CHAPTER 27 BIO
An important synapomoprhy of the euphyllophytes is overtopping a growth pattern in which on branch differentiates from and grows beyond the other
. Overtopping growth allowed for MORE ACCESS TO SUNLIGHT FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND EVOLUTION OF A LARGER LEAF TYPE
The evoluntionary importance of a plant tissue composed of tracheids is that is provides
A PLANT VASCULAR SYSTEM AND STRUCTRUAL SUPPORT
Which feature is universal in the life cycles of land plants
ALTERATION OF GENERATIONS BETWEEN HAPLOID GAMETOPHYTES AND DIPOLOID SPOROPHYTES
The most likely reason the nonvascular land plants have never evolved to the size of vascular plants is that they lack
AN EFFICIENT SYSTEM FOR CONDUCTING WATER AND MINERALS LONG DISTANCES AGAINST GRAVITY
The nonvascular plants have a number of structures or characteristics that allow them to obtain water and minerals in the absence of a vascular system. These include all of the following except
AN EXTENSTIVE ROOT SYSTEM TO TAKE UP WATER FROM SOIL
A property shared by the sporophyte of mosses and ferns is
APICAL CELL DIVISION
Which characteristic is a synapomorphy for green algae and land plants
CHLOROPHYLL B
Which land plant group possesses leaflike microphylls
CLUB MOSSES
The cyanobacteria found in the interal mucilage-filled cavities of hornworts serve to
CONVERT ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN GASS INTO A FORM USABLE BY THE PLANT
A synapomorphy for green algae and land plants
Chlorophyll b
The sporophyte of the sphagnum
DEPENDS ON THE GAMETOPHYTE FOR NUTRIENTS
The sporophyte of the moss sphagnum
DEPENDS ON THE GAMETOPHYTE FOR THE NUTRIENTS
The nonvascular plant clades require liquid water for fertlilzation during sexual reproduction because
EGGS ARE FERTILIZED BY A FLAGELLATED SPERM THAT SWIMS TO THE EGG
Several important adaptations evolved in the common ancestor of land plants that allowed for successful emergence on land. Which of the following is one of those changes
EVOLUTION OF A WAXY CUTICLE
The sporophyte generation
EXTENDS FROM THE ZYGOTE THROUGH THE ADULT DIPLOID PLANT
Which innovation in land plants addressed the challenges of reproductions rather than mere survival
GAMETANGIA
In a plant species that has alternation of generations
HAPLOID AND DIPLOID STAGES OF THE LIFE CYCLE ALTERNATE AND BOTH HAVE A MULTICELLULAR STAGE
The nutritionally independent stage of the life cycle of a liverwort is the
HAPLOID GAMETOPHYTE
Which group represents the most ancient surviving land plant lineage
Liverworts
Which of the following regarding the two leaf types is false
MEGASHYLLS AROSE FROM THE FLATTENTING OF A DICHOTOMOUS BRANCHING SYSTEM
During the carboniferous period forest of large plants dominated the landscape. Which of the following were not amoung them
MOSSES
In which plant group did the stomata first appear
MOSSES
Are believed to have evolved from sterile sporangia
Microphylls
One important benefit of the evolution of xylem was the development of a mechanism for
RIGID STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
False about vascular plant evolution
THE FOSSIL RECORD SHOWS THAT VASCULAR PLANTS APPARED ON LAND AFTER THE FIRST LAND ANIMALS
How can nonvascular plants survive on land without true leaves stems and roots
THEY ARE SMALL ENOUGH TO ALLOW MINERALS TO DIFFUSE THROUGHOUT THEIR BODIES
All of the following are evoluntionary adaptations shared by all land plants except
WATER TRANSPORT BY XYLEM
A Monilophyte
a clade of seedless vascular plants that includes ferns and horsetails
Strobilus is
a cluster of spore bearing microphylls
Rhyniophytes
a gourp of early vascular plants that appeared in the Silurian and became extinct in the Devonian
Monilophytes
a group of vascular plants sister to the seed plants and characterized by overtopping and possession of megaphylls
Microspore
a haploid spore that produces a male gameophyte
Phycoerythrin
a red protein pigment that occurs in red algae
Dichotomous branching happens when
a shoot tip divides and grows into two equal branches
Microphyll
a small leaf with a single vein found in club mosses and their relatives
Sporophyte
a structure that can survive for hundreds of years in some species but could not form without water
Tracheid
a type of tracheary element found in the xylem of nearly all vascular plants characterized by tapering ends and walls that are pitted but not perforated.
Rhizome
a underground stem that runs horizontally beneath the ground
Dichotomous
a young animal, or young plant sporophyte while it is still contained within a protective structure such as a seed egg or uterus
Streptophytes
all green plants other than chlorophytes
Nonvascular land plants
all land plants that lack a vascular system
This group's gametophyte starts as a branched filamentous structure called a protonema
and many types contain hydroid cells, MOSSES
Spore
any asexual reproductive cell capable of developing into an adult organism.
Gametagium
any plant or fungal structure which a gamete is formed
Algae
are aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotes
Chlorophytes
are not believed to have given rise to land plants
In mosses the protonema resembles filamentous green allege because
both are composed of branched photosynthetic filaments
Common to hydroids and tracheids
both conduct water
Morphologicial structures
both micro and macroscopic, have been used as evidence to support the idea that land plants arose from a green algae clade. Of these structure, the one that contributed most to the success of plants on land was, THE CUTICLE
Stomata function to
control the entry and exit of O2 and Co2 and water vapor from the plant surface.
Synapomorphy
defined as shared derived trait
The addition of Tracheid cells strengthened with lignin allowed early land plants to do all of the following except
disperse gametes more widely
Evolution of lignified cell walls contributed to the increased abilities of plants to
disperse spores grow tall and compete for sunlight
Chlorophytes
diverse group of green algae, including freshwater, marine, and terrestrial forms, some are unicellular Chlorophytes use Chlorophylls A and C in their photosynthesis.
Algae
encompassing various distantly related groups of aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotes
Rhizoids
hairlike extensions of cells in mosses liverworts and a few vascular plants that serve the same function as roots
Hornwort sporophyte
has no stalk and is persistently green a trait shared with vascular plants
Megagametophyte
in heterosporous plants, the female gametophyte produces eggs
Microgametophyte
in heterosporous plants, the male gametophyte produces sperm
Megaspore
in plants a haploid spore that produces a female gametophyte
Sorus
in plants and fungi, any specialized structure within which one or more spores are formed
Gametophyte
in plants and photosynthectic protists with alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid phase that produces the gametes
Sporophyte
in plants and protists with alternation of generations, the diploid phase that produces the spores
Xylem
in vascular plants the tissue that conducts water and minerals
Phloem
in vascular plants tissue that transports sugars and other solutes from sources to sinks
Chlorophytes
include both unicellular and multicellular forms
The plant group
is defined differently by different groups of scientist
What effect does having a basal region of cell division have on sporophyte function in hornworts
it allows spores to be continually made and released as long as the sporophytes live
Nonvascular plants has restricted their expanstion on land to moist areas
lack of true roots
Describes the nonvascular land plants
liverworts mosses and hornworts
The hornworts are the sister taxon of this land plant clade
lycophytes horsetails ferns and seed plants
Microphylls differ from megaphylls in that
microphylls are thought to have evolved from sterile sporangia wherase megaphylls evolved from modified branches.
A megasporangium has the same relationship to a megaspore as a microsporangium has to a
microspore
The primary endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium by an early eukaryotic cell that led to evolution of plants occurred
more than a billion years ago
Coleochaetophytes
multicellular green algae characterized by flattened growth form composed of thin-walled cells thought to be the sister-group to the stoneworts plus land plants
Stoneworts
multicellular green algea with branching, apical growth and plasmodesmata between adjacent cells.
Red Algae
multicellular marine and freshwater algae characterized by the presence of phycoerythrin in their chloroplast
Liverworts
nonvascular plants lacking stomata stalk of sporophyte elongates along its entire length
Hornworts
nonvascular plants with sporophytes that grow from the base cells contain a single large platelike chloroplast
Mosses
nonvascular plants with true stomata and erect "leafy" gametophytes and apical cell division
Sporophyte
nutritionally, gametophyte
Morphological structures both micro and macro have been used as evidence to support the idea that land plants arose form a green algae clade
of these structures the one that contribuited most to the success of plants on land was THE PRESENCE OF TRACHEIDS
Strobilus
one of several conlike structures in various groups of plants
Green plants
organisms with chlorophylls A and B cellulose containing cell walls starch as carbs storage product and chloroplast surrounded by two membranes
Peat
partly decomposed vegetable matter especially of sphagnum moss
The red color present in red algae is primarly due to the accessory pigment
phycoerythrin
Overtopping
plant growth patter in which one branch differs from and grows beyond others
Land plants
plants with embryos that develop within protective structures major groups are the liverworts mosses hornworts and vascular plants
Vascular plants
plants with xylem and phloem major groups include the lycophytes and euphyllophytes.
Homosporous
producing a single type of spore that gives rise to a single type of gametophyte bearing both female and male reproductive organs
Heterosporous
producing two types of spores one of which gives rise to a female megaspore and the other to male microspore
Hornworts can be distinguished from other nonvascular plants by their
single chloroplast per cell and persistently green sporophyte
Stoma
small opening in the plant epidermis that permits gas exchange; bounded by a pair of guard cells whos osmotic status regulates the size of the opening
Heterospory in a plant life cycle is characterized by two different kinds of
spores that mature into two different kinds of gametophytes
Selective pressure for
stomata which ultimately drive selection for a reduction in leaf area
Archegonium
structure that produces eggs in nonvascular land plants, ferns, and gymnosperms
Land plants likely arose from a green alga
such as an ancient stonewort species. If you could go back in time and examine them what feature would you look for to distinguish and early land plant from a stonwort? A CUTICLE
Land plants are often called embryophytes because
the embryo is protected by the parent plant
True about generations of land plants
the gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis
Megaphyll
the generally large leaf of a fern horsetail or seed plant with several to many veins
Euphylophytes
the group of vascular plants that is sister to the lycophytes and which includes all plants with megaphylls
In a liverwort in nature the larger more visible plant is the GAMETOPHYTE wheras in horsetails
the larger more visible plant is the SPOROPHYTE
In a liverwort in nature
the larger, more visble plant is the GAMETOPHYTE whereas in the horsetails, the larger, more visble plant is the SPOROPHYTE
In heterosporous life cycle
the microspore develops into the MALE gameophyte and the megaspore develops into the FEMALE gametophyte
Plantae
the most broadly defined plant group corresponding to the group that descended from primary endosymbiotic event that gave rise to chloroplast.
Gene Sequences
the most compelling evidence that various synapomorphis and stoneworts present they are the sister group of land plants.
Antheridium
the multicellular structure that produces the sperm in nonvascular land plants and ferns
Megasporangia
the plant structures that bear megaspores
Microsporangia
the plant structures that bear microspores
Soil formation on the early land masses was not helped by
the products of photosynthesis
As land plans evolved
the sporophyte generation became larger and less dependent on the gametophyte generation. Which statement provides and accurate example of this trend. THE SPOROPHYTE OF MOSS ARE SMALL AND NUTRITIONALLY DEPENDENT ON THEIR GAMETOPHYTE, WHILE THE SPOROPHYTE OF FERNS ARE LARGE AND NUTRITIONALLY INDEPENDENT OF THEIR GAMETOPHYTE
The sporophyte of a vascular plant is nutritionally INDEPENDENT
the sporophyte of a nonvascular plant is nutritionally DEPENDENT
A Euphyllophyte is defined as a plant with
true leaves
Glaucophytes
unicellular freshwater algae with chloroplasts containing traces of peptidoglycan the characteristic cell wall material of bacteria
Lycophytes
vascular plants characterized by microphylls inclues club mosses spike mosses and quillworts
Horsetails
vascular plants with reduced megaphylls in whorls