PSY 4521, Exam 3

problem; support; avoidance; reappraisal

*A review of 100 coping measures identified more than 400 strategies assessed across measures -She determined that there are 5 core strategies, which are: 1. ________ solving 2. ________ seeking 3. ________ 4. distraction 5. positive ________/cognitive restructuring (Skinner et al., 2003)

progressive muscle relaxation

-approach first developed by Dr. Edmund Jacobson in the 1920s and 1930s -muscular tension common in his patients -stress and relaxation are incompatible -PMR is systematic tensing and relaxing of muscle groups

prolonged exposure

-developed by Edna Foa -typically 10-15 90-minute sessions -key components: imaginal exposure (client repeatedly and vividly describes the trauma in present tense to therapist); in vivo exposure (confronting feared people, places, objects in real life; hierarchy of feared situations) What type of therapy is this? prolonged exposure, CPT, EMDR

EMDR

-developed by Francine Shapiro -clients describe trauma memory while moving eyes back and forth following the therapist's finger -eye movements are proposed to facilitate information processing and integration -controversial: not clear that the eye movements add anything; mechanism of change may just be exposure What type of therapy is this? prolonged exposure, CPT, EMDR

CPT

-developed by Patricia Resick for treatment of rape-related PTSD -has been modified for other groups -focuses more on changing thoughts and interpretations of the event -also involves exposure (writing detailed account of the trauma and read it daily) What type of therapy is this? prolonged exposure, CPT, EMDR

individualistic

1. Most coping research is ________ -most coping research ignores how other people in one's life cope or how they might cope together -this does not provide a comprehensive view of the coping process and factors related to mental health and relationship satisfaction

irritable; isolate

2 common ways that students say stress affects their relationships: 1. I am more ________ 2. I ________ myself ...or both

retrospective

2. Problems with ________ coping reports -people may not remember what they did to cope over a 2-week or 1-month period -ignores dynamic nature of coping (how you cope also changes the stressor) -seen as major problem

EMDR; eclectic; exposure

2017 APA clinical practice guidelines for PTSD conditionally recommended -________ (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) -brief ________ psychotherapy (combines CBT with a psychodynamic approach) -narrative ________ therapy

cognitive; exposure

2017 APA clinical practice guidelines for PTSD strongly recommend -________ processing therapy -prolonged ________ -CBT -cognitive therapy

checklists

3. Problems with coping ________ -checklists give you a set list of coping options - these may not fit your situation or describe how you cope

type

4. Coping research often ignores the ________ of stressor -often studies ask people how they are coping with a stressor in their life (but people are dealing with different types of stressors) -even if they have all experienced the same event there are different aspects of events that are stressful -ignoring types of stressor is an important problem because efficacy of coping strategies depends on nature of stress

present

8 studies were conducted over six years to develop the Perceived Control Over Stressful Events Scale -strongly disagree to strongly agree -past control: "I could have done something to prevent this event from happening" -present control: "I have control over my day-to-day reactions to this event -future control: "There is nothing I can do to prevent a similar event from happening -found that only _______ control is related to less event-related distress

mindfulness

A common definition of ________ is an ability to direct and sustain one's attention to the present moment in an accepting and nonjudgmental way; experiencing the present moment with compassion and openness (reduces tendency to avoid)

distraction; fewer; more

A genetic testing clinic in Wales developed a pamphlet encouraging patients to use ________ -600 patients referred for genetic testing -intervention groups: standard; standard + coping skills pamphlet -outcome: intrusive thoughts about risk of getting cancer *Found that those who received the coping pamphlet encouraging active distraction reported ________ intrusive thought BUT ONLY IF: they had ________ distress to begin with

negative

A meta-analysis of 66 experimental studies... -didn't have measures of coping, had judges rate how participants in study would have felt (e.g., would they have ruminated) -tasks about which participants would have ruminated more resulted in: increases in cortisol; suppression of immune system -thought that rumination might prolong activation of ________ emotional responses to stressors and the corresponding physiological response

controversial

APA clinical practice guidelines are _________ -critique: due to the exclusive reliance on RCTs, other legitimate research findings supporting other PTSD treatments were not considered in the assignment of "strong" recommendations -response: RCTs, though not perfect, offer advantages over many other types of study designs

CBT; RET

Aaron Beck founded ________ (cognitive behavioral therapy) and Albert Ellis developed ________ (rational emotive therapy)

good; bad

Across events, future control beliefs are _______ if the event is controllable, but _______ if the event is uncontrollable

distress

Across the life span, perceived support is most related to lower _______

well-being

Active constructive responses are associated with greater individual ________ -more positive mood -lower negative mood -greater life satisfaction -less loneliness -higher self-esteem

insecurity

Adult attachment ________ is associated with having fewer support resources following trauma exposure, which is associated with more PTSD symptoms

CBT

Among college students, ________ was most effective in reducing stress

approach; avoidant

Approach vs. avoidant coping -________: active efforts to do something about the stressor or its emotional consequences (e.g., problem solving or seeking support) -________: avoiding or withdrawing from the stressor or thoughts of it (e.g., not thinking about it; withdrawing from others)

stressors

Avoidance is associated with distress in longitudinal studies AND with experiencing more subsequent ________ -study found that more cognitive and behavioral avoidance coping at Time 1 led to more acute (divorce) and chronic "dependent" stressors 4 years later, and were more depressed 10 years later

PTSD

Avoidance, rumination, and thought suppression also related to more ________ symptoms

distraction; reappraisal

Based on a meta-analysis of experimental studies of emotion regulation, ________ and ________ may be helpful when patients are waiting for genetic testing results

adjustment; controllability

Based on meta-analysis of research showing strategy-situation fit is associated with better ________, teaching employees to match strategies to ________ of the stressor may be helpful for those with high work stress

avoidance

Based on the meta-analysis of coping and symptoms, reducing ________, rumination, and suppression may be helpful for sexual assault survivors in the ER

situation; thoughts; emotions; behavior; physical reactions

Basic CBT model: 1. ________: What triggers the problem? (e.g., criticized at work) 2. ________: What goes through my head? (e.g., "I'm not good enough) 3. ________: How do I feel? (e.g., worthless, anxious) 4. ________: What do I do? (e.g., avoid contact with others) 5. ________: How does my body react? (e.g., feel tired, loss of appetite)

behavioral; cognitive

Behavioral vs. cognitive coping strategies ________: -taking (or avoiding) action (problem solving / problem avoidance) ________: -mental strategies and self-talk (cognitive reappraisal / rumination)

think; adaptive; evidence

CBT - it's not the events that happen to us but how we ________ about them that's important -identify distorted thinking that is causing distress and more ________ alternative explanations -lots of ________ that CBT works for a range of problems

research; evidence

CISD no longer recommended in expert treatment guidelines -no ________ support/treatment is potentially harmful -children/adolescents: intervention with emerging evidence not to recommend -adults: insufficient ________ to recommend

attempt; response; positive; negative

Capitalization ________: telling someone about a positive event you experienced Capitalization ________: the other person's response to your positive event Capitalization refers to ________ events, while social support refers to responses to ________ events

powerlessness

Childhood trauma can engender a sense of ________ -which may lead to dealing with stressors through avoidance and withdrawal -perceived lack of control over life events

coping

Cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage the internal and external demands of situations that are appraised as stressful

PTSD

Cognitive behavioral interventions are effective in preventing ________ in those with ASD

most; depression

Coping flexibility intervention -distinguished between types of coping strategies (strategies that change the problem- problem-focused/strategies that change one's thoughts or emotions emotion-focused) -distinguished between types of stressors: controllable vs. uncontrollable stressors -were then asked to match the coping strategy to the stressor (problem-focused if controllable; emotion-focused if not controllable) Study design -161 employees in Hong Kong -intervention groups: CBT (six 2-hr sessions); CBT + coping flexibility training (six 2-hr sessions); waitlist group -measured coping flexibility and depression pre, post, and 4-month follow-up *Found that the coping flexibility increased the ________ in coping flexibility -coping flexibility group also decreased most in ________

research

Coping is a very active area of ________

reappraisal; acceptance; solving

Coping strategies that are related to better mental health are smaller than the ones that are negative but are -________ -________ -problem-________

depression

Correlations with avoidance, rumination, and suppression were bigger for ________ and anxiety than eating disorders/substance abuse

3; distress

Criteria for acute stress disorder in DSM-V -exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation (same as PTSD) -at least 9 or more symptoms from any of 5 categories (intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, arousal) -duration of ____ days to 1 month after trauma exposure -clinically significant ________ or impairment -those with ASD are more likely to develop PTSD

sample essay q

Describe the three phases of the trauma recovery process, and the most highly recommended treatment(s) for each phase

causation; confounded

Design of experimental studies: -participants are brought to lab and engage in a stressful task/go through an emotion induction -instructed to use a particular coping strategy *benefits of this study design: can make claims about ________; coping not ________ with outcomes

positively; mixed; less

Different forms of control seemed to have different relations with distress: -Past control was unassociated or _______ associated with distress -Future control had _______ evidence; may depend on actual controllability -Present control was consistently related to _______ distress and was more strongly related to less distress than other types of control

stressor

Difficulties in social relationships are a ________ in themselves

complex

Does research on uncontrollable shocks in animals generalize to human traumas? -many human traumas are more _______ than the types of stress facing animals in experimental studies -if uncontrollable events are bad, is it good to perceive events as controllable?

controversial

EDMR is effective but _________

negative; peer; adult

Effect on adverse caregiving on attachment and relationships throughout the lifespan -early adverse caregiving --> ________ internal models of self and others --> ineffective ________ relations --> difficulties in ________ relationships

PTSD; uncontrollable; perceived; objective

Event-specific control is a key construct in theories of the development of _______ -_______ events are more likely to lead to PTSD -_______ uncontrollability is more important than _______ uncontrollability

checklists

Example of narrative coping study -interviewed 51 dementia caregivers -asked them how they coped with two stressors (symptom stressor; deprivation) -interviews revealed 53 coping strategies: many were not on standard checklists; ***by using ________ we are missing these potentially important coping strategies

ruminated; cortisol

Example of study with physiological measures: Study of rumination and cortisol in daily life -sample of 115 undergrads who had experienced an interpersonal transgression in last week -transgressions involved betrayals of confidence/insults by friend, arguments/neglect by partner, infidelity -came into lab 5 times (every 2 weeks) and reported on how much they ________ on the event ***when people reported having ruminated more during the previous 2 weeks about the transgression, they had increased levels of ________ which can have harm to effects on the immune system

lower

Experiencing more stressors is associated with ________ relationship satisfaction

rumination

Experimental studies of coping found that ________ was less effective in reducing negative mood than positive reappraisal

distress; adaptive

For uncontrollable events, future control is generally associated with more _______. Future control may be more _______ for events that are more controllable.

rumination, helplessness, social withdrawal, emotional regulation

Four more "strong candidates" of coping strategies found in the Skinner et al. (2003) study were:

skills; support; interaction; maladaptive

Four types of interventions to reduce loneliness: -improving social ________ -enhancing social ________ -increasing opportunities for social ________ -changing ________ social cognitions (CBT)

8; year; not

Frazier conducted three studies testing Janoff-Bulman's theory in rape victims- Study 1: 67 female rape victims seen in a hospital-based rape crisis program 1 week postrape Study 2: 59 female college students who had been raped an avg. of ___ years previously Study 3: 104 female rape victims seen at same rape crisis program as study 1 assessed from 1 week to 1 _____ postrape *Found that the results did _______ support Janoff-Bulman's (1979) theory

lower; depressed; offering; receiving

Frazier et al. (1995) found that stress is associated with ________ marital satisfaction and less helpful social support -in both partners, more stress was associated with lower marital satisfaction -if patients were more depressed, their spouses were more ________ -if spouses were more stressed, they reported ________ -if spouses were more stressed, patients reported ________

internal

Frazier et al. (2011) found that present control is related to a general _______ locus of control

positive; negative; women

Gable et al. (2006) found that responses to ________ events were more important than responses to ________ events -had each member of a couple discuss a positive and negative event; after each event, each person rated their partner's responsiveness -perceived responsiveness when sharing good events was more related to relationship outcomes than responsiveness when sharing bad events two months later, especially for ________

rumination; most; stressful; emotional

Gender differences in coping/support seeking: -women engage in more ________ than men (small effect size) -women tend to use ________ coping strategies than men, including problem-solving and positive self-talk (there were no strategies that men used more than women) -women tend to appraise events as more ________ than men -most robust finding: women are more likely to seek ________ support than are men

personality; specific; mental

General locus of control is not the same as event-specific control beliefs: -general LOC is a _______ trait -event-specific control refers to perceptions about whether a _______ event is controllable -event-specific beliefs tend to be more related to important outcomes, like _______ health, than general control beliefs

personality; generally

General locus of control: -_______ trait: extent to which people believe they _______ can control events in their lives

is moderately correlated with present control

General locus of control: -is unrelated to event-specific control -is moderately correlated with present control -is more related to distress than is event-specific control -is moderately correlated with past control

general; specific

General vs. event specific support- support can be assessed in terms of: -_______ perceptions of what is available or typically received -what was actually received following a _______ event

lower; higher

Haines et al. study - Do people who are more distressed have lower strategy-situation fit? -sample: 74 community members in Australia -design: completed distress measures at time 1, then completed 10 surveys per day for 1 week *Well-being was associated with better situation strategy fit -people with ________ well-being used reappraisal more often in more controllable contexts (poor situation-strategy fit) -people with ________ well-being used reappraisal more often in less controllable contexts (good situation strategy fit)

harmful; helpful

Helpful support is more common than unhelpful support, but... -unsupportive actions are more ________ than supportive actions are ________

helpful; unhelpful

Helpful vs. unhelpful support _______ -providing emotional support -showing concern _______ -distancing -minimizing -bumbling -blaming

problematic

Higher order categories (problem vs. emotion focused) can be ________ because they combine very different strategies - some of which are helpful, some of which are unhelpful

control; social; coping

How can we help people deal more effectively with stressors? -research that has focused on psychosocial factors that can be changed: perceived _______, _______ support, _______ mechanisms

conscious

How do the definitions of coping differ? -whether the efforts need to be ________ or not

reperceiving; relationships

How might mindfulness work? -________: standing back and taking a more objective view of your emotions ("These depressive thoughts are not me" vs. "I am depressed") -changing one's ________ with thoughts rather than changing the thoughts themselves: there's that thought again; that thought is not me; My anxiety/depression is an emotion that will pass

tension; relax

How to do PMR 1. ________: inhale and purposefully tense up or tighten hard the selected muscle group; hold for 5-10 seconds 2. ________: exhale while quickly but gently letting go, releasing tension. Be still 15-20 seconds before moving onto the next muscle group

avoids; other; less

If one partner ________, so does the ________; then both are ________ happy and satisfied with their relationship

distress

In Janoff-Bulman's study, results found that both behavioral and characterological self-blame were associated with more _______ in sexual assault survivors

reactivity

In a meta-analysis of 20 studies, decreases in ________ to thoughts and emotions was the most consistent and strongest mediator of the relations between mindfulness-based interventions and changes in mental health outcomes

50

Individuals with high levels of support were _____% more likely to be alive an average of 7.5 years later -meta-analysis of 148 studies examining social support and subsequent mortality

death; 11; family

Individuals with less perceived support are at a higher risk of ________ -meta-analysis of 50 studies examined perceived social support and death an average of 6 years later; those with less support were ____-19% more likely to have died within the follow-up period *support from ________ was more important than support from friends *bigger risk associated with having no (vs. low) support *social support was more important for those with health problems and for older people

buffers

Internal LOC (mastery) _______ the effects of trauma exposure on mortality risk

CBT; CBT; EMDR

International society of traumatic stress studies prevention and treatment guidelines: -________ with a trauma focus -general ________ -________ (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing)

immediate

Interventions during the ________ phase -common form of intervention is called psychological debriefing (CISD is common name) >single session >within a few hours or days after trauma >includes psychoeducation about stress reactions and emotional processing of event >goal is to prevent PTSD -widely used

college

Interventions reduce stress for ________ students too - CBT was most effective; then, social support, coping skills, psychoed, MBST, relaxation

cognitions

Interventions targeting ________ are most effective in decreasing loneliness

received; beliefs

Interventions that attempt to increase ________ social support have small effects and seem to be less effective than those that change ________ about support and relationships

small

Interventions to improve the quality of life in cancer patients and spouses resulted in ______ improvements

positive social exchange

Items from inventory of socially supportive behaviors (Barrera et al., 1981) -________ ________ _________: Did some activity with you to help you get your mind off of things

nondirective support

Items from inventory of socially supportive behaviors (Barrera et al., 1981) -________ ________: Let you know that he/she will always be around if you need assistance

tangible assistance

Items from inventory of socially supportive behaviors (Barrera et al., 1981) -________ ________: Pitched in to help you do something that needed to get done

direct guidance

Items from inventory of socially supportive behaviors (Barrera et al., 1981) -________ ________: Told you what she/he did in a situation that was similar to yours

behavioral; characterological

Janoff-Bulman's theory -describes two different types of self-blame (attributions) 1. _______ self-blame: -blaming rape on controllable behaviors victim engaged in 2. _______ self-blame -blaming rape on uncontrollable factors She hypothesized that _______ self-blame would be adaptive because it should be associated with the belief that future rapes can be avoided

tasks; changes; tasks; feedback; positive

Job redesign: How can we make call centers less stressful? (Holman & Axtell, 2016) Process of job redesign: -2-day workshop with employees and research team to identify core job ________ and obstacles -employees suggested ________ to the job that would improve well-being and performance -worked on giving employees more control over job ________/influence and clearer ________ Findings: job redesign intervention generally had ________ effects

social; emotional

Lack of ________ support is as or more associated with poor prognosis if have CVD than with getting CVD in the first place -________ support is more important than social integration

cardiovascular disease (CVD)

Lack of social support increases one's risk of ________ (1.5 to 2x more likely)

PTSD

Lack of social support is one of the biggest risk factors for _______

threats; negative; events

Lonely individuals are... -more sensitive to social ________ -attend more to ________ social information -have more negative social expectations -remember more of the negative aspects of social ________ -behave in ways that confirm their negative expectations

coping

Many types of psychotherapy teach ________ skills among other things - CBT (reappraisal, problem solving), mindfulness (acceptance, non-avoidance), dialectical behavior therapy (emotion regulation skills)

destructive

Measure of perceived responses to capitalization attempts Active and ________ -he/she points out the potential problems or down sides of the good event

constructive

Measure of perceived responses to capitalization attempts Active and ________ -my partner usually reacts to my good fortune enthusiastically

destructive

Measure of perceived responses to capitalization attempts Passive and ________ -my partner often seems disinterested

constructive

Measure of perceived responses to capitalization attempts Passive and ________ -my partner says little but I know he/she is happy for me

distancing; bumbling; minimizing; blaming

Measure of unhelpful support: unsupportive social interactions inventory -_______: least common; did not seem to want to hear about it -_______: did not seem to know what to say, or seemed afraid of saying or doing the "wrong" thing -_______: most common; felt that I should stop worrying about the event and just forget about it -_______: made "should or shouldn't have" comments about my role in the event

moderately

Measures of perceived and received support are only _______ correlated

well-being

Meta-analysis confirmed the findings of the Haines et al. study where better strategy-situation fit (problem-solving in things that are controllable) between coping and controllability of situation was associated with better ________

debriefing; PTSD

Meta-analysis of debriefing studies- -traumas included car accidents, violent crime, early miscarriage -looked at change and distress within the groups who got ________ and those who didn't Findings: ________ symptoms decrease more if you do nothing than if you provide debriefing

assignment; CBT; less

Meta-analysis of work stress intervention studies -36 studies testing 55 interventions -all primary or secondary interventions -workers with no diagnosed mental disorders -random ________ to treatment and control group -various outcomes - mental health = main ones -the efficacy of different types of interventions (combining across outcomes): >_____ interventions were most effective >multimodal interventions were ________ helpful

less; more

More childhood maltreatment is associated with ________ perceived control and ________ rumination and avoidant coping

size; frequency

Network measures: -_______ of social network -_______ of contact with social network

withdrawal; problem-solving

Neuroticism is most related to the ________ coping strategy; conscientiousness was most related to ________

daily; negative; positive

One solution for the retrospective coping method problems: -________ diary methods -found that daily rumination and avoidance were associated with more ________ mood -daily reappraisal, problem-solving, and support seeking associated with more ________ mood

both

One solution to individualistic problem w coping: 1. examine ________ partners' coping

trauma; present

One way to maintain a sense of control in the face of _______ is to focus on what we can actually control. _______ control is consistently related to better adjustment with medium to large effects.

better

Only active-constructive responding is related to ________ relationships (e.g., satisfaction, trust, intimacy)

past; distress

Other results revealed an important distinction between _______ and future control -focusing on past associated with more distress -future control/avoidability is the only factor that predicted less _______ longitudinally -past and future control are NOT strongly related

relationships

People report that stress affects their ________ as much as their mental and physical health

relationships; PTSD; distressed

People who are more stressed are less satisfied with their ________; People who have more ________ symptoms are less satisfied with their relationships and so are their partners; If one person has more PTSD symptoms, his/her partner tends to be more ________

adherence

People who use more avoidant coping was found to be associated with lower medical regimen ________ and greater viral load in HIV-positive individuals

mortality; lower; higher; higher

Perceived control and trauma were associated with _______ risk over a 10 year period -internal LOC associated with _______ risk of death -external LOC associated with _______ risk of death -greater lifetime trauma exposure associated with _______ risk of death

perception

Perceived social support: your _______ of what is available "I can count on my friends when things go wrong."

retrospective

Personality is more related to ________ than to daily coping measures, especially if personality-congruent

immediate; acute; chronic

Phases of trauma recovery process: -________ phase: 0-48 hours post-trauma; many report significant distress during this period -________ phase: a few days to 1 month post-trauma; distress diminishes greatly for most people during this phase -________ phase: 1 month onward; 10% develop PTSD

physiological; positive; conflict

Physiological mechanisms linking social support to health- social support may also affect health through affecting ________ responses to stress -________ social support associated with dampened ANS and HPA responses to stress -________ associated with heightened ANS and HPA responses to stress

intervention

Pilot study 1: Present control increased -Could we increase present control? >created brief program designed to increase present control; randomly assigned students to receive that program or general info about stress; found that present control scores increased only in the group that got the _______

mood

Pilot study 2 found that _______ also improved in the group that got the intervention

adjustment

Positive religious coping is associated with positive ________ (well-being) with a medium sized correlation

distress

Present control is more important than general control beliefs in predicting _______

increasing; PTSD

Prevention of post-rape stress video- Coping strategies segment -don't avoid situations that didn't make you nervous before -don't use drugs or alcohol to avoid feelings -keep busy; don't withdraw from others -don't blame yourself Study design: -150 girls/women coming to Mpls hospital for sexual assault exam -intervention groups: prevention of postrape stress video; relaxation video; no video -outcome (1.5, 3, and 6 months post-exam): present control and PTSD *Found that the prevention of post-rape stress video was more effective in ________ present control and decreasing ________ symptoms than relaxation video or no video (BUT only for those with a prior sexual assault, who were more distressed initially)

solve; change; reduce; manage

Problem vs. emotion focused coping -problem-focused coping: efforts to ________ or ________ the stressor itself (e.g., problem solving) -emotion-focused: efforts to ________ or ________ the distress from the stressor (e.g., seeking emotional support)

emotion regulation

Process model of ___________ -process by which people influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express these emotions *some (but not all) forms of coping involve emotion regulation)

not; is; PTSD

Psychological debriefing in immediate post-trauma period is ________ recommended Psychological first aid without emotional processing ________ recommended in immediate period CBT interventions are effective in preventing ________ in those with acute symptoms (ASD)

C, is not recommended for treating immediate trauma symptoms

Psychological debriefing... A. is recommended for treating acute trauma symptoms B. is recommended for treating immediate trauma symptoms C. is not recommended for treating immediate trauma symptoms D. is effective for preventing PTSD

stress; correlated

Rationale for present control intervention: -practical need for tools to help students manage _______ -present control is _______ with less stress, anxiety, and depression (need experimental approach to show causation)

no; equal

Recent meta-analysis of mindfulness interventions -142 studies -had to have a formal psychiatric diagnostic -had to have mindfulness meditation as a core component with home practice -comparison groups: no treatment / evidence-based therapies according to APA (like CBT) Findings: mindfulness is better than ________ treatment and ________ to evidence based therapies (EBT) like CBT

consistent

Relations between avoidance, rumination, suppression, and distress are ________ findings

small; stressors

Relations between personality and coping are ________ to moderate but can add up over many ________

why

Research focused on attributions in sexual assault survivors- attributions are beliefs about _______ an event occurred - related to perceptions of control over the occurrence of an event in the past

online

Research has found that _______-administered CBT is as effective as face-to-face CBT

temporal

Results of the new study supported the _______ model of control in sexual assault behaviors

not; no

Samples in Janoff-Bulman study were _______ rape victims Study 1: -depressed female college students engaged in more characterological self-blame in response to hypothetical scenarios than nondepressed female college students Study 2: -rape crisis counselors said that behavioral self-blame was more common than characterological self-blame among victims Is this evidence? _____

underestimated

Schallcross et al. (2011) found that individuals who scored higher on attachment avoidance ________ their partners' responsiveness

C, emotion-focused approach

Seeking emotional support is best characterized as which type of coping? A. problem-focused approach B. approach-avoidance C. emotion-focused approach D. emotion-focused avoidance

reduced; spouse; negative

Social support ________ allostatic load increased/reduced -having a more supportive ________ was associated with lower allostatic load -having more ________ interactions with family members associated with higher allostatic load

treatment

Social support increases odds of ________ adherence

T

Social support increases one's odds of survival more than many other factors including exercise and weight. T/F

general

Social support is not as related to ________ (vs. specific) health behaviors - some network members promote unhealthy behaviors

well-being

Social support measures have small to moderate relations with _______ measures among kids and adolescents.

perceived

Social support research focuses on ________ support - less attention to the support provider

narratives; quantify

Solution to problems with checklist measures -________ approaches - ask people to describe in their own words how they are coping with a stressor -downside to this: responses to narratives are harder to ________

avoiding; ruminating; suppressing; correlational; longitudinal; experimental

Specific coping strategies that are associated with poorer mental and physical health: -________ problems -________ about problems -________ thoughts and feelings *Associated with poorer mental and physical health in ________, ________, and ________ studies

relationships

Stress research focuses on own stress and own mental and physical health - less attention to effects of stress on ________

rumination; avoidance; emotion

Studies have found that maladaptive coping decreases these following psychotherapies (except for suppression): -________ -________ -overall deficits in ________ regulation -suppression (little evidence of change in 4 studies)

befriending; depression

Studies that attempt to increase social network/received support (Mead et al., 2010) -________ >person in need is introduced to 1 or more people who provide them with emotional support results: befriending interventions result in small reductions in ________

resource

Support at work is a job _______

stress

Support seeking: the extent to which you seek support when under _______ -I talked to someone about how I was feeling -I accepted sympathy and understanding from someone

past; future; present

Temporal aspects of control: -_______ control- "Could I have prevented this?" -_______ control- "Can I keep this from happening again?" -_______ control: control over illness symptoms; control over medical care and treatment; control over the recovery process

decreased; 3

The first randomized control trial (RCT) found that online present control intervention _______ stress, anxiety, and depression more than receiving information about stress -effects were bigger at the ___-week follow up than right after the intervention

observing; describing; acting; nonjudging; nonreactivity

The five factor mindfulness questionnaire subscales are: -________ (when I take a shower, I stay alert to the sensations of water on my body) -________ (I'm good at finding words to describe my feelings) -________ with awareness (I don't pay attention to what I'm doing b/c I'm daydreaming, worrying, or otherwise distracted) -________ (I believe some of my thoughts are abnormal or bad and I shouldn't think that way) -________ (when I have distressing thoughts or images I am able just to notice them without reacting)

passive

The four types of responses to capitalization attempts -________ and constructive "That is good news" (nonverbal communication: little to no active emotional expression)

active

The four types of responses to capitalization attempts -________ and constructive "That is great. I know how important that promotion was to you! We should go out and celebrate and you can tell me what excites you most about your new job." (nonverbal communication: maintaining eye contact, displays of positive emotions, such as genuine smiling, touching, laughing)

active

The four types of responses to capitalization attempts -________ and destructive "That sounds like a lot of responsibility to take on. There will probably be more stress involved in the new position and longer hours at the office." (nonverbal communication: displays of negative emotions, such as furrowed brow, frowning)

passive

The four types of responses to capitalization attempts -________ and destructive "What are we doing on Friday night?" (nonverbal communication: little to no eye contact, turning away, leaving room)

control; feedback

The job redesign intervention generally had positive effects. Positive effects on: -perceived job ________ -quality of ________ -well-being -no effects on performance or psychological contract fulfillment

B, They include one component

The meta-analysis of work stress interventions (Richardson & Rothstein, 2008) found that interventions are most effective if: A. They include multiple components B. They include one component C. Workers are more stressed D. They change the actual stressors in the job

is more effective for those with more distress

The present control intervention: -works better as a mobile app -is not effective for those with a trauma history -is more effective for those with high present control -is more effective for those with more distress

emotional; tangible; informational

The three main functions of support are: -_______ support: listening and showing interest, encouragement -_______/instrumental support: giving you a ride somewhere -_______: giving advice or information

C, prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy

The two MOST recommended treatments for PTSD are: A. EMDR and cognitive processing therapy B. medications and prolonged exposure C. prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy D. prolonged exposure and EMDR

prolonged; cognitive

The two most recognized PTSD treatments are ________ exposure (PE) and ________ processing therapy (CPT) *all Veterans Admins have to offer one of these two treatments

self-report; directionality; confounding

There are potential problems with ________ correlational studies of coping and distress. Why? 1. Can't determine ________ - does avoiding/ruminating cause you to be depressed or vice versa? 2. ________ of measures of coping and distress - avoidance is a symptom of PTSD

strong

There is ________ evidence for CBT for many things including: -generalized anxiety disorder -depression -schizophrenia -insomnia -ADHD

less

There is ________ research on coping interventions

accepted

There is no universally ________ definition of what mindfulness is

cancer; social

There is not much research on social support and ________ risk and prognosis but... -existing research shows a weak relationship -may depend on severity of cancer - social support is more related to prognosis for types of cancer with high survival rates; here ________ integration was more important than perceived support

confounded; distressed; category

These factors may obscure the relations between "adaptive" coping and distress -some items are ________ with distress -only need to cope if you are ________ (reactive) -in meta-analyses, different strategies are sometimes combined into one ________

specific; mindfulness; trauma; distressed; phone

Things we have learned in 8 subsequent studies of the web-based present control intervention: -changes that improved intervention effectiveness: making stress logs more _______; adding _______ skills -who intervention is most effective for: students with _______ histories; students who are more _______ -what doesn't work: completing it on a _______ (vs. computer)

vicious

This can become a ________ cycle - patient more depressed > spouse more depressed > less helpful and more unhelpful support enacted > less helpful support received > patient more distressed and so on

trauma

Trauma research focuses on the person who has experienced the ________ - less attention to how close others are affected

decrease; cognitive

Treatment elements that are common to PE and CPT and to theories of the development of PTSD: -behavioral strategies designed to ________ avoidance: gradual and repeated exposure to situations, thoughts, and memories that are feared or avoided because of their association with the trauma -________ strategies: identifying and changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors that contribute to distress

strong; strong

Types of psychotherapy differ in effectiveness and how much they have been studied -CBT: 54 studies and a ________ effect size (biggest) -EDMR: fewer studies (11) but ________ effect size -psychodynamic: only 1 study, still strong effect size

CBT; meditation

Types of secondary work stress interventions involve: -________: teach skills for modifying maladaptive thoughts -relaxation, ________, deep breathing: try to induce states that are the physiological opposites of stress -less common: exercise, journaling, time management

primary; secondary; tertiary

Types of work stress interventions: -________ interventions: reduce the sources of stress at work (ex: job redesign) -________ interventions: teach skills for coping with stress (stress management programs - most common!) -________ interventions: treat health conditions (ex: employee assistance programs)

harmful; helpful

We know more about ________ coping than ________ coping

longitudinal; experimental; physiological

What are the solutions to the problems of directionality and confounded measures of coping and distress? -________ studies -________ studies -________ measures

internal; external

What are the two locus of control dimensions?

single; shorter

What makes interventions more effective (besides being CBT)? -focusing on a ________ component (each component added reduced the effect size; single component CBT interventions most effective) -________ interventions - effect sizes get lower the longer the intervention is (1-4 weeks is best overall)

worse; adaptive

When you are feeling really stressed... -see if you can identify if you are telling yourself something that is making it ________ -see if you can come up with more ________ interpretations -example: I have so much to do it will never get done. I'm never going to graduate!! I'm going to watch TV! - adaptive: If I plan out my time carefully, I can get it all done. But I need to get started.

D, coping measures are too long to be completed daily

Which of the following is NOT a methodological problem in coping research? A. coping studies tend to ignore the context of the stressor B. coping studies tend to focus only on an individual's coping strategies C. coping measures are often completed retrospectively D. coping measures are too long to be completed daily

B, many studies support its efficacy

Which of the following statements about mindfulness is most accurate? A. As a new therapy, it has not received much research attention B. Many studies support its efficacy C. Awareness is the most effective component D. It was developed by Albert Ellis

B, People with more social support generally have healthier life styles (e.g., exercise more)

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate regarding the relationship between social support and physical health? A. People with more social support are more likely to adhere to their treatments if they are sick B. People with more social support generally have healthier life styles (e.g., exercise more) C. Having a supportive spouse is associated with having a lower allostatic load D. Negative interactions with family members are associated with having a higher allostatic load

C, Unhelpful support is more related to distress than is helpful support

Which of the following statements is most accurate? A. Unhelpful support is as common as helpful support B. Perceived support is strongly related to received support C. Unhelpful support is more related to distress than is helpful support D. Having more friends and family members is strongly related to less distress

psychotherapy

Which treatments are most effective for PTSD? -________ had bigger effects than medications on PTSD symptoms

problem-focused avoidance

Which type of coping? -avoiding dealing with the stressor/problem (problem avoidance)

emotion-focused avoidance

Which type of coping? -avoiding the emotions associated with the stressor (e.g., drinking)

emotion-focused approach

Which type of coping? directly trying to deal with the emotions associated with the stressor (e.g., support seeking)

problem-focused approach

Which type of coping? directly trying to solve the problem/stressor (e.g., problem solving)

secondary

Which type of work stress intervention is most common? primary, secondary, or tertiary

network; receiving

Why are some forms of support unrelated to well-being? -_______ size/frequency of contact >more people does not always mean more supportive people -_______ support >might reduce self-esteem or cause guilt >support may or may not be what one really needs/wants (matching) >support may be seen as intrusive >distress may "cause" one receive support

natural

Why doesn't debriefing help? -early emotional processing of trauma might interfere with the ________ processing of the event -might lead people to bypass their normal sources of support -people say it's helpful because their distress lessened, but how do they know it wouldn't have gone down without it

coping; distress; upset

Why is perceived support more helpful than other kinds of support? -perceived support may increase _______ competence by providing comfort that supporters are available to help if needed; helps you feel that the world is safe -perceived support is not confounded with _______ in the same way that seeking and receiving support may be; seek and receive support only when you are really _______

risks; positive; positive

Why is responsiveness to positive events more related to relationship satisfaction than responsiveness to negative events? -there are fewer ________ in sharing a good event; the benefits come without the costs to self-worth inherent in seeking out help for a problem -when someone discloses a positive event, and their partner responds in "active-constructively", both partners experience ________ emotions, and the relationship becomes stronger -________ events happen more often than negative events

received

_______ and enacted support: -the support you say you actually received from a support provider ->receiver's perspective: she did something to show concern -support provided/enacted -> provider's perspective: I did something to show concern

present

_______ control predicted distress beyond other known predictors -more than general perceptions of control, approach and avoidant coping strategies, number of lifetime traumas, social support, and neuroticism

support

_______ is not necessarily related to better well-being because not all support is helpful

internal

_______ locus of control is associated with better physical and mental health -mental health: less depression and anxiety; higher self-esteem -physical health: better self-reported health; fewer and less severe physical symptoms; faster recovery from illness; better physical functioning

internal

_______ locus of control: -"I make things happen." -"Look what I can do." -You MAKE things happen

external

_______ locus of control: -"There is nothing I can do about my future." -"Why bother?" -Things happen TO you

Perceived

_______ support is most related to well-being combining across outcomes

women

_______ were less stressed if they smelled their partner's shirt

skills

_______-based online interventions are effective for improving college student mental health

distraction; reappraisal; suppression

________ and ________ are effective emotion regulation strategies in experimental studies, but ________ is not effective

daily

________ avoidant coping partly explains the relation between emotional abuse and distress

mindfulness

________ based stress reduction (MBSR) -developed by Jon Kabat-Zinn -8-week group workshop taught by certified trainers - weekly group meetings, homework, and instruction in three formal techniques: mindfulness meditation, body scanning, Hatha yoga

adversity

________ can also affect relationships and social support processes

religious; positive; negative

________ coping -common form of coping that people use -examples of positive forms: sought God's love and care; focused on religion to stop worrying about my problems -examples of negative forms: wondered what I did for God to punish me; questioned the power of God -________ religious coping more common than ________ religious coping

daily; retrospective

________ coping measures are not perfectly related to ________ dispositional coping measures - what people say they do when they complete a retrospective measure is not necessarily actually related to what they really do

dyadic; positive; negative

________ coping: coping processes engaged in together as a couple (vs. individually) -________ dyadic coping: sit down together and share our feelings; try to analyze the situation together with my partner; take things on that my partner would normally to help him/her out -________ dyadic coping: when we're both stressed, we withdraw and avoid each other; my partner provides support, but does so unwillingly

positive

________ dyadic coping is associated with greater relationship satisfaction; negative dyadic coping is associated with lower relationship satisfaction (particularly when one's partner provides support unwillingly)

ACEs (adverse childhood experiences)

________ increase risk for mental and physical health problems

CBT

________ interventions had medium to very large effects on mental health and productivity (mostly anxiety)

avoidance

________ is associated with experiencing more subsequent stressors

work

________ is one of the biggest sources of stress; so there are work stress interventions

nonreactivity

________ is the most effective component of mindfulness

child

________ maltreatment associated with rating others as less supportive and withdrawing from others on a daily basis

PTSD

________ symptoms are associated with relationship problems; also related to my partners' reports of relationship problems and partners' distress

numbing

________ symptoms of PTSD are most related to relationship and intimacy problems -loss of interest in activities -feeling detached from others -inability to feel positive emotions -sense of foreshortened future

tend and befriend; women; protect

________ theory -under conditions of threat, tending to offspring and affiliating with others are common responses in humans -these responses to stress may be particularly characteristic of (but not exclusive to) ________ -women's responses to threat would have evolved to ________ themselves and their offspring