PSY Ch. 6

the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS. Someone who learns to fear insects might be afraid of spiders, too.

(stimulus) Generalization

When you watch someone performing an action, ______________ in your brain become activated. Especially when the action has a goal- directed behavior

mirror nuerons

Because humans can learn through observation, they readily imitate of others and learn new things. The imitation of observed behavior is commonly called

modeling

___________ imitating a behavior seen in others

modeling

reinforcers that satisfy biological needs are called___________________ those that don't are called ____________

primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers

Both positive and negative punishment _______ the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated

reduce

When we learn or change a behavior after watching a person engage in that behavior

Observational Learning

occurs when an individual either acquires or changes a behavior after viewing at least one performance of that behavior. *Essential in parenting.

Observational learning

__________________ is a formal treatment based on counterconditioning which is breaking down the fear by adding another conditioned response(relaxation) when exposed to the phobia

systematic desensitization

Four Steps of Classical Conditioning: 1. Unconditioned Stimulus 2.Unconditioned Response 3. Conditioned Stimulus 4.Conditioned Response * Unconditioned=not learned *Conditioned=learned

1. something instinctively prompts a reaction 2. instant reaction 3. something that prompts a reaction only after learning has occurred. 4. reaction that is elicited only after learning has occurred

Pavlov's belief was

Any two events presented together would produce learned association - By 1960s, data suggested that some conditioned stimuli were more likely to produce learning than others. Why?

Designed animal experiments to discover basic rules of learning

B. F. Skinner

After a large balloon burst loudly and suddenly at her birthday party, Cindy showed a fear of balloons. In terms of the acquisition phase of classical conditioning, the balloon is the __________ and her fear is the __________. CS; US CR; CS CS; CR US; UR

CS; CR

Learning that two stimuli go together • Example: Music from scary movies elicits anxiousness when heard

Classical Conditioning

Two types of associative learning are: ____________ when we learn that a stimulus predicts another stimulus. ___________ when we learn that a behavior leads to a certain outcome.

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning

Exposing subject to phobia during an enjoyable task

Counterconditioning

in classical conditioning, the ability to distinguish between the CS and similar but unrelated stimuli. Someone who is afraid of clowns might not be afraid of mimes.

Discrimination

Certain pairings more likely to be associated - Conditioned taste aversions: Easy to produce with smell or taste cues - Auditory and visual stimuli: Value for signaling danger

Evolutionary influences

Reinforcing the occurrence of a particular behavior after a predetermined amount of time since the last reward Example: Paycheck

Fixed Interval schedule

Reinforcing a particular behavior after that behavior has occurred a predetermined number of times Example: Paid by the completed task

Fixed ratio schedule

A decrease in behavioral response after lengthy or repeated exposure to a stimulus - Especially if the stimulus is neither harmful nor rewarding

Habituation

Two types of non associative learning are: _____________ when our behavioral response to a stimulus decreases and _________ when our behavioral response to a stimulus increases.

Habituation, Sensitization

Albert Bandura's conducted the study with the bobo doll. What can be concluded from his results?

His results suggested that people not only learn from observation but that exposing children to violence is associated with acting aggressively

Fire in your brain and other person's brain every time you watch the other engaging in an action • Does not always lead to imitation • Scientists are still debating mirror neurons' function But this this system of neurons appears to help facilitate language learning, theory of mind, and empathy

Mirror nuerons

A person learning Information about one external stimulus (e.g., a sight, smell, or sound)

Non associative learning

Learning that a behavior leads to a particular outcome • Example: Studying leads to better grades

Operant conditioning

the behavior response when your mouth starts to salivate when you see food. Its a example classical conditioning

Pavlov's apparatus

some reinforcers are more powerful then others

Premack Theory

______________ is that a more valued activity can be used to reinforce the performance of a less valued activity. "eat your spinach and then you'll get dessert."

Premack principal

_____________ conditioning helps account for the complexity of learned associations especially in people.

Second Order conditioning.

An increase in behavioral response after lengthy or repeated exposure to a stimulus - Heightened preparation in a situation with potential harm or reward

Sensitization

Doris works in a factory where she is paid $10 for every toy she assembles. Given that she is on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement, which pattern of behavior can we generally expect from her? She is likely to be more productive than someone paid by the hour. She is likely to be less productive than someone paid by the hour. She is likely to be equally as productive as someone paid by the hour. She is likely to perform sporadically, sometimes being more productive and sometimes being less productive than someone paid by the hour.

She is likely to be more productive than someone paid by the hour.

Type of counterconditioning involving exposure to feared stimulus while relaxing

Systematic desensitization

David is taking a class about learning and motivation and he has to work in the laboratory two times a week teaching a rat to press a bar. The cage that he uses allows David to control the reinforcement and punishment that the rat receives. The name for this device used for investigating learning in animals is called a Pavlov terrarium. Thorndike aquarium. Watson chamber. Skinner box

Skinner box

A process in which a previously extinguished response reemerges after the conditioned stimulus is presented again • Can occur after only one pairing following extinction but.. • Response will weaken if CS-US pairings do not continue

Spontaneous Recovery

The stimulus that comes before the US is more easily learned because it predicts the

US

A sudden puff of air in his left eye caused Bill to blink. In terms of classical conditioning, the air puff was a ______________ and the blink was a ______________. US; UR UR; US CS; CR CR; CS

US; UR

Reinforcing the occurrence of a particular behavior after an unpredictable and varying amount of time since the last reward Example: Pop quiz

Variable interval schedule

Reinforcing a particular behavior after the behavior has occurred an unpredictable and varying number of times Example: Slot machine

Variable ratio schedule

Learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action - Rewarded behavior more imitated - Punished behavior less imitated - Our choices are affected as we see others get consequences for their behaviors

Vicarious conditioning

Learning to engage in a behavior, or not, after seeing others being rewarded, or punished, for performing that action • This is something that not all species can do

Vicarious conditioning

Diane is taking a shower and when she hears her son flush the toilet she gets a rush of very hot water. This happens several times. One day when Diane is at a friend's house she hears someone flush a toilet and she twitches just a bit. Diane's twitching to the sound of a toilet flushing is an example of a conditioned stimulus. an unconditioned stimulus. a conditioned response. an unconditioned response.

a conditioned response.

the gradual formation of a learned association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response is known as

acquisition

key distinction in learning is between the _____________ of a behavior and its ___________ .

acquisition, performance

actions that are harmful to individuals and society

antisocial behavior

Learning the relationship between two pieces of information

associative learning

the use of operant conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirables. The theory is unwanted behaviors can become unlearned.

behavior modification

Dave observed that after returning from the vet, whenever he took his dog, Smooches, near his car, she began to shake and whine. Which of the following types of learned response was Smooches exhibiting? vicarious conditioning operant conditioning classical conditioning long-term potentiation

classical conditioning

Through Little Albert, Watson discovered that phobias could be brought out by

classical conditioning

Through __________, we learn that stimuli are related

classical conditioning

When you look at a example of ________________________ you can not conclude that learning to behave in a certain way has occurred because of the consequences of the animals actions.

classical conditioning

a visuospatial mental representation of an environment

cognitive map

On the first day of Jake's summer job at the fish market, he was so overwhelmed by the smell that he was concerned about being able to stay on at the job. What form of non-associative learning would lead us to predict that Jake will not have to quit due to the smell? habituation sensitization classical conditioning vicarious conditioning

habituation

A child has learned to avoid his father in the morning because his father is always grouchy at that time. Generally, being able to learn what stimuli predict pleasure or pain is consistent with Pavlov's belief that conditioning is how we adapt to our environments. conditioning is how we modify our environments. behavior is modified by others. some types of learning are more important than others.

conditioning is how we adapt to our environments.

behavior reinforced each time it occurs ______________. Behavior occasional reinforced _________

continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement.

If a person has a phobia, he/she could be treated by being exposed to whatever they are afraid of while doing a enjoyable task

counterconditioning

the conditioned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the arrival of the unconditioned stimulus. Although the bond is never completely eliminated.

extinction

____________________, where reinforcement is given after a fixed amount of time has passed. _________________ provides reinforcement after a unpredictable amount of time has passed. _______________ produces consistent responding and then a small burst of responding as a person gets closer to the reward. ___________ produces robust responding because you never know when you'll receive a reward.

fixed interval schedule, variable interval schedule, fixed ratio,

Both positive and negative reinforcement _________ the likelihood of a certain behavior.

increase

After struggling with a complex math problem, Stacey takes a short break. While making herself a cup of tea, she suddenly comes up with a solution. "Aha!" moments such as this are a form of __________ learning that occurs in the apparent absence of reinforcement. non-associative observational insight associative

insight

In this form of problem solving, a solution suddenly emerges after a delay- a period of either inaction or thinking about the problem.

insight learning

Why is it difficult to sometimes encourage a behavior with reinforcement?

it goes against their biological adaptive behaviors.

How do token economics change behavior?

its a behavior reinforcer, tokens are earned for completing a desirable task and taken away if their behavior is bad. It allows participants to have control over their environment

learning that takes place in the absence of a reinforcement

latent learning

any behavior that leads to a "satisfying state of affairs" is likely to occur again. Any behavior that leads to an "annoying state of affairs" is less likely to occur again. What is this law called

law of effect

A change in behavior, resulting from experience

learning

Gloria does a lot of weight training between soccer games. As she strengthens her muscles, she is able to run harder and faster during games. In the same ways, when synaptic connections between neurons become strengthened, the activity between them increases. This biological mechanism that underlies learning is called associative learning. synaptic sensitization. habituation. long-term potentiation.

long-term potentiation.

how learning occurs in the brain is due to , the enhanced activity that results from the strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons, which is called

long-term potentiation. To remember think potent "strong". Potentiation is involved in learning and memory.

It is generally considered to be a bad idea to text while driving. A bit of knowledge such as this that can be passed from one person to another is known as a meme. schema. cognitive map. conditioned stimulus.

meme.

Evolutionary psychologists view ________ as similar to genes. Like genes, they are passed on from each generation but not like natural selection. * internet

memes

During the winter Olympics, a skier had a terrible fall. The observers all cringed. It was as if they had fallen themselves and were able to feel the pain of the fallen athlete. According to the biological basis of observational learning, the action of __________ might underpin the observers' behavior. memes mirror neurons dopamine instincts

mirror neurons

Alphonse watches the way his brother shovels the driveway in order to clear a spot for their grandmother's car. Alphonse then goes outside, takes another shovel, and starts shoveling the snow off of the walkway from the driveway to the front door. Alphonse uses the same technique as his brother. This demonstrates learning through vicarious reinforcement. classical conditioning. modeling. shaping.

modeling.

In a study on the biological bases of learning, lab rat A is given a drug that blocks dopamine activity in its brain. Thereafter, the rat is placed in an operant chamber where a lever-pressing task is shaped through positive reinforcement. We should expect that the rat will have more difficulty learning the task than a normal rat. less difficulty learning the task than a normal rat. the same amount of difficulty learning the task as a normal rat. more difficulty learning the task than a rat that is being negatively reinforced.

more difficulty learning the task than a normal rat.

After she gets a speeding ticket, Susan's parents take her driver's license away for a month. This is an example of negative reinforcement. modeling. extinction. negative punishment.

negative punishment.

After getting a bad sunburn, before heading out for a day at the beach, Stanley slathers on sunscreen to avoid getting sunburned. In this case, Stanley's habit of using sunscreen has likely been acquired by way of negative reinforcement. positive reinforcement. punishment. vicarious conditioning.

negative reinforcement.

In ________________ learning, a person learns about one stimulus, which is information in the external world. A ________ could be sight, smell, or sound.

non associative learning, stimulus

Joseph is studying the different types of learning presented in the textbook chapter. Which of the following is a type of learning about one simple stimulus? classical conditioning associative learning learning by watching others non-associative learning

non-associative learning

Psychologists have divided learning into three main types .what are they?

non-associative learning, associative learning, and learning by watching others

__________ when we learn or change a behavior after watching a person engage in that behavior.

observational learning

We learn by watching others in what three ways?

observational learning, modeling, and various conditiong

Associate learning, where you learn the relationship between a behavior and its consequences and how the action effects our future is called

operant conditioning

Edward Tolman, an early cognitive theorist, argued that reinforcement has more impact on ____________ than an acquisition of knowledge through learning.

performance

A _________ is an acquired fear that is very strong in comparison to the real threat of an object or of a situation.

phobia

Both liking and wanting in _____________________ are a result of biological factors, particularly the neurotransmitter dopamine.

positive reinforcement

Classical condition is a way that animals come to _________ the occurrence of events.

predict

Maurice is taking a class in which he is tested every 2 weeks. He decides to "cram" for the first test and receives a poor grade. According to the "Law of Effect," the probability of Maurice cramming before the second test has likely been reduced. increased. unchanged. increased, but only temporarily.

reduced.

Both positive and negative reinforcement increase likelihood of a given behavior because they are

reinforcement

is a better way than punishment to teach desirable behavior

reinforcement

using __________ to improve a child's behavior is more effective then using punishment

reinforcement

Employing a process known as ____________, when Brice was first training his dog to do a "high five," he gave it a treat for any behavior, such as lifting its paw, that approximated the desired end-goal behavior of a "high five." extinction Correct Answer shaping classical conditioning modeling

shaping

In operant conditioning, ___________ consists of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior

shaping

Operant-conditioning technique; reinforce behaviors increasingly similar to desired behavior

shaping

A process in which a previously extinguished response reemerges after the conditioned stimulus is presented again. *recovery will fade quickly unless the conditioned stimulus is paired with the unconditional stimulus.

spontaneous recovery

In _______________, animals learn to distinguish between two similar stimuli if one is consistently associated with the US and the other is not.

stimulus discrimination

occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the CS produce the CR.

stimulus generalizations

The cognitive model states that the amount of conditioning that occurs is determined by how __________________ the unconditioned stimulus is

unexpected or surprising

Othello likes going to the casino and playing the slot machine. He realizes that he will not win very often and that he never knows how many times he has to put money in and pull the level before he will win. Othello is being reinforced on a __________ schedule of reinforcement. variable ratio variable interval fixed ratio fixed interval

variable ratio

A 5-year-old observes his father yelling at his older brother after he dropped and broke his dinner plate while removing it from the table. Thereafter, due to __________, the 5-year-old is very cautious when removing his own plate. generalization extinction classical conditioning vicarious conditioning

vicarious conditioning

Through ____________________, people learn about the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for preforming the action.

vicarious conditioning

________________ learning to engage in a behavior or not after seeing others being rewarded or punished for preforming that action.

vicarious conditioning