametophytes

Selective pressure for

stomata which ultimately drive selection for a reduction in leaf area

Archegonium

structure that produces eggs in nonvascular land plants, ferns, and gymnosperms

Land plants likely arose from a green alga

such as an ancient stonewort species. If you could go back in time and examine them what feature would you look for to distinguish and early land plant from a stonwort? A CUTICLE

Land plants are often called embryophytes because

the embryo is protected by the parent plant

True about generations of land plants

the gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis

Megaphyll

the generally large leaf of a fern horsetail or seed plant with several to many veins

Euphylophytes

the group of vascular plants that is sister to the lycophytes and which includes all plants with megaphylls

In a liverwort in nature the larger more visible plant is the GAMETOPHYTE wheras in horsetails

the larger more visible plant is the SPOROPHYTE

In a liverwort in nature

the larger, more visble plant is the GAMETOPHYTE whereas in the horsetails, the larger, more visble plant is the SPOROPHYTE

In heterosporous life cycle

the microspore develops into the MALE gameophyte and the megaspore develops into the FEMALE gametophyte

Plantae

the most broadly defined plant group corresponding to the group that descended from primary endosymbiotic event that gave rise to chloroplast.

Gene Sequences

the most compelling evidence that various synapomorphis and stoneworts present they are the sister group of land plants.

Antheridium

the multicellular structure that produces the sperm in nonvascular land plants and ferns

Megasporangia

the plant structures that bear megaspores

Microsporangia

the plant structures that bear microspores

Soil formation on the early land masses was not helped by

the products of photosynthesis

As land plans evolved

the sporophyte generation became larger and less dependent on the gametophyte generation. Which statement provides and accurate example of this trend. THE SPOROPHYTE OF MOSS ARE SMALL AND NUTRITIONALLY DEPENDENT ON THEIR GAMETOPHYTE, WHILE THE SPOROPHYTE OF FERNS ARE LARGE AND NUTRITIONALLY INDEPENDENT OF THEIR GAMETOPHYTE

The sporophyte of a vascular plant is nutritionally INDEPENDENT

the sporophyte of a nonvascular plant is nutritionally DEPENDENT

A Euphyllophyte is defined as a plant with

true leaves

Glaucophytes

unicellular freshwater algae with chloroplasts containing traces of peptidoglycan the characteristic cell wall material of bacteria

Lycophytes

vascular plants characterized by microphylls inclues club mosses spike mosses and quillworts

Horsetails

vascular plants with reduced megaphylls in whorls