Prep for Exam 4
What is the name of the family of disorders that is characterized by problems in social interaction, problems in verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors? Multiple choice question. autism spectrum disorders dyslexia disorders sensory integration disorders attention disorders
autism spectrum disorders
Diagramming a family tree requires the concrete operational skill of Multiple choice question. reversibility. seriation. transitivity. classification
classification
The longer children experienced poverty, according to one study, the more detrimental the poverty was to their Multiple choice question. cognitive development. desire to have high-quality education. relationships with peers.
cognitive development
Self-______ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self. Multiple choice question. concept regulation portrait esteem
concept
Which of the following best describes prosocial behavior? Multiple choice question. acceptance of welfare desire to live in love and harmony bidirectional socialization concern and empathy for others
concern and empathy for others
During the _____ operational stage, children are able to classify objects and consider their interrelationships.
concrete
The _____ operational stage lasts from approximately 7 to 11 years of age. In this stage, reasoning is logical as long as it is applied to examples.
concrete
Piaget defined the ______ stage as a time when children can logically think about things as long as they can relate it to specific or concrete examples. Multiple choice question. preoperational formal operational sensorimotor concrete operational
concrete operational
What adult personality characteristic is linked to the early development of self-regulation? Multiple choice question. extraversion conscientiousness agreeableness openness
conscientiousness
____ reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
Postconventional
_______ reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg. Multiple choice question. Preconventional Postconventional Unconventional Conventional
Preconventional
A child understands that if she wants to arrange sticks from shortest to longest, each stick must be longer than the one that precedes it and shorter than the one that follows it. The child is using Multiple choice question. transitivity. centration. seriation. conservation.
transitivity
Trevor understands that if Paul is older than Jake, and Jake is older than Melissa, then Paul is older than Melissa. Trevor has demonstrated the ability of Multiple choice question. centration. conservation. seriation. transitivity.
transitivity
Which of the following is the ability to logically combine relations to reach certain conclusions? Multiple choice question. animism seriation conservation transitivity
transitivity
Approximately ____ of children from 3 to 21 years of age in the United States receive special education or related services. Multiple choice question. 34% 25% 50% 13%
13%
Approximately ______ of children who have a disability and require an individualized education plan have emotional and behavioral disorders. Multiple choice question. 28% 38% 8% 18%
8%
Tests that are familiar to children from all socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds and tests that have no verbal questions are both types of __________ tests.
culture-fair
Which type of bullying is a new source of concern? Multiple choice question. cyberbullying classroom bullying schoolyard bullying sibling bullying
cyberbullying
As American students go from elementary to high school, their performance assessments of reading, math, and science ______ in comparison with students in other countries. Multiple choice question. equalize stay the same decline increases
decline
A disaster can have damaging effects on a child, including which of the following? Multiple select question. depression posttraumatic stress disorder panic disorder bipolar disorder
depression posttraumatic stress disorder panic disorder
What can an intelligence test identify? Multiple choice question. divergent thinking individual differences creativity ability to succeed in school
individual differences
In terms of Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, the term _______ summarizes children's interest in how things are made and how they work.
industry
Which of Erik Erikson's stages typically occurs during middle to late childhood? Multiple choice question. industry versus inferiority autonomy versus shame identity versus identity confusion trust versus mistrust
industry versus inferiority
When an age appropriate individual demonstrates difficulty with the skills to learn and care for themselves, a/an ______ disability may be present. Multiple choice question. emotional intellectual mathematical spatial
intellectual
A(n) ______ test aims to indicate whether a given student can reason better than others who have taken the same test. Multiple choice question. critical thinking achievement memorization intelligence
intelligence
Which of the following concepts encompasses problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from and adapt to experiences? Multiple choice question. metacognition metamemory concrete operations intelligence
intelligence
Self-esteem and self-concept are rooted in Multiple choice question. intellectual functioning. moral development. biological determinants. parent-child interaction.
parent-child interaction
Which of the following family problems contribute to lower achievement among low-income students? Multiple select question. parents who don't set high educational standards family's lack of money for educational materials and experiences parents who can't read siblings who overachieve in school and monopolize family resources
parents who set high educational standards family's lack of money for educational materials and experiences parents who can't read
The ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension is called Multiple choice question. conservation. seriation. egocentrism. reversibility.
seriation
To achieve reading proficiency in English, immigrant children should be instructed using the dual-language approach for at least ______ year(s). Multiple choice question. five three one seven
seven
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of autism spectrum disorders? Multiple choice question. problems in verbal and nonverbal communication problems in social interaction repetitive behaviors severe intellectual disability in all types
severe intellectual disability in all types
A good strategy is for children to learn to _____ their thoughts, changing their perception of a stressful situation.
shift
What type of memory increases during early childhood but does not increase much after the age of 7? Multiple choice question. abstract memory long-term memory sensory memory short-term memory
short-term memory
In middle and late childhood, the development of which of the following provides children with information about their peers and peer relationships? Multiple choice question. moral reasoning self-esteem social cognition self-concept
social cognition
Children who are fluent in two languages perform better than their single-language counterparts in all of the following areas, EXCEPT Multiple choice question. spelling ability. control of attention. analytical reasoning. concept formation.
spelling ability
Autism is associated with abnormalities in which of the following? Multiple select question. the connectivity between brain regions neurotransmitters brain weight brain structure
the connectivity between brain regions neurotransmitters brain structure
True or false: Children who have parents diagnosed with ADHD are at a greater risk of also developing ADHD. True false question. True False
true
True or false: Some neuroscientists speculate that the prefrontal cortex provides neural leadership during development by orchestrating the functions of other brain regions. True false question. True False
true
Improvements in memory during middle and late childhood are reflections of increases in which of the following? Multiple select question. intelligence use of strategies concrete operations knowledge
use of strategies concrete operations knowledge
The preconventional reasoning has sometimes been described as _____. Multiple choice question. "What goals should I pursue?" "How should I lead my life?" "What's in it for me?" "How can I add value to the society?"
"What's in it for me?"
In one research analysis (Hetherington & Kelly, 2002), it was found that of children from stepfamilies, 25 percent showed adjustment problems—compared to ______ in intact, never-divorced families. Multiple choice question. 25 percent 10 percent 5 percent 15 percent
10 percent
Researchers have found that there are more than ______ genes that affect intelligence. Multiple choice question. 10 10000 100 1000
1000
Which medications are prescribed to treat ADHD? Multiple select question. Adderall Zoloft Ritalin Xanax
Adderall Ritalin
The poor performance of ______ children and adolescents in math has been well publicized. In a recent comparison, the top scores in math were mainly held by Asian countries. Multiple choice question. Eastern European Western European American Scandinavian
American
______ intelligence refers to the ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast. Multiple choice question. Analytical Creative Practical Imaginative
Analytical
Which of the following is true regarding surveys of Asian and American parents about their attitudes toward math achievement? Multiple select question. Asian parents were more likely to view math achievement as the result of effort. American parents were more likely to view math achievement as the result of innate talent. Asian parents were more likely to view math achievement as the result of innate talent. American parents were more likely to view math achievement as the result of effort. There was little difference in responses from either group of parents.
Asian parents were more likely to view math achievement as the result of effort American parents were more likely to view math achievement as the result of innate talent
Cross-cultural research by Stevenson and colleagues comparing achievement in the United States and several Asian countries found which of the following? Multiple select question. Asian teachers spent more time teaching mathematics. Asian and American teachers spent the same amount of time teaching mathematics. Asian teachers spent less time teaching mathematics. Asian students consistently outperformed American students in mathematics.
Asian teachers spent more time teaching mathematics Asian students consistently outperformed American students in mathematics.
Which of the following statements are true regarding gender differences in emotion? Multiple select question. Boys tend to show less self-regulation than girls. Girls are less likely to engage in self-disclosure. Boys are less likely to experience or express anger. Girls are better at reading others' emotions.
Boys tend to show less self-regulation than girls. Girls are better at reading others' emotions.
Which of the following statements about bullying in the social context of the peer group is accurate? Multiple choice question. Peer groups tend not to be involved in instances of bullying. Peers are most often completely unaware of bullying incidents. Bullies are most often classified as popular children. Bullies often torment victims to gain higher status in the peer group.
Bullies often torment victims to gain higher status in the peer group.
Which of the statements is FALSE regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood? Multiple choice question. Children in middle and late childhood have a capacity for genuine empathy. Children in elementary school have an increased understanding of complex emotions. Children in middle and late childhood do not understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation. Children in middle and late childhood have improved their ability to suppress negative emotional reactions.
Children in middle and late childhood do not understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation
Which of the following statements is TRUE? Multiple choice question. Children's abilities in short-term memory continue to improve in middle and late childhood. Reason: You have confused short-term with long-term memory. If this answer said "long term" it would have been correct. Because children are learning so much new information in middle and late childhood, they have more difficulty sustaining attention. Children's abilities in long-term memory continue to improve in middle and late childhood. Boys are better a retaining information in long-term memory than girls.
Children's abilities in long-term memory continue to improve in middle and late childhood.
Which of the following is true of autonomy in middle and late childhood? Multiple choice question. Children are not yet ready for any type of autonomy. Children rebel as parents try to cede them more control. Control is coregulated by both child and parent. A major shift occurs, as children become completely autonomous.
Control is coregulated by both child and parent.
______ is the ability to think in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems. Multiple choice question. Convergent Creativity Concrete thinking Deduction
Creativity
_____ thinking is when a person thinks reflectively, productively, and evaluates evidence.
Critical
______ disorders are serious, persistent problems that involve relationships, aggression, depression, and fears associated with personal or school matters, as well as other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics. Multiple choice question. Emotional and behavioral Metabolic syndrome Cognitive and metabolic Learning and attention
Emotional and behavioral
Neurofeedback, mindfulness training, and exercise have proven to be more effective therapies than stimulant drugs in the treatment of ADHD. True false question. True False
False
True or false: A person's mental age is always the same as chronological age. True false question. True False
False
True or false: Concrete operations do not allow the child to consider multiple characteristics of an object. True false question. True False
False
True or false: Researchers have found that gender stereotyping doesn't begin until children are of elementary school age. True false question. True False
False
rue or false: The number of children diagnosed with ADHD has decreased in recent decades. True false question. True. False
False
How did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development? Multiple choice question. He did experimental research on a large group of children and studied their moral preferences. He performed natural observation. He interviewed children, giving them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve. He did correlational research. Correct Answer
He interviewed children, giving them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve
Which of the following is a proper recommendation for helping children cope with disaster or traumatic events? Multiple choice question. Help them make sense of what happened. Ask them to employ denial and suppression techniques. Avoid all discussion of the trauma. Constantly reexpose them to the situation in order to breed familiarity.
Help them make sense of what happened
What does it mean if a person's IQ is 115? Multiple choice question. His/her mental age is the same as his/her chronological age He/she should be referred for special education His/her mental age is higher than his/her chronological age His/her mental age is lower than his/her chronological age
His/her mental age is higher than his/her chronological age
Which acronym stands for a written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for a student with a disability? Multiple choice question. LRE IDEA IEP SES
IEP
What does IDEA stand for? Multiple choice question. Individuals with Disorders Education Act Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Individuals with Disorders Efficacy Act Individuals with Dysfunctional Emotionality Act
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
__________ quotient is a person's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by one hundred.
Intelligence
The theorist who developed a theory of moral development that involved three levels was Multiple choice question. Piaget. Erikson. Kohlberg. Bandura.
Kohlberg
Which of the following techniques should adults use to help children cope with the stress of devastating events? Multiple select question. Protect children from reexposure to frightening situations and reminders of the trauma. Reassure children of their safety and security. Make children write down their thoughts. Allow retelling of events.
Protect children from reexposure to frightening situations and reminders of the trauma. Reassure children of their safety and security Allow retelling of events
Who is MOST likely to be a victim of bullying? Multiple choice question. Alice, who is in her final year of middle school Roberto, who is in his first year of middle school Abi, who is in her first year of middle school Franz, who is in his final year of middle school
Roberto, who is in his first year of middle school
Which of the following statements about parent-child interaction during middle and late childhood is accurate? Multiple choice question. Some control is transferred from parent to child. Parents cease acting as gatekeepers in children's lives. Children receive more physical discipline than when they were younger. Parents play less of a role in children's academics.
Some control is transferred from parent to child
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the Wechsler Intelligence Scales? Multiple choice question. The Wechsler scales stop measuring intelligence at adolescence. The same scale can be used to assess intelligence at all ages. The scales begin before children reach the school-age range.
The scales begin before children reach the school-age range.
Why are children in the concrete operational stage able to perform conservation tasks? Multiple choice question. They have yet to understand the relationship between classes. They can consider several characteristics of an object at once. They put all of their focus on a single property of and object at a time. They can apply operations to imaginary concepts.
They can consider several characteristics of an object at once.
Adult health and longevity has been linked to the early development of self-regulation in childhood and adolescence. True false question. True False
True
True or false: Boys tend to show less self-regulation than girls, and this low self-control can translate into behavior problems. True false question. True False
True
True or false: Children's social cognition about their peers becomes increasingly important for understanding peer relationships in middle and late childhood. True false question. True False
True
Aiden has not been well accepted by his peers since kindergarten. In fact, he has no friends at all, and some children say they dislike him. In terms of peer status, Aiden is Multiple choice question. a rejected child. an average child. a controversial child. a neglected child.
a rejected child
When learning a second language, which group tends to learn faster but attain a lower final level of second-language attainment? Multiple choice question. non-Latino whites children adults Latinos
adults
When a child's intent is ambiguous, a(n) ______ boy is more likely to perceive it as hostile. Multiple choice question. aggressive passive popular neglected
aggressive
Madeleine is about equally liked and disliked by the children in her class. In terms of peer status, she is best described as Multiple choice question. a rejected child. a popular child. a neglected child. an average child.
an average child
Studies have shown that insecure attachment is likely to result in greater ______ during middle and late childhood. Multiple choice question. independence anxiety confidence self-regulation
anxiety
Which of the following is NOT one of Dodge's six steps in social information processing? Multiple choice question. become emotionally reactive establish social goals selectively attend to social cues generate problem-solving strategies
become emotionally reactive
Which of the following are components of mindfulness? Multiple select question. being alert being cognitively flexible being focused on a single strategy being mentally present
being alert being cognitively flexible being mentally present
Why might exercise reduce ADHD symptoms in children? Multiple select question. better allocation of attention resources increased social interactions dopamine release positive influence on prefrontal cortex functioning
better allocation of attention resources dopamine release positive influence on prefrontal cortex functioning
In Ms. Greene's classroom, she displays images of children from diverse ethnic and cultural groups, selects play materials and classroom activities that encourage cultural understanding, and helps students resist stereotypes; she also works with parents to reduce children's exposure to prejudice at home. All of these are methods seeking to reduce ______
bias
In terms of peer status, the ______ child is frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked. Multiple choice question. neglected average rejected controversial
controversial
________________ reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
conventional
Researchers have found that gender stereotypes for children are more rigid with ____ (boys/girls) than with _____ (boys/girls).
boys;girls
The term _______ refers to verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful.
bullying
In contrast to Kohlberg's justice perspective, Gilligan developed a ______ perspective in regard to moral reasoning.
care
What are the three levels of moral thinking according to Kohlberg? Multiple select question. conventional postconventional unconventional past conventional preconventional
conventional postconventional preconventional
Adam's teacher, Mr. Booker, didn't say hello to him when they passed in the hall. Adam told himself that Mr. Booker was probably thinking about something and didn't notice him. This illustrates how older children Multiple choice question. cope with stress using cognitive strategies such as reframing. use social comparison to make judgments about themselves and others. don't care whether adults acknowledge them. How children often lack the ability to correctly interpret social cues
cope with stress using cognitive strategies such as reframing
When a person thinks in novel and unusual ways and comes up with unique solutions to problems, they are engaging in _____ thinking. Multiple choice question. critical dialectical creative elaborative
creative
When people think reflectively and productively and evaluate evidence, they are using Multiple choice question. creative thinking. dialectical thinking. critical thinking. elaborative thinking.
critical thinking
A(n) ______ intellectual disability is a condition in which there is no evidence of organic brain damage but the individual's IQ is between 50 and 70. Multiple choice question. cultural-familial organic extreme emotional and behavioral
cultural-familial
Some suspected causes of ______ intellectual disabilities include growing up in a below-average intellectual environment. Multiple choice question. organic familial-social cultural-familial inorganic
cultural-familiar
A test that is familiar to children from all socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds and has items that are at least familiar to students taking the test is an example of what type of test? Multiple choice question. language-fair culturally sound linguistically sound culture-fair
culture-fair
Which of the following is a component of a learning disability? Multiple choice question. emotional disorder difficulty using language mental disorder economic disadvantage
difficulty using language
Which of the following refers to the finding that the more severe the disaster or trauma, the worse the adaptation and adjustment following the disaster or trauma? Multiple choice question. fight-or-flight manner socioemotional selectivity tend-and-befriend pattern dose-response effects
dose-response effects
Which of the following refers to instruction that occurs in students' home language and English? Multiple choice question. home-language fluency phonetic bilingualism whole-language approach dual-language approach
dual-language approach
Which of the following are mandated by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)? Multiple select question. education in the least restrictive environment appropriate education funding for separate schools for children with disabilities specialized classrooms for children with disabilities evaluation and eligibility determination
education in the least restrictive environment appropriate education evaluation and eligibility determnination
Kohlberg's conventional reasoning level is characterized by which of the following? Multiple choice question. exploring alternative moral courses internal standards of morality expectations about social roles fear of punishment
expectations about social roles
Which of the following are social contexts that can influence bullying? Multiple select question. intellectual functioning family poverty school
family poverty school
Which of the following has/have NOT been identified as a possible cause of autism spectrum disorders? Multiple choice question. family socialization genetic factors brain dysfunction abnormalities in neurotransmitters
family socialization
During middle and late childhood, girls usually perform better than boys at _____ motor skill tasks. Multiple choice question. easy gross fine difficult
fine
Boys are ______ girls to have autism spectrum disorders. Multiple choice question. three times less likely than slightly less likely than just as likely as five times more likely than
five times more likely than
Which are characteristics of controversial children? Multiple select question. frequently disliked by their peers infrequently nominated as someone's best friend frequently nominated as someone's best friend rarely disliked by their peers
frequently disliked by their peers frequently nominated as someone's best friend
A broad category that reflects generalizations and widely held beliefs about females and males is known as a Multiple choice question. gender similarity. gender stereotype. care perspective. heteronomous morality.
gender stereotype
Self-esteem refers to ______ self evaluations, whereas self-concept refers to domain-______ evaluations. Multiple choice question. internal; dominant external; centered global; specific specific; global
global;specific
Appropriate use of strategies and thoughtful planning to solve problems is characteristic of Multiple choice question. adult thought patterns. primarily students in accelerated classrooms. young children's thought. good thinkers.
good thinkers
According to Carol Dweck, some children have a(n) ______ mindset, in which they believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort. Multiple choice question. varied growth fixed distinctive
growth
Natalie is not doing well in her Spanish class, but she is sure she can improve. She has decided to spend more time studying and has even asked her parents if they would arrange for a tutor to help her. Natalie is exhibiting a ______ mindset. Multiple choice question. mutable fixed plastic growth
growth
About ______ of all children whose parents divorce will have a stepparent within four years of the separation. Multiple choice question. half three-fourths one-fourth one-third
half
Which of the following has NOT been identified as a possible cause of ADHD? Multiple choice question. cigarette and alcohol exposure during prenatal development brain damage during prenatal development low birth weight having two working parents
having two working parents
One possibility for the increased diagnosis of ADHD in children is that it is due to Multiple choice question. a greater focus on correctly diagnosing the disorder. heightened awareness of the disorder. increased lead levels in the water of some children's schools.
heightened awareness of the disorder
The more parents communicate with their children, the ______ the children's IQ scores are. Multiple choice question. less stable more stable higher lower
higher
The ______ subtype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) applies to children who demonstrate a high level of physical activity and do not do a good job of thinking before they act. Multiple choice question. hyperactive/impulsive reactive combination inattentive
hyperactive/impulsive
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of intelligence discussed in Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence? Multiple choice question. practical intelligence analytical intelligence imaginative intelligence creative intelligence
imaginative intelligence
In middle to late childhood, the increased pathways and circuitry in the prefrontal cortex are related to which improvements? Multiple select question. improved visual perception improved reasoning ability improved sensory perception improved cognitive control improved attention
improved reasoning ability improved cognitive control improved attention
The most distinctive feature of intellectual disability is Multiple choice question. social incompetence. inadequate intellectual functioning. the need for constant supervision. brain damage.
inadequate intellectual functioning
The ______ of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) applies to children who get bored with a task after only a few minutes. Multiple choice question. combined subtype hyperactive subtype reactive subtype inattentive subtype
inattentive subtype
Delores has autism, but instead of being taught in a class with other children with disabilities, she attends the same second-grade classroom as the other children she lives near. This is an example of
inclusion
Some experts attribute the increase in ADHD diagnoses to an increased awareness of the disorder, while others attribute the increase to ______ diagnoses. Multiple choice question. acute incorrect chronic multiple
incorrect
Areas of the brain that continue to be activated consistently show a(n) ______ in synaptic connections. Multiple choice question. death increase lessening decrease
increase
The number of children diagnosed with ADHD has ______ in recent decades. Multiple choice question. decreased increased stayed the same leveled off
increased
The incidence of autism spectrum disorders is Multiple choice question. decreasing. remaining steady. all but disappearing. increasing.
increasing
Which of the following are aspects of the development of the self-understanding in middle and late childhood? Multiple select question. increased skepticism about other's claims increasing social comparison increased use of psychological characteristics in self-description increased recognition of social aspects of self a general lack of ability to understand the intentions of others
increasing social comparison increased use of psychological characteristics in self-description increased recognition of social aspects of self
In the postconventional reasoning level, morality is more Multiple choice question. internal. valid. external. effective.
internal
In a diverse fourth-grade classroom, children are divided into collaborative learning groups in which each group has to construct a different part of a project to reach a common goal. This is an example of a ______ classroom. Multiple choice question. blended learning desegregated twenty-first century jigsaw
jigsaw
Carol Gilligan questioned Lawrence Kohlberg's _______ perspective of moral development and argued for a ______ perspective which views people in terms of their connectedness with others.
justice care
As compared to younger children, children in middle to late childhood would be more likely to describe themselves as Multiple choice question. blond. kind. tall. strong.
kind
Which area of development is affected by the cortical thickening in the temporal and frontal lobe areas of the brain during middle childhood? Multiple choice question. language ability emotion regulation physical growth mathematical ability
language ability
The largest group of children to be provided special-education programs are those with Multiple choice question. learning disabilities. language impairments. emotional disturbances. autism.
learning disabilities
A(n) _____ _____ includes difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language or doing mathematics.
learning disability
IDEA gives a legal basis to educating children with disabilities in the regular classroom, which is also known as the Multiple choice question. classroom selection plan (CSP). student specific educational programming (SSEP). individualized education plan (IEP). least restrictive environment (LRE).
least restrictive environment (LRE)
As children move into the middle and late childhood years, parents spend ____ (more/less) time with them.
less
Compared to adults who are learning a second language, childhood second-language learners are ______. Multiple select question. less likely to use explicit strategies more likely to learn from large amounts of input better at learning vocabulary more likely to learn from smaller amounts of input less sensitive to feedback
less likely to use explicit strategies more likely to learn from large amounts of input less sensitive to feedback
Which of the following is a relatively permanent and unlimited type of memory that increases with age during middle and late childhood? Multiple choice question. sensory memory short-term memory working memory long-term memory
long-term memory
Children from ______ backgrounds may need more years of dual-language instruction. Multiple choice question. higher socioeconomic lower socioeconomic European Asian
lower socioeconomic
One important aspect of development in middle and late childhood is the ability to self-regulate, which is the ability to Multiple choice question. genuinely empathize with others. make domain-specific evaluations of the self. manage behavior, emotions, and thoughts. globally evaluate the self.
manage behavior, emotions, and thoughts.
In middle and late childhood, parents begin to function more as Multiple choice question. peers. managers. disciplinarians. friends.
managers
_______ age is Binet's measure of an individual's level of intellectual development compared with that of others.
mental
Changes that occur in terms of information processing during middle and late childhood include memory, thinking, and Multiple choice question. hearing. seeing. speaking. metacognition.
metacognition
Knowing about knowing or thinking about thought is called _______
metacognition
When schools pay attention to helping students develop skills that entail knowing about their own knowing, those schools are fostering: Multiple choice question. critical thinking. abstract thought. metacognition. divergent thinking.
metacognition
Which important aspect of critical thinking refers to being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible when going through life's everyday activities? Multiple choice question. mindfulness metacognition self-regulation expertise
mindfulness
According to Carol Dweck, by emphasizing hard work and determination rather than innate ability, parents and teachers can positively influence a child's Multiple choice question. mindset. fixation. self-talk. self-esteem.
mindset
Dweck argued that an individual's ______ influences whether they will be optimistic or pessimistic, shapes their goals and motivation, and affects many aspects of their lives.
mindset
What does the role of parents as managers involve? Multiple select question. monitoring and encouraging academic progress structuring the family environment setting up routines and schedules giving orders and making sure they are followed directing every aspect of the child's life
monitoring and encouraging academic progress structuring the family environment setting up routines and schedules
In remarriages, divorces are ______ in first marriages. Multiple choice question. less common than as common as twice as common as more common than
more common than
A genetic disorder of lower level intellectual functioning caused by brain damage is called a/an ______ intellectual disability. Multiple choice question. organic cultural genetic economic
organic
Children with Down syndrome are categorized as having a(n) ______ intellectual disability.
organic
In terms of peer status, a(n) _______ child, receives few nominations of any kind, is seldom nominated as a best friend, but is not actively disliked.
neglected
Which peer status best describes Connie, who is shy and has low interaction with her classmates? Multiple choice question. rejected neglected average popular
neglected
In terms of peer status, the _____ child is frequently nominated as a best friend and is rarely disliked by peers.
popular
In terms of peer status, the ______ child has social skills, gives out reinforcements, listens, and maintains lines of communication with others. Multiple choice question. controversial popular neglected average
popular
Which five peer status groups have been identified by researchers measuring sociometric popularity? Multiple select question. average popular controversial rejected neglected bullying
popular average controversial rejected neglected
Bilingualism has a ______ effect on children's language and cognitive development. Multiple choice question. speculative positive harmful negative
positive
Mr. Xiong, a fifth-grade teacher, encourages his students to share their worries, successes, failures, coping strategies, and interests with each other in his diverse classroom. Which strategy is Mr. Xiong using to promote cooperation among diverse groups of students? Multiple choice question. jigsaw classroom postformal thought No Child Left Behind positive personal contact
positive personal contact
Which of the following fine motor skill abilities are most likely to be seen by the time a child is 7 years old? Multiple select question. preference is given to using a pencil as opposed to a crayon the ability to write in cursive lettering as opposed to printing letters the production of fine-quality crafts printing becomes smaller
preference is given to using a pencil as opposed to a crayon printing becomes smaller
Improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control in children are all linked to the increased pathways and circuitry in the ______ cortex. Multiple choice question. prefrontal frontal limbic cerebral
prefontal
From the ages of 7 to 30 years of age, researchers have found less diffusion and more focal activation in the _____ cortex of the brain
prefrontal
According to developmental neuroscientists, which brain region is most likely responsible for orchestrating the development of many other brain regions during development? Multiple choice question. occipital lobe prefrontal cortex temporal lobe parietal lobe
prefrontal cortex
The increased capacity for self-regulation in adolescence is linked to developmental advances in what area of the brain? Multiple choice question. hypothalamus prefrontal cortex cerebellum occipital lobe
prefrontal cortex
The study of ______ behavior puts more emphasis on the behavioral aspects of moral development. Multiple choice question. prosocial justice-seeking universal conventional
prosocial
synaptic ______ is a process in which areas of the brain that are not being used lose synaptic connections and areas that are used show increased connection Multiple choice question. convergence connectivity pruning thickening
pruning
Ten-year-old Alexis and her friend Chloe have been spreading untrue rumors around school about their classmate Ginger because they were offended when Ginger declined to join their group. This is an example of _________ aggression.
relational
Dr. Johnson is interested in behaviors in children that involve trying to make others dislike someone by spreading malicious rumors about them. She is interested in the research area of _____ aggression, which occurs more among ______. Multiple choice question. physical; girls relational; boys relational; girls physical; boys
relational;girls
Current research has found that differences between intelligence scores of identical and fraternal twins is Multiple choice question. never the same. relatively high. exactly equal. relatively low.
relatively low
Emotional and behavioral disorders would be LEAST likely to be characterized by Multiple choice question. inappropriate socioemotional characteristics. persistent relationship issues. fears related to personal or school matters. repetitive patterns of behavior.
repetitive patterns of behavior
Compared with schools in higher-income areas, schools in low-income areas are more likely to encourage ______ learning. Multiple choice question. experiential rote service creative
rote
Children with high self-esteem are more likely than other children to be Multiple choice question. securely attached to their parents. held accountable for their actions. intellectually gifted. socially unaccepted by their peers.
securely attached to their parents
In her research, Hetherington (2006) concluded that in long-established simple stepfamilies, children and adolescents Multiple choice question. seem to eventually function just as well as adolescents in blended families. do not benefit from the presence of a stepparent or from the resources provided by the stepparent. were unable to establish close relationships with their stepparents. seem to eventually benefit from the presence of a stepparent and the resources provided by the stepparent.
seem to eventually benefit from the presence of a stepparent and the resources provided by the stepparent.
Ten-year-old Blake tells his classmate, "I know I can figure out this math problem if I work at it." Blake is demonstrating high Multiple choice question. self-esteem. self-concept. self-efficacy. self-achievement.
self-efficacy
Which of the following describes the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes? Multiple choice question. self-identity self-concept self-efficacy self-esteem
self-efficacy
Five-year-old Billy should like to rough-house and play with trucks, while his twin sister, Becky, is supposed to be kind to others and enjoy playing with dolls. These are examples of gender Multiple choice question. stereotypes. regulations. androgyny. concepts.
stereotypes
Good thinkers routinely use ______ and effective planning to solve problems. Multiple choice question. experiments strategies emotions memorization
strategies
Nine-year-old Aaron used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This particular example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to Multiple choice question. tie their emotional reactions to other people. experience more than one emotion in a particular situation. express their emotions in an unfiltered manner. suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions.
suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions
Cortical thickening in the ______ and frontal lobe areas of the brain may underlie children's improvements in language abilities. Multiple choice question. temporal occipital sensory parietal
temporal
