PSY CHAPTER 5/6
one subtype of implicit memory involves ______ which is the automatic learning of associations between stimuli, so that one stimulus comes to evoke the same response as the other
classical conditioning
subsystems of implicit memory
classical conditioning procedural memory priming
theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons
connectionism
schemas and _____ networks explain how information is organized in memory
connectionist
explicit memory is the conscious recollection of information and is sometimes also referred to as:
declarative
in operant conditioning, responding appropriately to stimuli that signal a behavior will or will not be reinforced is called
discrimination
when the red light is on, the pigeon does not peck on the disk because it has learned that food will only be presented when the green light is on. This demonstrates the concept of
discrimination
attention involves concentrating on more than one task or activity at a time
divided
concentrating on more than one activity at a time is called
divided attention
the initial recording of information into memory is called
ecoding
When _______ is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be remembered information meaningful, and has engaged in detailed processing.
elaboration
dr.marsh has her general psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of:
elaboration
according to connectionism memories are best characterized as
electrical impulses
flashbulb memories are memories of ____ events
emotionally important
according to the concept of levels of processing, the process of ____ involves 3 levles
encoding
ari is watching a movie. Which initial memory process is Ari using?
encoding
hazel vividly remembers her first week in college. This is an example of:
episodic
in the context of the subtypes of explicit memory, ____ memory is the retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happenings
episodic
law of effect
every time second-grader Prisha raises her hand in class and gives the correct answer, her teacher gives her a sticker. Receiving a sticker increases the likelihood of Prisha's participation. This is an example of:
reinforcement
every time the family dog sits on command, she receives a treat. The treat would be considered
classical conditioning
everyday Ronnie comes home from work, he opens his garage door and pulls his car into the garage. His dog, sparky, hears the noise of the garage door opening and the car entering the garage before Ronnie comes through the garage door. Now, when Sparky hears the garage door open, Sparky runs to the garage door to greet Ronnie. This is an example of?
generalization occurs when learning that occurred in one setting is ___ in other similar settings
exhibited
generalization occurs when learning that occurred in one setting is ____ in other similar settings
exhibited
two main components of long term memory
explicit and implicit
the two main components of long-term memory are _____ memory, which consists of our semantic and episodic memories, and _____ memory, which consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming
explicit memory and implicit memory
in operant conditioning, the reduced frequency of behavior when it is no longer reinforced is known as:
extinction
ling use to rush to her infant son and pick him up every time he cried. lately, she has stopped rushing him, and he had decreases his crying. according to the principles of operant conditioning, the decrease in crying is due to:
extinction
operant conditioning
form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence
in operant conditioning, ____ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation
generalization
implicit memory has to do with remembering:
how
When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Because Don vividly remembers the theory today, this is an example of _____.
imagery
in order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of all the things he sees in his usual route. Kareem used mental ______ to remember the necessary route
imagery
You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This is an example of _____ memory.
implicit
classical conditioning
involves a form of respondent behavior which is behavior that occurs in automatic response to a stimulus
learning
is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience
definition of classical conditioning
is when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response
in _____ _____, the organism has learned that is has no control over negative outcomes
learned helplessness
in ____-, the organism that learned that it has no control over negative outcomes
learned, helplessness
continuum from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper producing better memory
levels of processing
a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is:
long-term memory
negative reinforcement
luis cleans his room so that his parents will not scold him. This is en example of:
according to the connectionist network perspective, our _____ are organized sets of neurons that are activated together
memories
the reinforcement is the presentation or addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur
positive
presented to that individual
positive reinforcement occurs when something that an individual wants is _____ in an effort to increase behavior.
type of implicit memory that involves the memory for skills is referred to as
procedural memory
steven has been fired twice for being late. In his new job, he has never been late. The consequences of being fired would be considered?
punishment
Punishment is a consequence that _____.
reduces the frequency of a behavior
earning a top grade in a course is an example of a secondary:
reinforcement
tiffany usually fastens her seat belt so that the buzzing sound will stop. This would be considered negative
reinforcement
increases
reinforcement is the process in operant conditioning by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior ________(increase or decrease) the probability that the behavior will be repeated. The consequences of the behavior can be either positive or negative
ratio schedule
replies on the number of behaviors that must be performed prior to the reward
memory is defined as the
retention of information or experience over time
which of the following memory process by which information held in memory is brought out of storage
retrieval
specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced
schedules of reinforcement
a preexisting mental framework that helps people to organize and interpret information
schema
which concepts explain how long-term memory is organized
schemas connectionist networks
the term reinforcer that gains its positive value through one's experience is:
secondary reinforcer
type of explicit memory that includes your area of expertise, general academic knowledge, and everyday knowledge about the meaning of words and common things
semantic
subtypes of explicit memory
semantic and episodic memory
sandeep has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. this is an example of:
semantic memory
holds information from the womb in its original form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses
sensory
which of the following holds information from the world in its original form for only a brief moment in time?
sensory memory
refers to the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list better than the items in the middle
serial position
you are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but after you drive a little farther, you fin you've forgotten it. This describes the limitations of _____________ memory.
short-term
saving information in memory for future use is called
storage
information must be encoded and _____ in order to be retrieved later.
stored
explicit memory is
the conscious recollection of specific facts about an event or situation
law of effect
the idea that consequences of a behavior can increase or decrease the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated is referred to as which of the following
fixed schedule
the number of behaviors or the amount of time must pass before the reward is always the same
positive
the presentation or addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur
counterconditioning
the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response in changed
variable schedule
the required number of behaviors or the amount of time that must pass before the reward is unpredictable from the perspective of the learner
explicit memory has to do with remembering who, what, where, when, and why
true
you cringed the first time you saw a bright light; therefore, the light is likely a(n):
unconditioned stimulus
performing a behavior to receive food
what behavior do rats engage in while in a skinner box
a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence
what is operant conditioning
shaping
what refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior?
shaping
when a rat enters a skinner box, it has to learn to press a lever to get food. At the very beginning of this process, it is rewarded with food when it is in the vicinity of the lever. Then it is rewarded when it touches the lever, and so on. This technique of rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior is called?
all three subsystems of implicit memory involve memories that:
you are not aware of but that influence your behavior
angle hasn't ridden a bike in 5 year, when he hops on he can still ride, this is an example of:
PROCEDURAL
definition of countercondition
a classical conditioning procedure for weakening a conditioned response by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with the fear.
operant conditioning process with laboratory animals
a skinner box is a chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study what?
definition of learning
a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience
unconditioned
an _____ stimulus produces a response without prior learning
the rewards and punishers that exist in a particular setting are carefully analyzed and manipulated to change behavior
applied behavior analysis
to prevent a headache, Micah takes their medication as soon as they feel pressure near their eyes. This is an example of?
avoidance learning
interval schedule
based on the amount of time that must pass before a behavior is rewarded
applied behavior analysis, or ____ modification, is the use of operant conditioning principle to change human behavior
behavior
long-term memory is a ____ type of memory that stores huge amounts of information.
permanent
observational learning in learning that occurs when we:
model others
avoidance learning is a special kind of response to
negative reinforcement
luis cleans his room so that his parents will not scold him. This is an example of:
negative reinforcement
the removal of a stimulus in response to a behavior increases the frequency of that behavior, ____ is said to have occurred
negative reinforcement
from a connectionist network perspective, memories are organized sets of ___ that are routinely activated together
neurons
another term for implicit memory
non-declarative
in cases of learned helplessness, an organism has learned through experience that negative outcomes are what?
not controllable
associative learning
occurs when a connection or an association is made between two events