PSY Chapter 6
Children who pick on others, get picked on, and then pick on others again are:
bully-victims.
_____ is a limited-capacity gateway system containing all the material that one can keep in awareness at a single time.
working memory
Middle childhood refers to boys and girls aged:
7 to 12.
Treatment for ADHD includes:
modifying the child's environment, modifying the child's environment, exposing the child to white noise while studying
When do MOST people master learning strategies such as rehearsal and selective attention?
in elementary school
Erikson viewed the main goal of middle childhood as:
industry
Nine-year-old Warren is in middle childhood and faces the psychosocial task that Erikson called _____.
industry versus inferiority
Deficits in executive functions are the main symptoms of:
ADHD.
Which child is NOT in middle childhood?
Abbie, who is five
_____ is a broad label referring to acts designed to cause harm.
Aggression
Which child is MOST apt to be prosocial?
Jake, a happy child
_____ children are frequently named in the most-liked category and never appear in the disliked group. They also stand out as being really liked by everyone.
Popular
Rhashan, a 3-year-old, is continually testing his abilities in the wider world. Josh, a second grader, is learning that he has to work for what he wants. Pick Erikson's psychosocial stages for each boy.
Rhashan = initiative; Josh = industry
_____ refers to the capacity to examine one's own actions and abilities from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on one's inner state.
Self-awareness
Which statement about friends is false?
They rarely disagree or fight, especially in Western cultures.
Acts designed to cause harm are called _____.
aggression
Cade is 4 years old and often shares spontaneously with his preschool classmates. According to research, Cade has a high likelihood of _____ as he grows older.
being prosocial
Ian goes to school and pulls the hair of a younger child. When Ian returns home, his brother's friends push Ian around and pretend they are going to punch him. The next day at school, Ian trips another child on the school bus. Ian's behavior appears to be that of a(n):
bully-victim.
Exceptionally aggressive children who both target others for abuse and suffer abuse themselves are called _____.
bully-victims
James is 9 years old. Which stage of development is he currently in, according to Piaget?
concrete operations
In mathematics education, the abstract concept of the variable, usually represented as "x" or "y," is often introduced when children are about 12 years old, marking the transition from the _____ stage to the _____ stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
concrete operations; formal operations
When asked to explain why Josie is her best friend, Samantha answers, "Because she makes me laugh and is nice to me." These girls are MOST likely _____ children because they describe their friendship in terms of _____.
elementary school-age; internal qualities
A parent who asks a child, "How would you feel if someone did that to you?" does so in order to _____.
encourage sympathy
Eight-year-old Tamika wanted to play with her little sister's new doll. Her first thought was to take it from her, but then she thought about the fact that her sister would cry and she would get into trouble. Instead Tamika asked her sister to play together. Tamika's thought process is an example of the _____ of the frontal lobe.
executive functions
Working memory _____ during preschool and early elementary school.
expands dramatically
9. I am the best employee at my job. I should be able to come to work late if I want to.
externalizing
Five-year-old Brenda is often loud, rude, aggressive, and disruptive. She probably has _____ tendencies.
externalizing
Fourteen-year-old Kevin is a bully and a bully-victim. He most likely exhibits _____.
externalizing behaviors
When a person expresses powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, he or she has _____.
externalizing problems
Disruptive and aggressive behavior may indicate _____, while timidity and self-consciousness may indicate _____. Both show problems with _____.
externalizing tendencies; internalizing tendencies; emotion regulation
Empathy refers to _____.
feeling the emotions of another person
Selective attention refers to a person's ability to:
focus only on relevant information.
According to the textbook, the developmental milestones of middle childhood depend MOSTLY on the growth of the brain's _____ lobe.
frontal
The brain region involved in higher reasoning is the:
frontal lobe
This is the area at the uppermost front of the brain.
frontal lobe
Pruning in the frontal lobes starts _____.
halfway through middle childhood
Nine-year-old Nanette realizes that she is not a scholar, but she is a star athlete, which is the life domain she really cares about. Nanette MOST likely has:
high self-esteem.
An example of a(n) _____ problem is excessive shame and low self-worth.
internalizing
Astrid is excessively timid, self-conscious, and depressed. Astrid has _____ tendencies.
internalizing
Pruning in the frontal lobes starts _____ in other brain regions.
later than
Samantha can observe her own actions and abilities from an outside frame of reference and is able to reflect on her feelings. Samantha has _____.
learned helplessness
Matthew kicked Xavier when Xavier threatened to take Matthew's snack. Matthew is showing _____ aggression.
reactive
This type of aggression occurs in response to being hurt, threatened, or deprived.
reactive
Since she does not have a pen, paper, or GPS in her car, Deedra memorizes her friend's phone directions by repeating the turns and street names in her mind over and over. Deedra is using a learning strategy called:
rehearsal.
A child's ability to filter out extraneous information and focus on what he or she needs to know is called:
selective attention
Samantha can observe her own actions and abilities from an outside frame of reference and is able to reflect on her feelings. Samantha has _____.
self awareness
Tamika felt humiliated when her teacher yelled at her in front of the class. Jebron felt terrible about insulting his younger brother. Tamika experienced _____, while Jebron felt _____.
shame; guilt
Treatments for ADHD do NOT include _____.
strict discipline
Executive functions refer to _____.
the abilities that allow us to plan and direct our thinking and to control our immediate impulses
Because of the developing cerebral cortex and frontal lobe, humans are NOT cognitively adults until their:
twenties.
According to Erikson, children in middle childhood learn to _____.
work for what they want
Bullying programs that aim to change schoolwide norms for bullying behavior _____.
work to some extent
According to _____, we think logically for the first time during _____.
Piaget; concrete operations
This is aggressive behavior that is repeatedly carried out via electronic media and is potentially more harmful than traditional bullying.
cyberbullying
Disruptive and aggressive behavior in children may indicate:
externalizing tendencies.