PSY 581 FINAL EXAM

How many pairs of cranial nerves of humans have?

12

The fusiform gyrus would be most excited in which of the following cases?

A CAR SALESMAN LOOKING AT A CUSTOMER'S FACE

What is strabismus?

A FAILURE OF THE TWO EYES TO FOCUS ON THE SAME THING AT THE SAME TIME

After eating salty pretzels, the salty potato chips will taste less salty because of:

ADAPTION

Light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to:

ALL-TRANS-RETINAL

Cells in the retina that provide connections among themselves, as well as with bipolar and ganglion cells, are known as:

AMACRINE CELLS

A tonotopic map refers to:

AN AUDITORY CORTEX MAP OF SOUNDS

Astigmatism refers to the:

ASYMMETRIC CURVATURE OF EYES

The eighth cranial nerve contains both a(n) ___ component and a ___ component.

AUDITORY; VESTIBULAR

Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that control the heart, intestines and other organs?

AUTONOMIC

The term pons (meaning "bridge") is named as such because:

AXONS WITHIN THE PONS CROSS OVER FROM ONE SIDE TO THE OTHER

Which structure is likely to be damaged in Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and other conditions that impair movement?

BASAL GANGLIA

What are the two parts of the central nervous system?

BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

Gray matter in the brain and spinal cord is mainly composed of what structures?

CELL BODIES AND DENDRITES

A fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord is called the:

CENTRAL CANAL

Across mammalian species, the most constant structure (in terms of relative size) is the:

CEREBELLUM

The nucleus basalis sends information to the:

CEREBRAL CORTEX

What is contained in the ventricles of the brain?

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

Which cell responds most strongly to a stimulus moving perpendicular to its axis?

COMPLEX

Given a very faint odor freshener, who is most likely to detect it?

CYCLING FEMALE

Which of the following would be the most likely effect of taking a drug that blocks sympathetic nervous system activity?

DECREASED HEART RATE

The function of the semicircular canals is to:

DETECT MOVEMENT OF THE HEAD

Which of the following means "toward the back"?

DORSAL

The visual path in the parietal cortex is referred to as the:

DORSAL STREAM

What is another name for the tympanic membrane?

EARDRUM

Most retinal cones are concentrated in the:

FOVEA

The ____ of a sound is the number of compressions per second.

FREQUENCY

Within the primary auditory cortex, most cells respond selectively to a particular:

FREQUENCY

The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?

GANGLIN CELLS

_____ cells axons make up the optic nerve.

GANGLION

The bipolar cells send their messages to ____, located closer to the center of the eye.

GANGLION CELLS

Cell bodies of motor neurons would most likely be found in which of the following?

GRAY MATTER

A(n) ______ cell has a strong inhibitory area at one end of its bar-shaped receptive field.

HYPERCOMPLEX

An impairment of eating, drinking, temperature regulation, or sexual behavior suggests possible damage to which brain structure?

HYPOTHALAMUS

The ascending portion of the reticular formation:

INCREASES AROUSAL AND ATTENTION

The raphe system:

INCREASES THE BRAIN'S READINESS TO RESPOND TO STIMULI

Analogous to lateral inhibition, when olfactory receptors are stimulated, they:

INHIBIT THE ACTIVITY OF OTHER RECEPTORS

The pituitary gland synthesizes and releases hormones:

INTO THE BLOODSTREAM

Which of the following characterizes the fovea?

IT HAS THE GREATEST PERCEPTION OF DETAIL

Each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and sends a direct line to the brain. This type of coding is referred to as:

LABELED-LINE

In anatomy, the opposite of medial is:

LATERAL

The enhancement of contrast at the edge of an object is the result of:

LATERAL INHIBITION IN THE RETINA

A group of forebrain structures is important for motivated and emotional behavior. What is the name given to this group of structures?

LIMBIC SYSTEM

The most common form of color vision deficiency is due to:

LONG-AND MEDIUM-WAVELENGTH CONES MAKING THE SAME PHOTOPIGMENT

Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex, it:

MAY RETURN TO TH PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX

As axons from the spinal cord enter the skull, which structure do they enter?

MEDULLA

Reflexive changes in heart rate and breathing when you are exercising, for example, are regulated by which of the following?

MEDULLA

The hippocampus plays a major role in:

MEMORY

Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord are called:

MENINGES

Ganglion cells near the fovea in humans and other primates are called ____ ganglion cells.

MIDGET

The receptors for taste are:

MODIFIED SKIN CELLS

Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye?

MORE RECETORS IN THE PERIPHERY THAN IN THE FOVEA FUNNEL INPUT TO EACH GANGLION CELL

A person with damage to V1, but not V4, would be able to perceive:

MOTION, BUT NOT SHAPE OR COLOR

The descending portion of the reticular formation is one of several brain areas that control the:

MOTOR AREAS OF THE SPINAL CORD

Cutting a spinal nerve would result in loss of:

MOTOR CONTROL AND SENSATION IN THE PART OF THE BODY IT INNERVATED

What process is predicted by the gate theory of pain?

NON-PAIN INFORMATION CAN INHIBIT PAIN INFORMATION

Most of the postganglionic synapses of the sympathetic nervous system use:

NOREPINEPHRINE

Which of the following brain areas is most likely affected in Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and other diseases that impair intellect and attention?

NUCELUS BASALIS

Olfactory receptors carry their message to the:

OLFACTORY BULB

Olfactory receptor sites are located:

ON CILIA

Where are the auditory receptor cells located?

ON THE BASILAR MEMBRANE

If a kitten is reared with one eye shut, cells in its visual cortex become sensitive to:

ONLY THE EYE THAT HAS BEEN ACTIVE

Which theory of color vision is best able to explain negative color afterimages?

OPPONENT-PROCESS THEORY

What is the basis for differences in sensory abilities across species?

ORGANISMS DETECT A RANGE OF STIMULI THAT ARE BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT FOR THAT SPECIES

The vestibular organ consists of:

OTOLITH ORGANS AND SEMICIRCULAR CANALS

Which ganglion cells, if any, are located mostly in or near the fovea?

PARVOCELLULAR

____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light.

PHOTOPIGMENTS

What occurs to a tone as the frequency increases?

PITCH GETS HIGHER.

By both neural and hormonal pathways, the hypothalamus regulates activity of the:

PITUITARY GLAND

The receptive field of a receptor is the:

POINT IN SPACE FROM WHICH LIGHT STRIKES THE RECEPTOR

After damage to the somatosensory cortex, a person would have the most difficulty with:

POINTING TO THEIR OWN BODY PARTS

What is the primary target area on the cerebral cortex for touch and other skin sensations?

POSTCENTRAL GYRUS

Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the:

PUPIL

People who suffer from prosopagnosia can recognize:

RELATIVES AND FRIENDS BY THE SOUND OF THEIR VOICES

Stereoscopic depth perception requires the brain to detect:

RETINAL DISPARITY

Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the ____ theory of color vision.

RETINEX

What are the two kinds of receptors in the retina?

RODS AND CONES

Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the side?

SAGITTAL

Adaption is to _____ as cross-adaption is to _______.

SAME TASTES; DIFFERENT TASTES

If the ipsilateral dorsal and ventral roots were cut, which of the following would be true?

SENSATION AND MOTOR CONTROL WOULD BE LOST ON ONE SIDE

The spinal cord communicates with:

SENSE ORGANS AND MUSCLES BELOW THE LEVEL OF THE HEAD

Besides problems with balance and coordination, a person with damage to the cerebellum would also like have problems with:

SHIFTING ATTENTION BETWEEN AUDITORY AND VISUAL STIMULI

Olfaction also plays a subtle role in:

SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

When someone tickles you, the tickling sensation will be carried by neurons the are part of the ________ nervous system.

SOMATIC

The primary visual cortex is also known as the:

STRIATE CORTEX

What are found in papillae?

TASTE BUDS

Which of the following structures provides the main source of input to the cerebral cortex?

THALAMUS

Most auditory information is sent to which hemisphere of the brain?

THE CONTRALATERAL SIDE

Light from the right half of the world strikes what part of the retina?

THE LEFT HALF

Cortical blindness may result from the destruction of:

THE OCCIPITAL CORTEX

Which of the following is gray matter?

THE OUTER SURFACES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

Digestive activity is increased by the activation of which branch of the autonomic nervous system?

THE PARASYMPATHETIC

Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter released by:

THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM'S POSTGANGLIONIC AXONS

The eardrum vibrates at:

THE SAME FREQUENCY AS THE SOUND WAVES THAT HIT IT

The blind spot in each eye is blind because:

THERE ARE NO RECEPTORS THERE.

According to the Young-Helmholtz theory, what si the basis for color vision?

THREE KINDS OF CONES

According to the Bell-Magendie law:

VENTRAL ROOTS CARRY MOTOR INFORMATION WHILE DORSAL ROOTS CARRY SENSORY INFORMATION

Superior colliculus is to _______ as inferior colliculus is to _____.

VISION; HEARING

An inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called:

VISUAL AGNOSIA

According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by:

WHICH NEURONS ARE ACTIVE