PSY 4521, Exam 3
problem; support; avoidance; reappraisal
*A review of 100 coping measures identified more than 400 strategies assessed across measures -She determined that there are 5 core strategies, which are: 1. ________ solving 2. ________ seeking 3. ________ 4. distraction 5. positive ________/cognitive restructuring (Skinner et al., 2003)
progressive muscle relaxation
-approach first developed by Dr. Edmund Jacobson in the 1920s and 1930s -muscular tension common in his patients -stress and relaxation are incompatible -PMR is systematic tensing and relaxing of muscle groups
prolonged exposure
-developed by Edna Foa -typically 10-15 90-minute sessions -key components: imaginal exposure (client repeatedly and vividly describes the trauma in present tense to therapist); in vivo exposure (confronting feared people, places, objects in real life; hierarchy of feared situations) What type of therapy is this? prolonged exposure, CPT, EMDR
EMDR
-developed by Francine Shapiro -clients describe trauma memory while moving eyes back and forth following the therapist's finger -eye movements are proposed to facilitate information processing and integration -controversial: not clear that the eye movements add anything; mechanism of change may just be exposure What type of therapy is this? prolonged exposure, CPT, EMDR
CPT
-developed by Patricia Resick for treatment of rape-related PTSD -has been modified for other groups -focuses more on changing thoughts and interpretations of the event -also involves exposure (writing detailed account of the trauma and read it daily) What type of therapy is this? prolonged exposure, CPT, EMDR
individualistic
1. Most coping research is ________ -most coping research ignores how other people in one's life cope or how they might cope together -this does not provide a comprehensive view of the coping process and factors related to mental health and relationship satisfaction
irritable; isolate
2 common ways that students say stress affects their relationships: 1. I am more ________ 2. I ________ myself ...or both
retrospective
2. Problems with ________ coping reports -people may not remember what they did to cope over a 2-week or 1-month period -ignores dynamic nature of coping (how you cope also changes the stressor) -seen as major problem
EMDR; eclectic; exposure
2017 APA clinical practice guidelines for PTSD conditionally recommended -________ (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) -brief ________ psychotherapy (combines CBT with a psychodynamic approach) -narrative ________ therapy
cognitive; exposure
2017 APA clinical practice guidelines for PTSD strongly recommend -________ processing therapy -prolonged ________ -CBT -cognitive therapy
checklists
3. Problems with coping ________ -checklists give you a set list of coping options - these may not fit your situation or describe how you cope
type
4. Coping research often ignores the ________ of stressor -often studies ask people how they are coping with a stressor in their life (but people are dealing with different types of stressors) -even if they have all experienced the same event there are different aspects of events that are stressful -ignoring types of stressor is an important problem because efficacy of coping strategies depends on nature of stress
present
8 studies were conducted over six years to develop the Perceived Control Over Stressful Events Scale -strongly disagree to strongly agree -past control: "I could have done something to prevent this event from happening" -present control: "I have control over my day-to-day reactions to this event -future control: "There is nothing I can do to prevent a similar event from happening -found that only _______ control is related to less event-related distress
mindfulness
A common definition of ________ is an ability to direct and sustain one's attention to the present moment in an accepting and nonjudgmental way; experiencing the present moment with compassion and openness (reduces tendency to avoid)
distraction; fewer; more
A genetic testing clinic in Wales developed a pamphlet encouraging patients to use ________ -600 patients referred for genetic testing -intervention groups: standard; standard + coping skills pamphlet -outcome: intrusive thoughts about risk of getting cancer *Found that those who received the coping pamphlet encouraging active distraction reported ________ intrusive thought BUT ONLY IF: they had ________ distress to begin with
negative
A meta-analysis of 66 experimental studies... -didn't have measures of coping, had judges rate how participants in study would have felt (e.g., would they have ruminated) -tasks about which participants would have ruminated more resulted in: increases in cortisol; suppression of immune system -thought that rumination might prolong activation of ________ emotional responses to stressors and the corresponding physiological response
controversial
APA clinical practice guidelines are _________ -critique: due to the exclusive reliance on RCTs, other legitimate research findings supporting other PTSD treatments were not considered in the assignment of "strong" recommendations -response: RCTs, though not perfect, offer advantages over many other types of study designs
CBT; RET
Aaron Beck founded ________ (cognitive behavioral therapy) and Albert Ellis developed ________ (rational emotive therapy)
good; bad
Across events, future control beliefs are _______ if the event is controllable, but _______ if the event is uncontrollable
distress
Across the life span, perceived support is most related to lower _______
well-being
Active constructive responses are associated with greater individual ________ -more positive mood -lower negative mood -greater life satisfaction -less loneliness -higher self-esteem
insecurity
Adult attachment ________ is associated with having fewer support resources following trauma exposure, which is associated with more PTSD symptoms
CBT
Among college students, ________ was most effective in reducing stress
approach; avoidant
Approach vs. avoidant coping -________: active efforts to do something about the stressor or its emotional consequences (e.g., problem solving or seeking support) -________: avoiding or withdrawing from the stressor or thoughts of it (e.g., not thinking about it; withdrawing from others)
stressors
Avoidance is associated with distress in longitudinal studies AND with experiencing more subsequent ________ -study found that more cognitive and behavioral avoidance coping at Time 1 led to more acute (divorce) and chronic "dependent" stressors 4 years later, and were more depressed 10 years later
PTSD
Avoidance, rumination, and thought suppression also related to more ________ symptoms
distraction; reappraisal
Based on a meta-analysis of experimental studies of emotion regulation, ________ and ________ may be helpful when patients are waiting for genetic testing results
adjustment; controllability
Based on meta-analysis of research showing strategy-situation fit is associated with better ________, teaching employees to match strategies to ________ of the stressor may be helpful for those with high work stress
avoidance
Based on the meta-analysis of coping and symptoms, reducing ________, rumination, and suppression may be helpful for sexual assault survivors in the ER
situation; thoughts; emotions; behavior; physical reactions
Basic CBT model: 1. ________: What triggers the problem? (e.g., criticized at work) 2. ________: What goes through my head? (e.g., "I'm not good enough) 3. ________: How do I feel? (e.g., worthless, anxious) 4. ________: What do I do? (e.g., avoid contact with others) 5. ________: How does my body react? (e.g., feel tired, loss of appetite)
behavioral; cognitive
Behavioral vs. cognitive coping strategies ________: -taking (or avoiding) action (problem solving / problem avoidance) ________: -mental strategies and self-talk (cognitive reappraisal / rumination)
think; adaptive; evidence
CBT - it's not the events that happen to us but how we ________ about them that's important -identify distorted thinking that is causing distress and more ________ alternative explanations -lots of ________ that CBT works for a range of problems
research; evidence
CISD no longer recommended in expert treatment guidelines -no ________ support/treatment is potentially harmful -children/adolescents: intervention with emerging evidence not to recommend -adults: insufficient ________ to recommend
attempt; response; positive; negative
Capitalization ________: telling someone about a positive event you experienced Capitalization ________: the other person's response to your positive event Capitalization refers to ________ events, while social support refers to responses to ________ events
powerlessness
Childhood trauma can engender a sense of ________ -which may lead to dealing with stressors through avoidance and withdrawal -perceived lack of control over life events
coping
Cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage the internal and external demands of situations that are appraised as stressful
PTSD
Cognitive behavioral interventions are effective in preventing ________ in those with ASD
most; depression
Coping flexibility intervention -distinguished between types of coping strategies (strategies that change the problem- problem-focused/strategies that change one's thoughts or emotions emotion-focused) -distinguished between types of stressors: controllable vs. uncontrollable stressors -were then asked to match the coping strategy to the stressor (problem-focused if controllable; emotion-focused if not controllable) Study design -161 employees in Hong Kong -intervention groups: CBT (six 2-hr sessions); CBT + coping flexibility training (six 2-hr sessions); waitlist group -measured coping flexibility and depression pre, post, and 4-month follow-up *Found that the coping flexibility increased the ________ in coping flexibility -coping flexibility group also decreased most in ________
research
Coping is a very active area of ________
reappraisal; acceptance; solving
Coping strategies that are related to better mental health are smaller than the ones that are negative but are -________ -________ -problem-________
depression
Correlations with avoidance, rumination, and suppression were bigger for ________ and anxiety than eating disorders/substance abuse
3; distress
Criteria for acute stress disorder in DSM-V -exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation (same as PTSD) -at least 9 or more symptoms from any of 5 categories (intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, arousal) -duration of ____ days to 1 month after trauma exposure -clinically significant ________ or impairment -those with ASD are more likely to develop PTSD
sample essay q
Describe the three phases of the trauma recovery process, and the most highly recommended treatment(s) for each phase
causation; confounded
Design of experimental studies: -participants are brought to lab and engage in a stressful task/go through an emotion induction -instructed to use a particular coping strategy *benefits of this study design: can make claims about ________; coping not ________ with outcomes
positively; mixed; less
Different forms of control seemed to have different relations with distress: -Past control was unassociated or _______ associated with distress -Future control had _______ evidence; may depend on actual controllability -Present control was consistently related to _______ distress and was more strongly related to less distress than other types of control
stressor
Difficulties in social relationships are a ________ in themselves
complex
Does research on uncontrollable shocks in animals generalize to human traumas? -many human traumas are more _______ than the types of stress facing animals in experimental studies -if uncontrollable events are bad, is it good to perceive events as controllable?
controversial
EDMR is effective but _________
negative; peer; adult
Effect on adverse caregiving on attachment and relationships throughout the lifespan -early adverse caregiving --> ________ internal models of self and others --> ineffective ________ relations --> difficulties in ________ relationships
PTSD; uncontrollable; perceived; objective
Event-specific control is a key construct in theories of the development of _______ -_______ events are more likely to lead to PTSD -_______ uncontrollability is more important than _______ uncontrollability
checklists
Example of narrative coping study -interviewed 51 dementia caregivers -asked them how they coped with two stressors (symptom stressor; deprivation) -interviews revealed 53 coping strategies: many were not on standard checklists; ***by using ________ we are missing these potentially important coping strategies
ruminated; cortisol
Example of study with physiological measures: Study of rumination and cortisol in daily life -sample of 115 undergrads who had experienced an interpersonal transgression in last week -transgressions involved betrayals of confidence/insults by friend, arguments/neglect by partner, infidelity -came into lab 5 times (every 2 weeks) and reported on how much they ________ on the event ***when people reported having ruminated more during the previous 2 weeks about the transgression, they had increased levels of ________ which can have harm to effects on the immune system
lower
Experiencing more stressors is associated with ________ relationship satisfaction
rumination
Experimental studies of coping found that ________ was less effective in reducing negative mood than positive reappraisal
distress; adaptive
For uncontrollable events, future control is generally associated with more _______. Future control may be more _______ for events that are more controllable.
rumination, helplessness, social withdrawal, emotional regulation
Four more "strong candidates" of coping strategies found in the Skinner et al. (2003) study were:
skills; support; interaction; maladaptive
Four types of interventions to reduce loneliness: -improving social ________ -enhancing social ________ -increasing opportunities for social ________ -changing ________ social cognitions (CBT)
8; year; not
Frazier conducted three studies testing Janoff-Bulman's theory in rape victims- Study 1: 67 female rape victims seen in a hospital-based rape crisis program 1 week postrape Study 2: 59 female college students who had been raped an avg. of ___ years previously Study 3: 104 female rape victims seen at same rape crisis program as study 1 assessed from 1 week to 1 _____ postrape *Found that the results did _______ support Janoff-Bulman's (1979) theory
lower; depressed; offering; receiving
Frazier et al. (1995) found that stress is associated with ________ marital satisfaction and less helpful social support -in both partners, more stress was associated with lower marital satisfaction -if patients were more depressed, their spouses were more ________ -if spouses were more stressed, they reported ________ -if spouses were more stressed, patients reported ________
internal
Frazier et al. (2011) found that present control is related to a general _______ locus of control
positive; negative; women
Gable et al. (2006) found that responses to ________ events were more important than responses to ________ events -had each member of a couple discuss a positive and negative event; after each event, each person rated their partner's responsiveness -perceived responsiveness when sharing good events was more related to relationship outcomes than responsiveness when sharing bad events two months later, especially for ________
rumination; most; stressful; emotional
Gender differences in coping/support seeking: -women engage in more ________ than men (small effect size) -women tend to use ________ coping strategies than men, including problem-solving and positive self-talk (there were no strategies that men used more than women) -women tend to appraise events as more ________ than men -most robust finding: women are more likely to seek ________ support than are men
personality; specific; mental
General locus of control is not the same as event-specific control beliefs: -general LOC is a _______ trait -event-specific control refers to perceptions about whether a _______ event is controllable -event-specific beliefs tend to be more related to important outcomes, like _______ health, than general control beliefs
personality; generally
General locus of control: -_______ trait: extent to which people believe they _______ can control events in their lives
is moderately correlated with present control
General locus of control: -is unrelated to event-specific control -is moderately correlated with present control -is more related to distress than is event-specific control -is moderately correlated with past control
general; specific
General vs. event specific support- support can be assessed in terms of: -_______ perceptions of what is available or typically received -what was actually received following a _______ event
lower; higher
Haines et al. study - Do people who are more distressed have lower strategy-situation fit? -sample: 74 community members in Australia -design: completed distress measures at time 1, then completed 10 surveys per day for 1 week *Well-being was associated with better situation strategy fit -people with ________ well-being used reappraisal more often in more controllable contexts (poor situation-strategy fit) -people with ________ well-being used reappraisal more often in less controllable contexts (good situation strategy fit)
harmful; helpful
Helpful support is more common than unhelpful support, but... -unsupportive actions are more ________ than supportive actions are ________
helpful; unhelpful
Helpful vs. unhelpful support _______ -providing emotional support -showing concern _______ -distancing -minimizing -bumbling -blaming
problematic
Higher order categories (problem vs. emotion focused) can be ________ because they combine very different strategies - some of which are helpful, some of which are unhelpful
control; social; coping
How can we help people deal more effectively with stressors? -research that has focused on psychosocial factors that can be changed: perceived _______, _______ support, _______ mechanisms
conscious
How do the definitions of coping differ? -whether the efforts need to be ________ or not
reperceiving; relationships
How might mindfulness work? -________: standing back and taking a more objective view of your emotions ("These depressive thoughts are not me" vs. "I am depressed") -changing one's ________ with thoughts rather than changing the thoughts themselves: there's that thought again; that thought is not me; My anxiety/depression is an emotion that will pass
tension; relax
How to do PMR 1. ________: inhale and purposefully tense up or tighten hard the selected muscle group; hold for 5-10 seconds 2. ________: exhale while quickly but gently letting go, releasing tension. Be still 15-20 seconds before moving onto the next muscle group
avoids; other; less
If one partner ________, so does the ________; then both are ________ happy and satisfied with their relationship
distress
In Janoff-Bulman's study, results found that both behavioral and characterological self-blame were associated with more _______ in sexual assault survivors
reactivity
In a meta-analysis of 20 studies, decreases in ________ to thoughts and emotions was the most consistent and strongest mediator of the relations between mindfulness-based interventions and changes in mental health outcomes
50
Individuals with high levels of support were _____% more likely to be alive an average of 7.5 years later -meta-analysis of 148 studies examining social support and subsequent mortality
death; 11; family
Individuals with less perceived support are at a higher risk of ________ -meta-analysis of 50 studies examined perceived social support and death an average of 6 years later; those with less support were ____-19% more likely to have died within the follow-up period *support from ________ was more important than support from friends *bigger risk associated with having no (vs. low) support *social support was more important for those with health problems and for older people
buffers
Internal LOC (mastery) _______ the effects of trauma exposure on mortality risk
CBT; CBT; EMDR
International society of traumatic stress studies prevention and treatment guidelines: -________ with a trauma focus -general ________ -________ (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing)
immediate
Interventions during the ________ phase -common form of intervention is called psychological debriefing (CISD is common name) >single session >within a few hours or days after trauma >includes psychoeducation about stress reactions and emotional processing of event >goal is to prevent PTSD -widely used
college
Interventions reduce stress for ________ students too - CBT was most effective; then, social support, coping skills, psychoed, MBST, relaxation
cognitions
Interventions targeting ________ are most effective in decreasing loneliness
received; beliefs
Interventions that attempt to increase ________ social support have small effects and seem to be less effective than those that change ________ about support and relationships
small
Interventions to improve the quality of life in cancer patients and spouses resulted in ______ improvements
positive social exchange
Items from inventory of socially supportive behaviors (Barrera et al., 1981) -________ ________ _________: Did some activity with you to help you get your mind off of things
nondirective support
Items from inventory of socially supportive behaviors (Barrera et al., 1981) -________ ________: Let you know that he/she will always be around if you need assistance
tangible assistance
Items from inventory of socially supportive behaviors (Barrera et al., 1981) -________ ________: Pitched in to help you do something that needed to get done
direct guidance
Items from inventory of socially supportive behaviors (Barrera et al., 1981) -________ ________: Told you what she/he did in a situation that was similar to yours
behavioral; characterological
Janoff-Bulman's theory -describes two different types of self-blame (attributions) 1. _______ self-blame: -blaming rape on controllable behaviors victim engaged in 2. _______ self-blame -blaming rape on uncontrollable factors She hypothesized that _______ self-blame would be adaptive because it should be associated with the belief that future rapes can be avoided
tasks; changes; tasks; feedback; positive
Job redesign: How can we make call centers less stressful? (Holman & Axtell, 2016) Process of job redesign: -2-day workshop with employees and research team to identify core job ________ and obstacles -employees suggested ________ to the job that would improve well-being and performance -worked on giving employees more control over job ________/influence and clearer ________ Findings: job redesign intervention generally had ________ effects
social; emotional
Lack of ________ support is as or more associated with poor prognosis if have CVD than with getting CVD in the first place -________ support is more important than social integration
cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Lack of social support increases one's risk of ________ (1.5 to 2x more likely)
PTSD
Lack of social support is one of the biggest risk factors for _______
threats; negative; events
Lonely individuals are... -more sensitive to social ________ -attend more to ________ social information -have more negative social expectations -remember more of the negative aspects of social ________ -behave in ways that confirm their negative expectations
coping
Many types of psychotherapy teach ________ skills among other things - CBT (reappraisal, problem solving), mindfulness (acceptance, non-avoidance), dialectical behavior therapy (emotion regulation skills)
destructive
Measure of perceived responses to capitalization attempts Active and ________ -he/she points out the potential problems or down sides of the good event
constructive
Measure of perceived responses to capitalization attempts Active and ________ -my partner usually reacts to my good fortune enthusiastically
destructive
Measure of perceived responses to capitalization attempts Passive and ________ -my partner often seems disinterested
constructive
Measure of perceived responses to capitalization attempts Passive and ________ -my partner says little but I know he/she is happy for me
distancing; bumbling; minimizing; blaming
Measure of unhelpful support: unsupportive social interactions inventory -_______: least common; did not seem to want to hear about it -_______: did not seem to know what to say, or seemed afraid of saying or doing the "wrong" thing -_______: most common; felt that I should stop worrying about the event and just forget about it -_______: made "should or shouldn't have" comments about my role in the event
moderately
Measures of perceived and received support are only _______ correlated
well-being
Meta-analysis confirmed the findings of the Haines et al. study where better strategy-situation fit (problem-solving in things that are controllable) between coping and controllability of situation was associated with better ________
debriefing; PTSD
Meta-analysis of debriefing studies- -traumas included car accidents, violent crime, early miscarriage -looked at change and distress within the groups who got ________ and those who didn't Findings: ________ symptoms decrease more if you do nothing than if you provide debriefing
assignment; CBT; less
Meta-analysis of work stress intervention studies -36 studies testing 55 interventions -all primary or secondary interventions -workers with no diagnosed mental disorders -random ________ to treatment and control group -various outcomes - mental health = main ones -the efficacy of different types of interventions (combining across outcomes): >_____ interventions were most effective >multimodal interventions were ________ helpful
less; more
More childhood maltreatment is associated with ________ perceived control and ________ rumination and avoidant coping
size; frequency
Network measures: -_______ of social network -_______ of contact with social network
withdrawal; problem-solving
Neuroticism is most related to the ________ coping strategy; conscientiousness was most related to ________
daily; negative; positive
One solution for the retrospective coping method problems: -________ diary methods -found that daily rumination and avoidance were associated with more ________ mood -daily reappraisal, problem-solving, and support seeking associated with more ________ mood
both
One solution to individualistic problem w coping: 1. examine ________ partners' coping
trauma; present
One way to maintain a sense of control in the face of _______ is to focus on what we can actually control. _______ control is consistently related to better adjustment with medium to large effects.
better
Only active-constructive responding is related to ________ relationships (e.g., satisfaction, trust, intimacy)
past; distress
Other results revealed an important distinction between _______ and future control -focusing on past associated with more distress -future control/avoidability is the only factor that predicted less _______ longitudinally -past and future control are NOT strongly related
relationships
People report that stress affects their ________ as much as their mental and physical health
relationships; PTSD; distressed
People who are more stressed are less satisfied with their ________; People who have more ________ symptoms are less satisfied with their relationships and so are their partners; If one person has more PTSD symptoms, his/her partner tends to be more ________
adherence
People who use more avoidant coping was found to be associated with lower medical regimen ________ and greater viral load in HIV-positive individuals
mortality; lower; higher; higher
Perceived control and trauma were associated with _______ risk over a 10 year period -internal LOC associated with _______ risk of death -external LOC associated with _______ risk of death -greater lifetime trauma exposure associated with _______ risk of death
perception
Perceived social support: your _______ of what is available "I can count on my friends when things go wrong."
retrospective
Personality is more related to ________ than to daily coping measures, especially if personality-congruent
immediate; acute; chronic
Phases of trauma recovery process: -________ phase: 0-48 hours post-trauma; many report significant distress during this period -________ phase: a few days to 1 month post-trauma; distress diminishes greatly for most people during this phase -________ phase: 1 month onward; 10% develop PTSD
physiological; positive; conflict
Physiological mechanisms linking social support to health- social support may also affect health through affecting ________ responses to stress -________ social support associated with dampened ANS and HPA responses to stress -________ associated with heightened ANS and HPA responses to stress
intervention
Pilot study 1: Present control increased -Could we increase present control? >created brief program designed to increase present control; randomly assigned students to receive that program or general info about stress; found that present control scores increased only in the group that got the _______
mood
Pilot study 2 found that _______ also improved in the group that got the intervention
adjustment
Positive religious coping is associated with positive ________ (well-being) with a medium sized correlation
distress
Present control is more important than general control beliefs in predicting _______
increasing; PTSD
Prevention of post-rape stress video- Coping strategies segment -don't avoid situations that didn't make you nervous before -don't use drugs or alcohol to avoid feelings -keep busy; don't withdraw from others -don't blame yourself Study design: -150 girls/women coming to Mpls hospital for sexual assault exam -intervention groups: prevention of postrape stress video; relaxation video; no video -outcome (1.5, 3, and 6 months post-exam): present control and PTSD *Found that the prevention of post-rape stress video was more effective in ________ present control and decreasing ________ symptoms than relaxation video or no video (BUT only for those with a prior sexual assault, who were more distressed initially)
solve; change; reduce; manage
Problem vs. emotion focused coping -problem-focused coping: efforts to ________ or ________ the stressor itself (e.g., problem solving) -emotion-focused: efforts to ________ or ________ the distress from the stressor (e.g., seeking emotional support)
emotion regulation
Process model of ___________ -process by which people influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express these emotions *some (but not all) forms of coping involve emotion regulation)
not; is; PTSD
Psychological debriefing in immediate post-trauma period is ________ recommended Psychological first aid without emotional processing ________ recommended in immediate period CBT interventions are effective in preventing ________ in those with acute symptoms (ASD)
C, is not recommended for treating immediate trauma symptoms
Psychological debriefing... A. is recommended for treating acute trauma symptoms B. is recommended for treating immediate trauma symptoms C. is not recommended for treating immediate trauma symptoms D. is effective for preventing PTSD
stress; correlated
Rationale for present control intervention: -practical need for tools to help students manage _______ -present control is _______ with less stress, anxiety, and depression (need experimental approach to show causation)
no; equal
Recent meta-analysis of mindfulness interventions -142 studies -had to have a formal psychiatric diagnostic -had to have mindfulness meditation as a core component with home practice -comparison groups: no treatment / evidence-based therapies according to APA (like CBT) Findings: mindfulness is better than ________ treatment and ________ to evidence based therapies (EBT) like CBT
consistent
Relations between avoidance, rumination, suppression, and distress are ________ findings
small; stressors
Relations between personality and coping are ________ to moderate but can add up over many ________
why
Research focused on attributions in sexual assault survivors- attributions are beliefs about _______ an event occurred - related to perceptions of control over the occurrence of an event in the past
online
Research has found that _______-administered CBT is as effective as face-to-face CBT
temporal
Results of the new study supported the _______ model of control in sexual assault behaviors
not; no
Samples in Janoff-Bulman study were _______ rape victims Study 1: -depressed female college students engaged in more characterological self-blame in response to hypothetical scenarios than nondepressed female college students Study 2: -rape crisis counselors said that behavioral self-blame was more common than characterological self-blame among victims Is this evidence? _____
underestimated
Schallcross et al. (2011) found that individuals who scored higher on attachment avoidance ________ their partners' responsiveness
C, emotion-focused approach
Seeking emotional support is best characterized as which type of coping? A. problem-focused approach B. approach-avoidance C. emotion-focused approach D. emotion-focused avoidance
reduced; spouse; negative
Social support ________ allostatic load increased/reduced -having a more supportive ________ was associated with lower allostatic load -having more ________ interactions with family members associated with higher allostatic load
treatment
Social support increases odds of ________ adherence
T
Social support increases one's odds of survival more than many other factors including exercise and weight. T/F
general
Social support is not as related to ________ (vs. specific) health behaviors - some network members promote unhealthy behaviors
well-being
Social support measures have small to moderate relations with _______ measures among kids and adolescents.
perceived
Social support research focuses on ________ support - less attention to the support provider
narratives; quantify
Solution to problems with checklist measures -________ approaches - ask people to describe in their own words how they are coping with a stressor -downside to this: responses to narratives are harder to ________
avoiding; ruminating; suppressing; correlational; longitudinal; experimental
Specific coping strategies that are associated with poorer mental and physical health: -________ problems -________ about problems -________ thoughts and feelings *Associated with poorer mental and physical health in ________, ________, and ________ studies
relationships
Stress research focuses on own stress and own mental and physical health - less attention to effects of stress on ________
rumination; avoidance; emotion
Studies have found that maladaptive coping decreases these following psychotherapies (except for suppression): -________ -________ -overall deficits in ________ regulation -suppression (little evidence of change in 4 studies)
befriending; depression
Studies that attempt to increase social network/received support (Mead et al., 2010) -________ >person in need is introduced to 1 or more people who provide them with emotional support results: befriending interventions result in small reductions in ________
resource
Support at work is a job _______
stress
Support seeking: the extent to which you seek support when under _______ -I talked to someone about how I was feeling -I accepted sympathy and understanding from someone
past; future; present
Temporal aspects of control: -_______ control- "Could I have prevented this?" -_______ control- "Can I keep this from happening again?" -_______ control: control over illness symptoms; control over medical care and treatment; control over the recovery process
decreased; 3
The first randomized control trial (RCT) found that online present control intervention _______ stress, anxiety, and depression more than receiving information about stress -effects were bigger at the ___-week follow up than right after the intervention
observing; describing; acting; nonjudging; nonreactivity
The five factor mindfulness questionnaire subscales are: -________ (when I take a shower, I stay alert to the sensations of water on my body) -________ (I'm good at finding words to describe my feelings) -________ with awareness (I don't pay attention to what I'm doing b/c I'm daydreaming, worrying, or otherwise distracted) -________ (I believe some of my thoughts are abnormal or bad and I shouldn't think that way) -________ (when I have distressing thoughts or images I am able just to notice them without reacting)
passive
The four types of responses to capitalization attempts -________ and constructive "That is good news" (nonverbal communication: little to no active emotional expression)
active
The four types of responses to capitalization attempts -________ and constructive "That is great. I know how important that promotion was to you! We should go out and celebrate and you can tell me what excites you most about your new job." (nonverbal communication: maintaining eye contact, displays of positive emotions, such as genuine smiling, touching, laughing)
active
The four types of responses to capitalization attempts -________ and destructive "That sounds like a lot of responsibility to take on. There will probably be more stress involved in the new position and longer hours at the office." (nonverbal communication: displays of negative emotions, such as furrowed brow, frowning)
passive
The four types of responses to capitalization attempts -________ and destructive "What are we doing on Friday night?" (nonverbal communication: little to no eye contact, turning away, leaving room)
control; feedback
The job redesign intervention generally had positive effects. Positive effects on: -perceived job ________ -quality of ________ -well-being -no effects on performance or psychological contract fulfillment
B, They include one component
The meta-analysis of work stress interventions (Richardson & Rothstein, 2008) found that interventions are most effective if: A. They include multiple components B. They include one component C. Workers are more stressed D. They change the actual stressors in the job
is more effective for those with more distress
The present control intervention: -works better as a mobile app -is not effective for those with a trauma history -is more effective for those with high present control -is more effective for those with more distress
emotional; tangible; informational
The three main functions of support are: -_______ support: listening and showing interest, encouragement -_______/instrumental support: giving you a ride somewhere -_______: giving advice or information
C, prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy
The two MOST recommended treatments for PTSD are: A. EMDR and cognitive processing therapy B. medications and prolonged exposure C. prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy D. prolonged exposure and EMDR
prolonged; cognitive
The two most recognized PTSD treatments are ________ exposure (PE) and ________ processing therapy (CPT) *all Veterans Admins have to offer one of these two treatments
self-report; directionality; confounding
There are potential problems with ________ correlational studies of coping and distress. Why? 1. Can't determine ________ - does avoiding/ruminating cause you to be depressed or vice versa? 2. ________ of measures of coping and distress - avoidance is a symptom of PTSD
strong
There is ________ evidence for CBT for many things including: -generalized anxiety disorder -depression -schizophrenia -insomnia -ADHD
less
There is ________ research on coping interventions
accepted
There is no universally ________ definition of what mindfulness is
cancer; social
There is not much research on social support and ________ risk and prognosis but... -existing research shows a weak relationship -may depend on severity of cancer - social support is more related to prognosis for types of cancer with high survival rates; here ________ integration was more important than perceived support
confounded; distressed; category
These factors may obscure the relations between "adaptive" coping and distress -some items are ________ with distress -only need to cope if you are ________ (reactive) -in meta-analyses, different strategies are sometimes combined into one ________
specific; mindfulness; trauma; distressed; phone
Things we have learned in 8 subsequent studies of the web-based present control intervention: -changes that improved intervention effectiveness: making stress logs more _______; adding _______ skills -who intervention is most effective for: students with _______ histories; students who are more _______ -what doesn't work: completing it on a _______ (vs. computer)
vicious
This can become a ________ cycle - patient more depressed > spouse more depressed > less helpful and more unhelpful support enacted > less helpful support received > patient more distressed and so on
trauma
Trauma research focuses on the person who has experienced the ________ - less attention to how close others are affected
decrease; cognitive
Treatment elements that are common to PE and CPT and to theories of the development of PTSD: -behavioral strategies designed to ________ avoidance: gradual and repeated exposure to situations, thoughts, and memories that are feared or avoided because of their association with the trauma -________ strategies: identifying and changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors that contribute to distress
strong; strong
Types of psychotherapy differ in effectiveness and how much they have been studied -CBT: 54 studies and a ________ effect size (biggest) -EDMR: fewer studies (11) but ________ effect size -psychodynamic: only 1 study, still strong effect size
CBT; meditation
Types of secondary work stress interventions involve: -________: teach skills for modifying maladaptive thoughts -relaxation, ________, deep breathing: try to induce states that are the physiological opposites of stress -less common: exercise, journaling, time management
primary; secondary; tertiary
Types of work stress interventions: -________ interventions: reduce the sources of stress at work (ex: job redesign) -________ interventions: teach skills for coping with stress (stress management programs - most common!) -________ interventions: treat health conditions (ex: employee assistance programs)
harmful; helpful
We know more about ________ coping than ________ coping
longitudinal; experimental; physiological
What are the solutions to the problems of directionality and confounded measures of coping and distress? -________ studies -________ studies -________ measures
internal; external
What are the two locus of control dimensions?
single; shorter
What makes interventions more effective (besides being CBT)? -focusing on a ________ component (each component added reduced the effect size; single component CBT interventions most effective) -________ interventions - effect sizes get lower the longer the intervention is (1-4 weeks is best overall)
worse; adaptive
When you are feeling really stressed... -see if you can identify if you are telling yourself something that is making it ________ -see if you can come up with more ________ interpretations -example: I have so much to do it will never get done. I'm never going to graduate!! I'm going to watch TV! - adaptive: If I plan out my time carefully, I can get it all done. But I need to get started.
D, coping measures are too long to be completed daily
Which of the following is NOT a methodological problem in coping research? A. coping studies tend to ignore the context of the stressor B. coping studies tend to focus only on an individual's coping strategies C. coping measures are often completed retrospectively D. coping measures are too long to be completed daily
B, many studies support its efficacy
Which of the following statements about mindfulness is most accurate? A. As a new therapy, it has not received much research attention B. Many studies support its efficacy C. Awareness is the most effective component D. It was developed by Albert Ellis
B, People with more social support generally have healthier life styles (e.g., exercise more)
Which of the following statements is NOT accurate regarding the relationship between social support and physical health? A. People with more social support are more likely to adhere to their treatments if they are sick B. People with more social support generally have healthier life styles (e.g., exercise more) C. Having a supportive spouse is associated with having a lower allostatic load D. Negative interactions with family members are associated with having a higher allostatic load
C, Unhelpful support is more related to distress than is helpful support
Which of the following statements is most accurate? A. Unhelpful support is as common as helpful support B. Perceived support is strongly related to received support C. Unhelpful support is more related to distress than is helpful support D. Having more friends and family members is strongly related to less distress
psychotherapy
Which treatments are most effective for PTSD? -________ had bigger effects than medications on PTSD symptoms
problem-focused avoidance
Which type of coping? -avoiding dealing with the stressor/problem (problem avoidance)
emotion-focused avoidance
Which type of coping? -avoiding the emotions associated with the stressor (e.g., drinking)
emotion-focused approach
Which type of coping? directly trying to deal with the emotions associated with the stressor (e.g., support seeking)
problem-focused approach
Which type of coping? directly trying to solve the problem/stressor (e.g., problem solving)
secondary
Which type of work stress intervention is most common? primary, secondary, or tertiary
network; receiving
Why are some forms of support unrelated to well-being? -_______ size/frequency of contact >more people does not always mean more supportive people -_______ support >might reduce self-esteem or cause guilt >support may or may not be what one really needs/wants (matching) >support may be seen as intrusive >distress may "cause" one receive support
natural
Why doesn't debriefing help? -early emotional processing of trauma might interfere with the ________ processing of the event -might lead people to bypass their normal sources of support -people say it's helpful because their distress lessened, but how do they know it wouldn't have gone down without it
coping; distress; upset
Why is perceived support more helpful than other kinds of support? -perceived support may increase _______ competence by providing comfort that supporters are available to help if needed; helps you feel that the world is safe -perceived support is not confounded with _______ in the same way that seeking and receiving support may be; seek and receive support only when you are really _______
risks; positive; positive
Why is responsiveness to positive events more related to relationship satisfaction than responsiveness to negative events? -there are fewer ________ in sharing a good event; the benefits come without the costs to self-worth inherent in seeking out help for a problem -when someone discloses a positive event, and their partner responds in "active-constructively", both partners experience ________ emotions, and the relationship becomes stronger -________ events happen more often than negative events
received
_______ and enacted support: -the support you say you actually received from a support provider ->receiver's perspective: she did something to show concern -support provided/enacted -> provider's perspective: I did something to show concern
present
_______ control predicted distress beyond other known predictors -more than general perceptions of control, approach and avoidant coping strategies, number of lifetime traumas, social support, and neuroticism
support
_______ is not necessarily related to better well-being because not all support is helpful
internal
_______ locus of control is associated with better physical and mental health -mental health: less depression and anxiety; higher self-esteem -physical health: better self-reported health; fewer and less severe physical symptoms; faster recovery from illness; better physical functioning
internal
_______ locus of control: -"I make things happen." -"Look what I can do." -You MAKE things happen
external
_______ locus of control: -"There is nothing I can do about my future." -"Why bother?" -Things happen TO you
Perceived
_______ support is most related to well-being combining across outcomes
women
_______ were less stressed if they smelled their partner's shirt
skills
_______-based online interventions are effective for improving college student mental health
distraction; reappraisal; suppression
________ and ________ are effective emotion regulation strategies in experimental studies, but ________ is not effective
daily
________ avoidant coping partly explains the relation between emotional abuse and distress
mindfulness
________ based stress reduction (MBSR) -developed by Jon Kabat-Zinn -8-week group workshop taught by certified trainers - weekly group meetings, homework, and instruction in three formal techniques: mindfulness meditation, body scanning, Hatha yoga
adversity
________ can also affect relationships and social support processes
religious; positive; negative
________ coping -common form of coping that people use -examples of positive forms: sought God's love and care; focused on religion to stop worrying about my problems -examples of negative forms: wondered what I did for God to punish me; questioned the power of God -________ religious coping more common than ________ religious coping
daily; retrospective
________ coping measures are not perfectly related to ________ dispositional coping measures - what people say they do when they complete a retrospective measure is not necessarily actually related to what they really do
dyadic; positive; negative
________ coping: coping processes engaged in together as a couple (vs. individually) -________ dyadic coping: sit down together and share our feelings; try to analyze the situation together with my partner; take things on that my partner would normally to help him/her out -________ dyadic coping: when we're both stressed, we withdraw and avoid each other; my partner provides support, but does so unwillingly
positive
________ dyadic coping is associated with greater relationship satisfaction; negative dyadic coping is associated with lower relationship satisfaction (particularly when one's partner provides support unwillingly)
ACEs (adverse childhood experiences)
________ increase risk for mental and physical health problems
CBT
________ interventions had medium to very large effects on mental health and productivity (mostly anxiety)
avoidance
________ is associated with experiencing more subsequent stressors
work
________ is one of the biggest sources of stress; so there are work stress interventions
nonreactivity
________ is the most effective component of mindfulness
child
________ maltreatment associated with rating others as less supportive and withdrawing from others on a daily basis
PTSD
________ symptoms are associated with relationship problems; also related to my partners' reports of relationship problems and partners' distress
numbing
________ symptoms of PTSD are most related to relationship and intimacy problems -loss of interest in activities -feeling detached from others -inability to feel positive emotions -sense of foreshortened future
tend and befriend; women; protect
________ theory -under conditions of threat, tending to offspring and affiliating with others are common responses in humans -these responses to stress may be particularly characteristic of (but not exclusive to) ________ -women's responses to threat would have evolved to ________ themselves and their offspring
