PSY Chapter 6

Children who pick on others, get picked on, and then pick on others again are:

bully-victims.

_____ is a limited-capacity gateway system containing all the material that one can keep in awareness at a single time.

working memory

Middle childhood refers to boys and girls aged:

7 to 12.

Treatment for ADHD includes:

modifying the child's environment, modifying the child's environment, exposing the child to white noise while studying

When do MOST people master learning strategies such as rehearsal and selective attention?

in elementary school

Erikson viewed the main goal of middle childhood as:

industry

Nine-year-old Warren is in middle childhood and faces the psychosocial task that Erikson called _____.

industry versus inferiority

Deficits in executive functions are the main symptoms of:

ADHD.

Which child is NOT in middle childhood?

Abbie, who is five

_____ is a broad label referring to acts designed to cause harm.

Aggression

Which child is MOST apt to be prosocial?

Jake, a happy child

_____ children are frequently named in the most-liked category and never appear in the disliked group. They also stand out as being really liked by everyone.

Popular

Rhashan, a 3-year-old, is continually testing his abilities in the wider world. Josh, a second grader, is learning that he has to work for what he wants. Pick Erikson's psychosocial stages for each boy.

Rhashan = initiative; Josh = industry

_____ refers to the capacity to examine one's own actions and abilities from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on one's inner state.

Self-awareness

Which statement about friends is false?

They rarely disagree or fight, especially in Western cultures.

Acts designed to cause harm are called _____.

aggression

Cade is 4 years old and often shares spontaneously with his preschool classmates. According to research, Cade has a high likelihood of _____ as he grows older.

being prosocial

Ian goes to school and pulls the hair of a younger child. When Ian returns home, his brother's friends push Ian around and pretend they are going to punch him. The next day at school, Ian trips another child on the school bus. Ian's behavior appears to be that of a(n):

bully-victim.

Exceptionally aggressive children who both target others for abuse and suffer abuse themselves are called _____.

bully-victims

James is 9 years old. Which stage of development is he currently in, according to Piaget?

concrete operations

In mathematics education, the abstract concept of the variable, usually represented as "x" or "y," is often introduced when children are about 12 years old, marking the transition from the _____ stage to the _____ stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

concrete operations; formal operations

When asked to explain why Josie is her best friend, Samantha answers, "Because she makes me laugh and is nice to me." These girls are MOST likely _____ children because they describe their friendship in terms of _____.

elementary school-age; internal qualities

A parent who asks a child, "How would you feel if someone did that to you?" does so in order to _____.

encourage sympathy

Eight-year-old Tamika wanted to play with her little sister's new doll. Her first thought was to take it from her, but then she thought about the fact that her sister would cry and she would get into trouble. Instead Tamika asked her sister to play together. Tamika's thought process is an example of the _____ of the frontal lobe.

executive functions

Working memory _____ during preschool and early elementary school.

expands dramatically

9. I am the best employee at my job. I should be able to come to work late if I want to.

externalizing

Five-year-old Brenda is often loud, rude, aggressive, and disruptive. She probably has _____ tendencies.

externalizing

Fourteen-year-old Kevin is a bully and a bully-victim. He most likely exhibits _____.

externalizing behaviors

When a person expresses powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, he or she has _____.

externalizing problems

Disruptive and aggressive behavior may indicate _____, while timidity and self-consciousness may indicate _____. Both show problems with _____.

externalizing tendencies; internalizing tendencies; emotion regulation

Empathy refers to _____.

feeling the emotions of another person

Selective attention refers to a person's ability to:

focus only on relevant information.

According to the textbook, the developmental milestones of middle childhood depend MOSTLY on the growth of the brain's _____ lobe.

frontal

The brain region involved in higher reasoning is the:

frontal lobe

This is the area at the uppermost front of the brain.

frontal lobe

Pruning in the frontal lobes starts _____.

halfway through middle childhood

Nine-year-old Nanette realizes that she is not a scholar, but she is a star athlete, which is the life domain she really cares about. Nanette MOST likely has:

high self-esteem.

An example of a(n) _____ problem is excessive shame and low self-worth.

internalizing

Astrid is excessively timid, self-conscious, and depressed. Astrid has _____ tendencies.

internalizing

Pruning in the frontal lobes starts _____ in other brain regions.

later than

Samantha can observe her own actions and abilities from an outside frame of reference and is able to reflect on her feelings. Samantha has _____.

learned helplessness

Matthew kicked Xavier when Xavier threatened to take Matthew's snack. Matthew is showing _____ aggression.

reactive

This type of aggression occurs in response to being hurt, threatened, or deprived.

reactive

Since she does not have a pen, paper, or GPS in her car, Deedra memorizes her friend's phone directions by repeating the turns and street names in her mind over and over. Deedra is using a learning strategy called:

rehearsal.

A child's ability to filter out extraneous information and focus on what he or she needs to know is called:

selective attention

Samantha can observe her own actions and abilities from an outside frame of reference and is able to reflect on her feelings. Samantha has _____.

self awareness

Tamika felt humiliated when her teacher yelled at her in front of the class. Jebron felt terrible about insulting his younger brother. Tamika experienced _____, while Jebron felt _____.

shame; guilt

Treatments for ADHD do NOT include _____.

strict discipline

Executive functions refer to _____.

the abilities that allow us to plan and direct our thinking and to control our immediate impulses

Because of the developing cerebral cortex and frontal lobe, humans are NOT cognitively adults until their:

twenties.

According to Erikson, children in middle childhood learn to _____.

work for what they want

Bullying programs that aim to change schoolwide norms for bullying behavior _____.

work to some extent

According to _____, we think logically for the first time during _____.

Piaget; concrete operations

This is aggressive behavior that is repeatedly carried out via electronic media and is potentially more harmful than traditional bullying.

cyberbullying

Disruptive and aggressive behavior in children may indicate:

externalizing tendencies.