psy : chapters 7 and 8

proactive interference refers to the A) blocking of painful memories from conscious awareness. B) incorporation of misleading information into one's memory of an event. C) disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned information. D) disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

By about 7, those who have not been exposed to either a spoken a signed language gradually lose their ability to master any language. This illustrates the importance of_______ for language acquisition. A ) a critical period B) an outcome simulation C) telegraphic speech D) the availability heuristic for

A) a critical period

Wording a question or presenting an issue in such a way that it evokes a desired judgment is called A)framing B) confirmation bias. C) belief perseverance D) an algorithm.

A) framing

Forming many associations between new course material and what you already know is an effective way to build a network of A) retrieval cues. B) sensory memories. C) implicit memories. D) distributed practice.

A) retrieval cues.

intelligence test are biased in the sense that A) test performance is influenced by cultural experiences. B) the validity of intelligence tests is close to zero. C) the heritability of intelligence is very high. D) numerical scores of intelligence serve to dehumanize individuals.

A)test performance is influenced by cultural experiences

fluid intelligence refers most directly to a person's A) accumulated knowledge. B ability to reason speedily and abstractly. C) ability to engage in factor analysis. D) ability to use different brain regions for storing memories.

B) ability to reason speedily and abstractly

Mermories are primed by A) memory consolidation. B) retrieval cues C) long-term potentiation. D) infantile amnesia.

B) retrieval cues

mood-congruent memory best illustrates that the emotions we experienced while learning something become mplicit memories. B) retrieval cues. C) iconic memories D) flashbulb memories

B) retrieval cues

The heritability of intelligence refers to A) the extent to which an individual's intelligence is attributable to attributable to genetic factors. B) the percentage of variation in intelligence within a group that is attributable to genetic factors. C) the extent to which the intelligence test scores of a large group indicate an averageI Q of 100 D) a general underlying intelligence factor that is measured by every task on an intelligence test

B) the percentage of variation in intelligence within a group that is attributable to genetic factors.

Tahir teaches ninth-grade science classes in a high school located in an economically deprived area of a large city. He stresses to his students that the brain is like a muscle; it grows stronger with use as neuron connections grow. He praises effort rather than ability. Tahir is trying to help his students through fostering A) trait heritability. B stereotype C)) a growth mind-set. D) factor analysis.

C) a growth mind-set

Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating? A) algorithm B) heuristic C)cognition D) mental set

C) cognition

Recall of what you have learned is often improved when your physical surroundings at the time of retrieval and encoding are the same. This best illustrates A) long-term potentiation. B)memory consolidation. C)context-dependent memory. D)the serial position effect.

C) context-dependent memory

11. If a test yields consistent results every time it is used, it has a high degree of A) standardization. B) predictive validity. C) reliability. D) content validity. E) heritability.

C) reliability.

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge is known as A)episodic memory. C)semantic memory D) context-dependent memory

C) semantic memory

overconfidence refers to the tendency to A)cling to our initial beliefs, even though they have been proven wrong. B)search for information that supports our preconceptions. C)underestimate the extent to which our beliefs and judgments are wrong. D) judge the likelihood of an event based on its availability in memory.

C) underestimate the extent to which our beliefs and judgments are wrong

Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called A) framing. B) confirmation bias . C) belief perseverance. D) the availability heuristic

D) The availability Heuristic

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas is called A) convergent thinking. B) belief perseverance. C) framing. D)creativity

D) creativity

We are unable to consciously attend to most of the sights and sounds that are continually bombarding us. This fact most clearly contributes to A) storage decay. B) retroactive interference C)encoding failure. D) repression.

D) encoding failure

An inability to access information in long-term memory is known as A) the misinformation effect. B) long-term potentiation. C) déjà vu. D) retrieval failure.

D) retrieval failure

Research reports of repression and recovered memories indicate that A) people rarely recall memories of long-ago stressful events B) C) only tho se memories recovered with the help of a professional psychotherapist are D)extremely stressful life experiences are especially likely to be well remembered

D)extremely stressful life experiences are especially likely to be well remembered

an an algorithm is a(N) A) simple thinking strategy for making decisions quickly and efficiently. B) testing method involving trial and error. C)automatic, intuitive judgment. D)) methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems.

D)methodical step-by step procedure for solving problems

Memory of your familiar old e-mail password may block the recall of your new password. This illustrates A) source amnesia. B retroactive interference. C) repression. d)proactive interference

Retroative interference

The triarchic theory of intelligene was advanced by A) Alfred Binet. B) Howard Gardner. C) Charles Spearman. D) Robert Stermberg.

Robert Sternberg

Insight refers to A) a simple thinking strategy for solving problems quickly B) a sudden realization of the solution to a problem. C) expanding the number of possible solutions to a problem. D) solving problems by means of trial and error.

a sudden realization of a problem's solution

achievement tests are designed to A)measure the desire and potential capacity to successfully meet challenges. B) assess ability to produce novel ideas. D) compare an individual's personality with those of highly successful people. D)) assess learned knowledge or skills.

assess learned knowledge or skills.

A full week after /Usha heard her mother read her a list of 12 different farm animals Usha is most likely to remember the animals____of the list A) at the beginning and end B) at the end C) at the beginning D))in the middle

at the beginning

Professor Smith has been studying the development of moral reasoning in a group of subjects over the last 30 years. All of her subjects were 1 year old when she began her study. She intends to hand off her study to a younger researcher in the department after she retires next year. Professor Smith is conducting a A)fluid study. B) longitudinal study. C)cross-sectional study. D)cohort study.

b) longitudinal study.

The earliest stage of speech development is called the___stage A)babbling B) telegraphic speech C) one-word D) grammatical

babbling

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions called: A) street smarts. B) existential intelligence. C)emotional intelligence. D) the g factor.

c) emotional intelligence

The process of encoding refers to: a. the persistence of learning over time. b. the recall of information previously learned. c. getting information into memory. d. the motivated forgetting of painful memories. e. a clear memory of an emotionally significant event.

c. getting information into memory.

In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called a) mental sets b) aptitudes c) algorithms d) intuitions

d) intuitions

Research on memory construction indicates that memories of past experiences are likely to be A)difficult to retrieve but never completely lost. B)distorted by our current expectations. C)much easier to recall if they are seldom rehearsed. D(retrieved in the very same form and detail as they were originally encoded.

distorted by our current expectations

To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid because it involves A) iconic memory b)meaningful encoding c) implicit memory. D) massed practice.

meaningful encoding

explicit memories are A) classically conditioned associations that are automatically processed. b).memories of physical skills such as how to ride a bike. c).memories of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved. d.)memories that are formed by massed practice rather than by distributed practice.

memories of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved

compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates A) source amnesia. B) the misinformation effect. C )motivated forgetting. D) the serial position effect.

motivated forgetting

George Miller proposed that about seven information bits constitutes the capacity of ________ memory. A)) short-term B) explicit C) long-term D) implicit

short-term

Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned is called A) source amnesia. C) repression. D) déjà vu.

source amnesia

Language refers to the A) total set of distinctive consonant and vowel sounds. B) rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences. C)) spoken, written, or signed words, and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning D) rules by which we derive meaning from speech sounds.

spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning

chunking refers to A) getting information into memory through the use of visual imagery. B.) the organization of information into meaningful units. c) the unconscious encoding of incidental information. D) the tendency to recognize names we can't recall.

the organization of information into meaningful units.

long- term memory refers to A) the conscious active processing of incoming visual and auditory information B) the retention of learned facts rather than learned skills. C) a photographic or picture-image sensory memory. D) the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system