PSY 525

In considering how motivation and emotion relate to one another, which of the following statements is most accurate? (a) Emotions function as one type of motive. (b) Emotions and motivation are so similar that it makes sense to treat them as synonyms. (c) Motivation is more sensitive to changes in the environment, while emotion is more sensitive to changes in the person. (d) Motivational states act as an ongoing readout about the person's emotional experience.

(a) Emotions function as one type of motive.

Of the following emotion regulation strategies, which is generally recognized as the least effective strategy? (a) reappraisal (b) situation modification (c) situation selection (d) suppression

(d) suppression

Mood exists as a blend of two dimensions, which are: (a) good and bad (b) hot and cold (c) proactive and reactive (d) valence and arousal

(d) valence and arousal

A person with a performance goal generally strives to: a. improve by asking for information and help from others. b. make incremental (bit-by-bit) progress. c. overcome obstacles, difficulties, and setbacks with the application of greater effort. d. succeed with little apparent effort.

d. succeed with little apparent effort.

A strong sense of efficacy allows a performer to remain highly ___, even in the face of situational stress and problem-solving dead-ends. a. outcome-focused b. reactance-focused c. self-conscious d. task-focused

d. task-focused

According to appraisal theories, which emotion would a person experience following these four appraisals of an emotional situation? An important goal was at stake; the goal was lost; another person blocked my goal attainment; and the loss was undeserved/illegitimate. a. Anger b. disgust c. distress or sadness d. hate

a. Anger

________ is a cognitive process that evaluates the significance or environmental events in terms of one's well-being (e.g., "Is this situation significant to me and my well-being?). a. Appraisal b. Anticipation c. Attribution d. Fear

a. Appraisal

______ is a "messy construct" that functions as an umbrella construct to unite together beliefs, expectations, goals, plans, mindsets, values, and self-concept. a. Cognition b. Drive c. Mentalism d. Personality

a. Cognition

_______ goal setting benefits from open-minded deliberative thinking, while _______ goal striving benefits from closed mindedness implemental thinking. a. Deliberative and motivation-rich; implemental and volition-rich. b. Implemental and volition-rich; deliberate and motivation-rich. c. Promotion-based; prevention-based. d. Prevention-based; promotion-based.

a. Deliberative and motivation-rich; implemental and volition-rich.

Which of the following is not a valid criticism of the James-Lange theory of emotion? a. Different patterns of bodily arousal produce different emotional states. b. People experience emotion even after surgery makes it impossible for the brain to monitor visceral activities. c. People experience emotion faster than the body's physiological reactions can produce them. d. Stimulant drugs do not seem to cause specific emotional reactions.

a. Different patterns of bodily arousal produce different emotional states.

Without ____, goals can be emotionally unimportant and uninvolving. a. Feedback b. goal difficulty c. goal specificity d. self-reflection

a. Feedback

The purpose of the cross-cultural investigations that tested whether human beings display similar facial expressions of emotion regardless of cultural/national differences was to demonstrate that: a. facial behavior has an innate, unlearned component. b. facial behavior has a learned, voluntary component. c. some cultures express positive emotions clearly but negative emotions only vaguely. d. some cultures are more emotionally expressive than are other cultures.

a. facial behavior has an innate, unlearned component.

When the person pursues a goal that is wholeheartedly accepted, embraced, and owned by the self vs. forced to pursue an uninteresting or not-valued goal is an issue of: a. goal concordance b. goal discrepancy c. goal implementation d. goal specificity

a. goal concordance

For a person with a fixed mindset, the meaning of effort tends to be: a. "It is a tool, the means by which I can turn on and capitalize on my skills." b. "The harder you try, the dumber you therefore must be." c. "The more you try and the more you learn, the better you get. d. "effort leads to learning"

b. "The harder you try, the dumber you therefore must be."

Which facial expression of emotion is described by the following: corrugators drawn in and down; orbicularis oris presses lips firmly together. b. Anger c. disgust d. fear e. interest

b. Anger

____ can be understood as the psychological state that results when an individual expects that life's outcomes are uncontrollable. a. Attribution b. Learned helplessness c. Self-efficacy d. Self-regulation

b. Learned helplessness

The illusion of control is an attributional phenomenon that, over time, fosters: a. a pessimistic explanatory style. b. an optimistic explanatory style. c. depression. d. learned helplessness.

b. an optimistic explanatory style.

A _____ theory of motivation focuses on mental processes as "springs to action" that energize and direct behavior in purposive ways. a. biological b. cognitive c. personality d. social

b. cognitive

The appraisal, "Is this situation relevant to my well-being?", constitutes a(n) _________ appraisal. a. outcome-driven b. primary c. secondary d. tertiary

b. primary

According to Lazarus, a(n) _________ appraisal, which occurs after some reflection, involves an estimate of whether one can do anything to cope with a potential stressor. a. primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. outcome-driven

b. secondary

The following question represents which motivational construct: "If things start to go wrong during my performance, do I have the resources within me to cope successfully and turn things around for the better? a. attributional style b. learned helplessness c. reactance d. self-efficacy

d. self-efficacy

Most people are: (a) emotionally miserable (b) happy 99% of the time (c) high in mindfulness (d) mildly happy most of the time

(d) mildly happy most of the time

The "hot seat technique" is a therapeutic strategy to help people learn how to be more: (a) compassionate (b) empathic (c) integrated (d) optimistic

(d) optimistic

Causality orientations reflect ________ in the personality. (a) desire for control (b) identity and/or self-concept (c) internalized social roles (d) self-determination

(d) self-determination

According to Plutchik's analysis of emotion, which of the following does not contribute to the mix of experience that causes emotion? (a) arousal (b) cognition (c) facial expressions (d) social roles

(d) social roles

An individual who is sensitive to negative outcomes, avoids possibilities of loss, and adopts a vigilant behavioral strategy of caution that might be characterized as "do the right thing" is demonstrating a ____________ mindset. a. deliberative b. implemental c. prevention d. promotion

c. prevention

A(n) ________ is a cognitive framework to guide one's attention, information processing, decision making, and thinking about the meaning of effort, success, failure, and one's own personal qualities. a. Mindset b. goal c. plan of action d. implementation intention

a. Mindset

Which of the following is not a way in which goal-setting improves performance? Goal-setting: a. decreases stress. b. directs the individual's attention to the task. c. increases persistence. d. mobilizes effort.

a. decreases stress.

People who adopt a mastery rather than a performance goal show a greater tendency toward the following except: a. a preference for a challenging task one can learn from. b. a preference to work on the task by themselves without asking for help from others. c. greater intrinsic motivation than intrinsic motivation during that task. d. conceptually-based learning strategies.

b. a preference to work on the task by themselves without asking for help from others.

The experience of cognitive dissonance is psychologically aversive. To reduce dissonance, people often: a. add a dissonant belief. b. add a new consonant belief. c. decrease the importance of a consonant belief. d. increase the importance of a dissonant belief.

b. add a new consonant belief.

In Weiner's attributional analysis of emotion, the immediate consequence of an outcome is an outcome-dependent emotional response, which Weiner calls a _________ of the outcome. a. causal analysis b. retrospective analysis c. primary appraisal d. secondary appraisal

c. primary appraisal

You might hear a person who is experiencing learned helplessness saying each of the following except: a. "I feel low; depressed." b. "I failed, but it wasn't my fault." c. "No matter why I tried, nothing seemed to work." d. "Why try?"

?

___ create a type of close-mindedness that narrows one's focus of attention to include goal-directed action but to exclude distractions and interruptions. a. Attributions b. Goals c. Implementation intentions d. Personal strivings

Implementation intentions

Empirical research on the relationship between goal-setting and intrinsic motivation suggests that _____ is(are) the key variable that determines whether short-term or long-term goals increase intrinsic motivation. a. goal commitment b. goal difficulty c. opportunities for challenge d. the performer's initial level of interest in the activity

d. the performer's initial level of interest in the activity

Goal disengagement is: a. a future-focused desire to accomplish a desired end-state. b. becoming passive in one's effort while still holding on to the dream that the goal represents. c. if-then plan. d. the reduction of effort and goal commitment.

d. the reduction of effort and goal commitment.

When you blink or squint your eyes, which of the following muscles are activated? a. corrugators b. depressors c. orbicularis oculi d. orbicularis oris

c. orbicularis oculi

Which of the following quotations best represents an outcome expectation? a. "Do it." b. "I can do it." c. "I have what it takes to do this." d. "What I do will work."

d. "What I do will work."

Which of the following statements best reflects an effective implementation intention? a. "If I focus clearly on my goal, I will be able to attain it." b. "If I believe in my goal and rehearse it coming true, I will be able to attain it." c. "When I create choices among my goals, I will have the flexibility to succeed." d. "When I encounter situation X, I will perform behavior Y."

d. "When I encounter situation X, I will perform behavior Y."

The cognitive mechanism by which plans energize and direct behavior is the: a. cognitive map. b. goal gradient. c. interaction of expectancies and values. d. TOTE unit.

d. TOTE unit.

In the humanistic tradition, the two fundamental directions for healthy development are: (a) autonomy and heteronomy. (b) autonomy and openness. (c) autonomy and socialization. (d) heteronomy and openness.

(b) autonomy and openness.

Which motivational phenomenon explains why some people base their behavior on inner guides and self-determined forces while others base their behavior on social guides and environmental incentives? (a) basic needs and complex needs (b) causality orientations (c) self-actualization (d) self-definition

(b) causality orientations

Which of the following group of theorists would most likely agree with this statement: "Before emotion can occur, a person engages in a meaning interpretation of the event to evaluate its importance or relevance to personal well-being." (a) biological emotion researchers only (b) cognitive emotion researchers only (c) both biological and cognitive emotion researchers (d) neither biological nor cognitive emotion researchers

(b) cognitive emotion researchers only

In Buddhist thought (as expressed by the Dalai Lama), which are the three most destructive emotions? (a) anger, greed, and lust (b) craving, agitation, and hatred (c) fear, anger, and greed (d) love, hate, and fear

(b) craving, agitation, and hatred

Seeking out challenges, exerting effort, being fully engaged and experiencing flow in what one is doing, acting on one's true values, and feeling fully alive and authentic describes: (a) emergence of the self (b) eudaimonic well-being (c) holism (d) self-definition

(b) eudaimonic well-being

People who are optimistic in their youth tend to be ________ in their older ages. (a) disillusioned (b) happy (c) mindful (d) narcissistic

(b) happy

Which theoretical traditions are consistent with a humanistic approach to motivation? (a) behaviorism (b) holism, Gestalt psychology, and existentialism (c) incentives, drives, and arousal (d) objectivism and logical positivism

(b) holism, Gestalt psychology, and existentialism

Greater mindfulness tends to: (a) improve one's temperament. (b) lessen one's defensive tendencies toward distortion and suppression. (c) promote one's tendency to offer positive conditional regard to others. (d) translate one's social definition into a self-definition.

(b) lessen one's defensive tendencies toward distortion and suppression.

The number of different emotions a person can distinguish within his or her own experience is called: a. appraisal. b. attribution of emotion. c. emotion knowledge. d. emotional complexity.

c. emotion knowledge.

A synonym for "implementation intention" is: a. achievement motivation b. goal c. if-then plan d. performance

c. if-then plan

The ________ is an innate capacity to judge for oneself whether a specific experience is growth-promoting or growth-debilitating. (a) congruence process (b) Jonah Complex (c) organismic valuation process (d) self

(c) organismic valuation process

Positive psychology investigates: (a) amotivation. (b) overt measurable behaviors, not subjective experiences. (c) positive subjective experiences, such as creativity. (d) the ongoing intrapsychic clashing of mental forces.

(c) positive subjective experiences, such as creativity.

Which of the following would Maslow classify as a "growth" need? (a) belongingness (b) esteem (c) self-actualization (d) all of the above

(c) self-actualization

When sad, a person is motivated to take the action necessary to overcome or reverse the sense of failure or separation just experienced. What dimension of emotion does this illustrate? (a) bodily arousal (b) feelings (c) sense of purpose (d) significant life event

(c) sense of purpose

According to humanistic psychology, the everyday choice of following one's inner nature or following cultural priorities is not a neutral one. People generally follow social preferences and priorities because: (a) following social messages predicts adjustment, while following inner guides predicts maladjustment. (b) following social messages corresponds with high interpersonal competence, while following inner guides corresponds with low interpersonal competence. (c) social messages are strong, while inner guides are subtle. (d) social messages are reliable and valid, while inner guides are unreliable and invalid.

(c) social messages are strong, while inner guides are subtle.

Who wrote the following: "The organism has one basic tendency and striving—to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing self." (a) Anna Freud (b) Sigmund Freud (c) Abraham Maslow (d) Carl Rogers

(d) Carl Rogers

Which of the following is not taken as evidence that emotions are biologically generated events? (a) Emotions are often difficult to verbalize. (b) Emotions occur in infants and children. (c) Electrical stimulation of the brain can cause an emotional reaction. (d) Emotions can only be found in the human species.

(d) Emotions can only be found in the human species.

________ is a way of receiving information and feelings such that neither is repressed, ignored, filtered, or distorted by wishes, fears, or past experiences. (a) Empathy (b) Integrative functioning (c) Love (d) Openness

(d) Openness

_____ individuals accept external definitions that pressure them to identify with stereotypical identities and ways of behaving that are appropriate for their social group. (a) Fully functioning (b) Self-actualizing (c) Self-defined (d) Socially defined

(d) Socially defined

________ is considered by humanistic psychologists as the "forward thrust of life". (a) Causality orientation (b) Organismic valuing (c) Self-definition (d) The actualization tendency

(d) The actualization tendency

According to those who study the functions of emotions, which of the following statements is most true? (a) Emotions disrupt and disorganize behavior. (b) Emotions make it difficult for the person to cope optimally with the situation at hand. (c) The functions of some emotions are more important, behaviorally speaking, than are the functions of other emotions. (d) There is no such thing as a "bad" emotion.

(d) There is no such thing as a "bad" emotion.

Which of the following statements is the most accurate? (a) Contemporary emotion research largely discounts the biological and cognitive approaches and instead focuses on a social-cultural approach. (b) The biological approach provides a better, more accurate, perspective on understanding emotion than does the cognitive approach. (c) The cognitive approach provides a better, more accurate, perspective on understanding emotion than does the biological approach. (d) Together, the cognitive and biological approaches provide a comprehensive picture of the emotion process.

(d) Together, the cognitive and biological approaches provide a comprehensive picture of the emotion process.

Which of the following is not a core question within positive psychology study? (a) Is it possible for people to become happy? (b) What could be? (c) What makes a good life? (d) What makes me special?

(d) What makes me special?

According to a cognitive view of emotion, about how many different emotions are there? (a) two—love and hate (or life and death) (b) a small number—between 2 and 10 (c) 25—as represented by the 5 x 5 emotion grid (d) an almost limitless number

(d) an almost limitless number

According to ethologists, who study the smile, smiles: (a) are mostly ways to communicate our private feelings of joy to others in a public way. (b) are emotionally motivated. (c) occur more frequently in humans than in nonhuman animals. (d) are socially motivated.

(d) are socially motivated.

In the discussion on the cognition versus biology debate on emotion, the textbook concludes that: (a) more evidence supports the biological view. (b) more evidence supports the cognitive view. (c) neither view is correct, and emotion research needs a third view. (d) both views are correct, but they emphasize different aspects of the emotion process.

(d) both views are correct, but they emphasize different aspects of the emotion process.

As an individual learns from parents and peers what behaviors and characteristics are "good and bad" and "right and wrong," he or she learns: (a) characteristics necessary for the emergence of the self. (b) conditions for self-actualization. (c) conditions of the fully functioning individual. (d) conditions of worth.

(d) conditions of worth.

Victor Frankl's logotherapy addresses the pursuit of which virtue central to positive psychology? (a) altruism (b) enjoyment (c) flow (d) meaning

(d) meaning

Compared to people in a neutral or negative mood, people under the influence of positive affect are significantly more likely to: (a) go to religious services. (b) vote in primary elections. (c) order nonfat, decaf pumpkin-spice lattes. (d) solve problems in a creative way.

(d) solve problems in a creative way.

Self-efficacy is not the same as ability. In what way does self-efficacy predict coping and performance above and beyond how one's ability predicts coping and performance? a. Circumstances are always ambiguous and unpredictable and hence require coping. b. Emotions are always ambiguous and unpredictable and hence require suppressing. c. Self-efficacy is a more important predictor of task performance than is ability. d. Self-efficacy predicts actual performance, whereas ability predicts only potential performance.

a. Circumstances are always ambiguous and unpredictable and hence require coping.

When placed into an achievement situation, a person with a growth mindset is most likely to adopt which type of achievement goal? a. Mastery b. performance-approach c. performance-avoidance d. all of the above

a. Mastery

According to Lazarus, a(n) _________ appraisal, which occurs immediately following stimulus exposure, involves an estimate of whether one has anything at stake in the stimulus encounter. a. Primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. outcome-driven

a. Primary

Which of the following goal disengagement strategies is the only one that typically leads to greater psychological well-being? a. adopt a new, alternative goal b. recruit greater social support in one's goal pursuit c. set a more difficult goal d. try harder

a. adopt a new, alternative goal

Helplessness is: a. caused by the failure to construct pre-performance implementation intentions. b. dependent on self-efficacy. c. innate. d. learned.

d. learned.

In learned helplessness experiments with human beings, the verbalization of "so why try" is the prototypical expression of the _____ deficit. a. affective b. cognitive c. emotional d. motivational

d. motivational

In the learned helplessness experiments with human beings as subjects, what stimulus is typically used to deliver the aversive, traumatic event? a. cold water b. electric shock c. hot room temperature d. noise

d. noise

Who is the most susceptible to the illusion of control phenomenon? a. depressed individuals in situations that allow high or very high actual control b. depressed individuals in situations that allow little or no actual control c. nondepressed individuals in situations that allow high or very high actual control d. nondepressed individuals in situations that allow little or no actual control

d. nondepressed individuals in situations that allow little or no actual control

People with a fixed mindset tend to adopt _______ goals; while people with a growth mindset tend to adopt _______ goals a. mastery; performance b. performance; positive c. performance; negative d. performance; mastery

d. performance; mastery

According to an attributional analysis of emotion, attributing a negative outcome to an external and uncontrollable cause generates the emotional reaction of: a. anger. b. fear. c. guilt. d. pity.

d. pity.

Discrepancy reduction corresponds to _____-based motivation; discrepancy creation corresponds to _____-based motivation. a. approach; avoidance b. avoidance; approach c. goal; plan d. plan; goal

d. plan; goal

TOTE unit—Test, Operate, Test, Exit—is a cognitive mechanism that explains how ______ energize and direct motivated action. a. attributions b. goals c. implementation intentions d. plans

d. plans

Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that once a difficult choice between equally attractive alternatives is made, people experience: a. counter-reaction balancing. b. effort justification. c. insufficient justification. d. post-decision regret.

d. post-decision regret.

According to appraisal theories, which emotion would a person experience following these three appraisals of an emotional situation? An important goal was at stake; the goal was attained; the self was the causal agent in bringing the positive outcome to fruition. a. gratitude b. hope c. liking d. pride

d. pride

An individual who is trying to attain what one does not yet have and strives to approach ideal end-states is said to be exhibiting a ________ mindset. a. deliberative b. implemental c. prevention d. promotion

d. promotion

Higgins (1997) suggests that depending on the individuals' regulatory mindset, success and failure means different things. Which focus (mindset) best represents the statement "success means the presence of gain"? a. deliberative b. implemental c. prevention d. promotion

d. promotion

Which one of the following happiness exercises is not a recommended approach to therapy within positive psychology therapy? (a) Avoid the daily mistake (b) identification of signature strengths (c) gratitude visit (d) three good things in life

(a) Avoid the daily mistake

Which of the following is not taken as evidence that emotions are biologically generated events? (a) Emotion is a social construct. (b) Emotions sometimes occur automatically and involuntarily. (c) Emotions have a very rapid onset (d) We sometimes act emotionally even before we are aware of our emotional experience.

(a) Emotion is a social construct.

Which emotion regulation strategy is described in this example: Facing a threatening or boring situation, the person starts to think of something else. (a) attentional focus (b) reappraisal (c) situation modification (d) suppression

(a) attentional focus

Which of the following group of theorists would be most likely to agree with this statement: "Emotions emanate from subcortical processing and may or may not include cortical involvement." (a) biological emotion researchers only (b) cognitive emotion researchers only (c) both biological and cognitive emotion researchers (d) neither biological nor cognitive emotion researchers

(a) biological emotion researchers only

Reappraisal involves: (a) changing the meaning of a situation. (b) redirecting one's attention, as with either distraction or rumination. (c) repeating an emotion a second time after its first initial experience. (d) thinking twice about one's emotional response.

(a) changing the meaning of a situation.

To socialize children and adolescents, adults sometimes attempt to create in children and adolescents "internal compulsions" to do what the adult wants them to do and believe. This socialization strategy is called: (a) conditional regard. (b) heteronomous socialization. (c) organismic validation. (d) unconditional regard.

(a) conditional regard.

Humanistic psychology is mostly about: (a) discovering human potential and encouraging its development. (b) resolving psychological conflicts and overcoming psychological addictions. (c) studying the healthy aspects of the psychological unconscious mind. (d) conducting a scientific study of feelings and perceptions.

(a) discovering human potential and encouraging its development.

Positive conditional regard is: (a) giving love and affection for obedience and achievement. (b) love (c) offering support to another person. (d) taking away love and affection for disobedience and failure.

(a) giving love and affection for obedience and achievement.

The motivation for a person with an autonomy causality orientation revolves around: (a) intrinsic motivation and identified regulation. (b) introjected regulation and identified regulation. (c) extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation. (d) extrinsic motivation and introjected regulation.

(a) intrinsic motivation and identified regulation.

Maslow estimated that _____ % of the population reaches self-actualization. (a) less than 1 (b) about 5 (c) about 10 (d) about 25

(a) less than 1

Which of the following is the best explanation of why feeling good because of positive affect generates so many positive outcomes (a) Being in a good mood influences biology, like serotonergic brain pathways. (b) Being in a good mood influences cognition, like memory and judgment. (c) Being in a good mood suppresses negative affect that would otherwise generate negative outcomes. (d) Being in a good mood suppresses negative emotions like fear from rising to a threshold of awareness.

(b) Being in a good mood influences cognition, like memory and judgment.

Which of the following positive psychology exercises has empirical research shown to be the most effective in increasing happiness and in decreasing depression? (a) Becoming exercise (b) Gratitude visit (c) One step forward (d) Value the self

(b) Gratitude visit

With which of the following statements would Maslow most likely disagree? (a) Growth needs are relatively weak, fragile needs. (b) Growth needs are stronger in potency than are deficiency needs. (c) Humans possess a number of innate needs. (d) Only about 1% of the population ever reaches self-actualization

(b) Growth needs are stronger in potency than are deficiency needs.

Which of the following is not a criterion researchers use to identify an emotion as a basic emotion? (a) It evokes a distinctive physiological patterned response. (b) It is expressed more frequently by adults than by infants and children. (c) It is expressed uniquely and distinctively, as through a facial expression. (d) It is innate rather than acquired through experience.

(b) It is expressed more frequently by adults than by infants and children.

According to a biological view of emotion, about how many different emotions are there? (a) two—love and hate (or life and death) (b) a small number—between 2 and 10 (c) 25—as represented by the 5 x 5 emotion grid (d) an almost limitless number

(b) a small number—between 2 and 10

Internalization of "good and bad" and "right and wrong" learned from our parents: (a) moves the person away from basic needs such as love and belongingness. (b) moves the person away from the organismic valuation process. (c) moves the person toward becoming a fully functioning individual. (d) produces congruence between the actualizing tendency and the self-actualizing tendency.

(b) moves the person away from the organismic valuation process.

When looking at all possible emotion regulation strategies, in general and overall, ________ and ________ regulate emotion well while ________ does not. (a) attentional focus and situation modification; reappraisal (b) reappraisal and attentional focus; suppression (c) reappraisal and suppression; situation modification (d) situation selection and situation modification; attentional focus

(b) reappraisal and attentional focus; suppression

_______ are short-lived psychological-physiological phenomena the present efficient modes of adaptation to changing environmental demands. (a) Arousal states (b) Drives (c) Emotions (d) Insights

(c) Emotions

_______ is an inherent developmental striving. It is a process of leaving behind defenses and moving toward autonomous self-regulation. (a) Identity (b) Internalization (c) Self-actualization (d) Self-esteem

(c) Self-actualization

In Buck's two-system view of emotion, the biological system is relatively _____ in the evolutionary history of human beings, while the cognitive system is relatively _____. (a) important; unimportant (b) unimportant; important (c) ancient; new (d) new; ancient

(c) ancient; new

The _______ is characterized by a relative insensitivity to inner guides and closer attention to behavioral incentives, cues, and pressures that exist in the environment. (a) autonomy causality orientation (b) congruent personality structure (c) control causality orientation (d) fully functioning individual

(c) control causality orientation

To the extent that people rely on external guides (e.g., social cues, incentives) to initiate and regulate their behavior in a habitual or personality-like way, they have a(n): (a) actualizing tendency. (b) autonomy causality orientation. (c) control causality orientation. (d) self-esteem.

(c) control causality orientation.

According to Maslow, deficiency needs: (a) are relatively weak needs compared to growth needs. (b) constitute the unconscious sources of motivation. (c) dominate consciousness until gratification submerges them. (d) explain little in the study of motivation.

(c) dominate consciousness until gratification submerges them.

In the chicken-and-egg debate over whether emotions are caused primarily by biology or by cognitions, the conclusion reached by the text is that: (a) biology is the cause of emotion, while cognition is the after-effect. (b) cognition is the cause of emotion, while biology is the after-effect. (c) emotion is a complex interactive chain of events. (d) emotion intensifies over time to the point that the original cause of the emotion is not important to knowing the emotion's eventual end-state.

(c) emotion is a complex interactive chain of events.

In Kraut and Johnston's study of bowlers, the researchers found that bowlers were much more likely to smile when they _____ than when they _____. (a) made a bad bowling score; made a good bowling score (b) made a good bowling score; made a bad bowling score (c) engaged their friends; made a good bowling score (d) made a good bowling score; engaged their friends

(c) engaged their friends; made a good bowling score

According to Buck's proposition that emotions are the readout of motivational states, motives energize and direct behavior, while emotions: (a) also energize and direct behavior, but in a much more potent fashion than do motives. (b) channel undirected behavior into goal-directed behavior. (c) facilitate or inhibit that behavior. (d) all of the above

(c) facilitate or inhibit that behavior.

Unlike emotions, moods: (a) are situation-specific in that we seem to have a mood for every different situation. (b) emanate from significant life situations and the appraisal of their significance. (c) function mostly to bias cognitions and what the person thinks about. (d) last for seconds or perhaps minutes.

(c) function mostly to bias cognitions and what the person thinks about.

Compared to people in neutral moods, people who feel good (i.e., experience positive affect): (a) are less competitive and more individualistic. (b) experience greater self-consciousness and care markedly about what others think of their performances. (c) have greater access in memory to happy thoughts and positive memories. (d) provide more detailed answers to solve or answer problems.

(c) have greater access in memory to happy thoughts and positive memories.

The consensus in humanistic thinking about the problem of evil is that evil: (a) can be reversed or healed rather easily, given the existence of warm interpersonal relationships. (b) does not exist. (c) is not inherent in human nature. (d) occurs in both supportive and coercive interpersonal climates.

(c) is not inherent in human nature.

Compassion can be learned, as through engaging in exercises such as: (a) causality orientation training (b) facial expression of emotion training (c) meditation training (d) organismic valuing training

(c) meditation training

Compared to people who pursue inner guides such as self-actualization, people who devote their lives to the pursuit of the American dream (money, fame, popularity): (a) come from small families (i.e., there are few children in the household). (b) have a greater capacity to experience flow. (c) show gains in psychological well-being. (d) suffer more psychological distress.

(d) suffer more psychological distress.

Strong self-efficacy beliefs are associated with all of the following except: a. altering attributions from external to internal. b. allowing problem solving to remain task-focused and thinking to remain efficient rather than erratic. c. predicting how much effort a performer exerts in the face of adversity. d. quieting doubt during failure or rejection.

a. altering attributions from external to internal.

According to an attributional analysis of emotion, attributing a negative outcome to an external and controllable cause generates the emotional reaction of: a. anger. b. fear. c. guilt. d. pity.

a. anger.

Implementation intentions: a. are part of an "if-then" plan that specifies in advance the goal-striving process. b. generate a mixture between approach and avoidance motivation. c. support self-theories of motivation. d. work to generate motivation because they ensure that distractions won't occur.

a. are part of an "if-then" plan that specifies in advance the goal-striving process.

The facial feedback hypothesis: a. asserts that emotion arises from proprioceptive feedback from facial behavior. b. explains how infants communicate their thoughts to adult caregivers. c. has been shown to be false. d. is a cognitive theory of emotion.

a. asserts that emotion arises from proprioceptive feedback from facial behavior.

People socially share their emotions with others primarily to: a. better regulate those emotions. b. create a positive social impression. c. gain a social advantage (if someone might harm or threaten them) d. gain greater social status (greater respect from others).

a. better regulate those emotions.

Implementation intentions are effective in goal-setting pursuits because they: a. buffer performers against falling prey to volitional problems. b. create energy and direction for behavior that plans and goals cannot generate. c. promote performance-approach goals and minimize performance-avoidance goals. d. reduce the debilitating aspects of performance-approach goals.

a. buffer performers against falling prey to volitional problems.

The differential reaction to failure shown by a mastery-oriented versus a helpless-oriented individual is most pronounced and obvious during tasks that are: a. challenging, where success is not guaranteed b. easy c. problems with one clear right answer d. problems that are open-ended and do not have a clear single right answer

a. challenging, where success is not guaranteed

When one adopts performance-avoidance goals, goal pursuit tends to produce: a. dissatisfaction and negative affect b. physiological arousal c. intrinsic motivation d. positive results

a. dissatisfaction and negative affect

People with difficult goals outperform people with easy goals. This is so because people with difficult goals show greater: a. effort and persistence. b. interest, intrinsic motivation, and implementation intentions. c. mental simulations of successful outcomes. d. on-task attention and strategic planning.

a. effort and persistence.

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, facial feedback does one thing, namely: a. emotion activation. b. emotion balancing. c. emotion cueing. d. emotion filtering.

a. emotion activation.

If a classroom teacher defines success as showing improvement and places a high value on learning and effort, then her students are likely to adopt which type of achievement goal during learning activities? : a. mastery goal. b. performance goal. c. performance-approach goal only. d. performance-avoidance goal only.

a. mastery goal.

People high in the dispositional need for achievement tend to adopt _________, whereas people high in the dispositional fear of failure tend to adopt _________. a. performance-approach, performance-avoidance b. performance-avoidance, performance-approach c. performance-approach, mastery d. mastery, performance-approach

a. performance-approach, performance-avoidance

The antecedent that most strongly determines the strength of a person's efficacy expectation is: a. personal behavior history. b. verbal persuasion. c. vicarious experience. d. physiological state.

a. personal behavior history.

The finding that heart rate and skin temperature increase for one emotion (e.g., anger) but decrease for another emotion is an important finding because it _______ of emotion. a. supports the James-Lange theory b. refutes the James-Lange theory c. supports Cannon's criticism of the James-Lange theory d. refutes Cannon's criticism of the James-Lange theory

a. supports the James-Lange theory

___________ revolve(s) around a flexible decision-making process in which the individual considers many different ways to reduce incongruities between a present state and an ideal state. a. Cognitive dissonance b. Corrective motivation c. Implementation intentions d. A possible self

b. Corrective motivation

Which of the following sequence of events best describes Arnold's appraisal view of emotion? a. action emotion appraisal b. appraisal emotion action c. emotion action appraisal d. emotion appraisal action

b. appraisal emotion action

In the social sharing of emotion, which aspect is closest to a type of therapy in terms of helping the person best alleviate emotional distress and cope better with the emotional situation? a. affective sharing b. cognitive sharing c. communicative sharing d. perspective sharing

b. cognitive sharing

For a person with little self-efficacy and much self-doubt, task difficulties and setbacks usually open the door to the experience of: a. a mix between confusion and increased resolve that makes performance ambivalent. b. confusion and anxiety that spiral performance toward disaster. c. increased determination to do well during a second encounter with the task. d. resolve to improve performance or do better the next time.

b. confusion and anxiety that spiral performance toward disaster.

According to current research, general personality factors are not necessarily the regulators of achievement behavior in specific life domains such as school, sports, and work. This statement represents a problem associated with the: a. classical approach to achievement motivation. b. contemporary approach to achievement motivation. c. classical approach to growth mindsets d. contemporary approach to growth mindsets.

b. contemporary approach to achievement motivation.

Which mindset best distinguishes between the motivation of setting goals and the volition of actually doing the work to attain those goals? a. consistency-Dissonance b. deliberative-implemental c. growth-fixed d. promotion-prevention

b. deliberative-implemental

Which facial expression of emotion is described by the following: nasalis wrinkles the nose; zygomaticus raises the cheeks; orbicularis oris raises the upper lip. a. anger b. disgust c. fear d. interest

b. disgust

The belief that "I am a competent, moral, and reasonable person" is central to a ________ mindset. a. deliberative b. dissonance c. implemental d. promotion

b. dissonance

________ can be understood through the analogy of pain—the person adjust his or her way of behaving to alleviate an aversive, uncomfortable psychological experience. a. deliberative b. dissonance c. implemental d. promotion

b. dissonance

Based on the text, the opposite of self-efficacy is: a. apathy. b. doubt. c. helplessness. d. low self-esteem.

b. doubt.

An _____ expectation is a person's estimate of how likely it is that he or she can act in a particular way; whereas an _____ expectation is a person's estimate of what will happen once the person carries out that behavior. a. antecedent; effort b. efficacy; outcome c. effort; antecedent d. outcome; efficacy

b. efficacy; outcome

Initiation rituals in groups such as the military, fraternities, and athletic teams increase acceptance by group members. Initiation rituals increase acceptance by capitalizing on what dissonance-arousing process? a. choice b. effort justification c. insufficient justification d. new information

b. effort justification

In the second phase of the Seligman and Maier (1967) experiment with dogs in the shuttle box, dogs in the _____ condition(s) during phase 1 of the experiment were able to learn how to terminate the shock. a. aversive shock b. escapable shock c. inescapable shock d. high shock

b. escapable shock

A _____ is a future-focused cognitive representation of a desired end state that guides behavior a. discrepancy b. goal c. simulation d. strategy

b. goal

Bem's self-perception theory challenged the basic tenet of cognitive dissonance theory by arguing that cognition-behavior: a. consistencies produce both positive and negative emotions. b. inconsistencies do not necessarily produce an aversive motivational state. c. inconsistencies only rarely produce the attributional search necessary to generate dissonance arousal. d. inconsistencies rarely occur, except in the laboratory.

b. inconsistencies do not necessarily produce an aversive motivational state.

The most frequent source of a person's day-to-day emotion is: a. external sources of information that conflict with one's prior beliefs. b. other people. c. success-failure outcomes. d. unconscious memories.

b. other people.

Regulatory Focus Theory (RFT) suggests that people strive to achieve their goals by using two separate and independent motivational orientations or mindsets. These mindsets are: a. deliberative and implemental. b. prevention and promotion. c. growth and fixed. d. consistency and dissonance.

b. prevention and promotion.

What did Lazarus's view of emotion add to Arnold's? a. the idea that cognitive appraisals play at least as important a role as does physiological reaction b. the idea that each discrete emotion involves its own unique appraisal c. the idea that emotion is a unitary phenomenon d. the idea that the physiological and cognitive systems interact to produce emotion

b. the idea that each discrete emotion involves its own unique appraisal

___ refers to the actual, objective relationship between a person's behavior and the environment's outcomes. a. Behavior b. Cognition c. Contingency d. Helplessness

c. Contingency

What is the most important contribution that Weiner's attributional analysis makes to the study of emotion? a. Cognitive appraisals play at least as important a role as does physiological reaction. b. Emotion is a motivational phenomenon. c. People can experience different emotions to the same outcome. d. The physiological and cognitive systems interact to produce emotion.

c. People can experience different emotions to the same outcome.

Which of the following relations represent a person's efficacy expectations? a. Action Control b. Action Outcomes c. Self Action d. Self Control

c. Self Action

All goal-setting programs begin with the question: a. Do you have access to proper training, coaching, and resources? b. What, when, where, and how long? c. What do you want to accomplish? d. What have you done successfully in the past?

c. What do you want to accomplish?

When one's current GPA is several points lower than the GPA one had wished for at the beginning of the school year, what sort of motivational construct comes into existence? a. arousal b. difference c. discrepancy d. dissonance

c. discrepancy

The motivational spring to action that results when a person's present state falls short of their hoped-for ideal is referred to as a(n): a. attribution. b. cognitive interruption. c. discrepancy. d. displacement.

c. discrepancy.

Specific, difficult, and concordant goals enhance performance, but an additional variable that is crucial to allow goals to translate into effective performance is: a. concrete intentions. b. extrinsic motivation. c. feedback. d. internal attributions for success.

c. feedback.

Parental and teacher ability praise ("You are so smart!") tends to develop in children a ________ mindset. a. fragile b. fixed c. growth d. positive

c. growth

The belief that "the more you try and the more you learn, the better you get" is an example of: a. fixed mindset b. goal setting c. growth mindset d. personal mindset

c. growth mindset

The cognitive foundation underlying personal empowerment is: a. high enculturation. b. high reactance. c. high self-efficacy. d. high self-esteem.

c. high self-efficacy.

During failure feedback, mastery-oriented individuals generally focus on: a. their bad luck. b. how much they would benefit from assistance, such as coaching or social support. c. how they can remedy the failure. d. their low ability.

c. how they can remedy the failure.

The following quotation describes which type of mindset?: I already know that my goal is to "get into shape". So, what do I now need to do to get myself into shape? What steps do I need to take to accomplish my goal? a. deliberative b. dissonance c. implemental d. promotion

c. implemental

"Failure as a challenge" means that the meaning of failure is a(n): a. attributional phenomenon that raises an energizing reactance response. b. danger signal to our well-being that needs to be taken seriously. c. opportunity for learning and personal growth. d. second chance to prove one's otherwise uncertain ability level.

c. opportunity for learning and personal growth.

A(n) _______ is the personal tendency to explain why bad events happen to the self by using attributions that are unstable and controllable. a. depression-prone explanatory style b. helpless explanatory style c. optimistic explanatory style d. pessimistic explanatory style

c. optimistic explanatory style

The following statement expresses a _______ goal orientation: "My goal in this class is to get a better grade than most of the other students." a. leadership b. mastery c. performance-approach d. performance-avoidance

c. performance-approach

In the pursuit of a goal, a person experiences positive emotions and feelings when the: a. goal is set. b. goal-performance discrepancy fluctuates. c. person adopts a viable implementation intention. d. rate of progress is better than expected.

c. person adopts a viable implementation intention.

People with a ________ mindset exert more effort, feel more alert, value the experience more, and cope and perform better when they strive with vigilance (rather than with eagerness). a. deliberative b. implemental c. prevention d. promotion

c. prevention

All cognitive emotion theorists endorse the position that: a. emotion activation arises from a felt tendency to approach or avoid the stimulus event. b. emotion activation arises from the combination of cognitive and biological events. c. the appraisal, not the stimulus event itself, causes emotion. d. the stimulus event, not the appraisal, causes emotion.

c. the appraisal, not the stimulus event itself, causes emotion.

People who write down when and where they will carry out their goal-striving behavior are more likely to actually attain their goals than people who set the same goal but do not write down how they will do it. The motivational construct that explains this effect is: a. the attributional analysis. b. the goal. c. the implementation intention. d. personal striving.

c. the implementation intention.

Goal setting has its advantages, but it also has been criticized. Which of the following is not a valid criticism of goal-setting theory? a. Goal setting can increase stress in performers. b. Goal setting creates goal conflict when people pursue multiple goals at the same time. c. Goal setting works best (enhances performance) on relatively uninteresting tasks. d. Goal setting's effectiveness is limited to performance on complex tasks.

d. Goal setting's effectiveness is limited to performance on complex tasks.

Value is defined as: a. a mental state of the future. b. extent of effort applied to the task. c. the gradient for success. d. The perceived attractiveness of a task.

d. The perceived attractiveness of a task.

________ involve(s) the ongoing maintenance and persistence of motivated action because it involves all the post-decisional processes that sustain ongoing activity. a. Goal setting b. Goal strivings c. Plans of action d. Volition

d. Volition

Pessimistic explanatory style has been linked to: a. academic success. b. victory in presidential elections. c. acute social judgment. d. academic failure.

d. academic failure.

According to research on the weak version of the facial feedback hypothesis, which of the following conclusions is most valid? a. Exaggerating facial feedback can exaggerate an emotional reaction. b. Suppressing facial feedback can suppress an emotional reaction. c. The contribution of facial feedback to emotional experience is small relative to that of other factors. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

According to the text, _________ affords people the ability to appraise situations with high discrimination and to respond with a vast array of situationally appropriate emotional reactions. a. a positive mood b. attribution c. cognitive complexity d. emotion knowledge

d. emotion knowledge

Corrective motivation is an improvement over the concept of a plan because it: a. mimics a computer simulation of persistence. b. emphasizes that behavior can and does change over time. c. emphasizes that difficult-to-accomplish plans energize greater motivation than easy-to-accomplish plans. d. emphasizes that plans, like behaviors, are modifiable and can change in response to circumstances.

d. emphasizes that plans, like behaviors, are modifiable and can change in response to circumstances.

Many people with long-term goals, such as becoming a doctor, eventually abandon their long-term goal pursuit. The essential motivational problem with long-term goals is that they: a. are incompatible with implementation intentions, which are crucial for goal attainment over a long period of time. b. focus the performer on what to do rather than on when to do it. c. ignore the importance of key factors of performance such as coaching and training. d. provide insufficient opportunity for performance feedback and positive reinforcement.

d. provide insufficient opportunity for performance feedback and positive reinforcement.

A(n) _____ involves both a cognitive search through available coping options and a prediction of whether each option will or will not be successful in managing the stressor. a. coping response b. emotional disruption c. primary appraisal d. secondary appraisal

d. secondary appraisal

Lazarus's theory of emotion is a cognitive-motivational-relational one. What does it mean to say that the theory is relational? Relational means that emotion arises from one's relationship: a. with ongoing motivational states. b. with cognitive activity. c. with other people. d. to environmental threats and benefits.

d. to environmental threats and benefits.

Self-perception theory is more applicable to situations in which people's attitudes are initially _____, while cognitive dissonance theory is more applicable to situations in which people's attitudes are initially _____. a. clear, salient, and strong; vague, ambiguous, and weak b. negative; positive c. positive; negative d. vague, ambiguous, and weak; clear, salient, and strong

d. vague, ambiguous, and weak; clear, salient, and strong

As one person watches a peer perform incompetently and verbalize distress, the observer comes to believe, "If she can't do it, what makes me think I can?" The observer's self-efficacy belief has been affected by: a. personal behavior history. b. physiological state. c. verbal persuasion. d. vicarious experience.

d. vicarious experience.

When one student who doubts his computer skills watches another student cope very well with the demands of a computer, the first student's efficacy expectation rises. The student's increased efficacy expectation was due to the influence of: a. outcome feedback. b. personal behavior history. c. social contagion. d. vicarious experience.

d. vicarious experience.

A goal is: a. a clear statement of what to do, when to do it, and where to do it. b. a decision-making process to overcome personal deficiencies. c. information about how well versus how poorly one is doing on a task. d. whatever the individual is trying to accomplish.

d. whatever the individual is trying to accomplish.