Psy test 2

nightmare

A bad dream that occurs during REM sleep

sensory memory

A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.

Dreams are _____

"royal road to the unconscious"

AIM theory

- Activation: level of neural activity - Input: external or internal - Mode: logical or loose

Stimulants

CNS, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine

long-term memory

Capacity to store vast amounts of information

Malleability of memory

Changing beliefs or memories can influence what people think or do later

Egocentrism

Children's perspective only/ no one else's is real Occurs during preoperational stage

**In the context of short-term memory, the process of breaking down a list of items to be remembered into a smaller set of meaningful units is known as

Chunking

A person in a ________ state will show signs of low wakefulness and awareness.

Coma

disorganized attachment

Conflicted behaviors, fear of parents

_____ is the ability to recognize that when some properties ( such as shape) of an object change, other properties (such as mass) remain constant

Conservation

storage

keeping information in

awareness

knowledge or perception of a situation or fact

Hallucinogens

marijuana, LSD

Reactive interference

new interferes with old

proactive interference

old information interferes with the new

Teratogens

substances that interfere with development, causing defects or even death of the developing embryo

manifest level

surface level, recalled upon waking

selective attention

the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input

cocktail party effect

your ability to attend to only one voice among many

Psychoanalysis Theory

Sigmund Freud

Consolidation

Solidifying information

Mary Ainsworth studied infant attachment with a procedure known as the

Strange situation

Harry Harlow

Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers

Encoding

Taking in information

Nina is attending a get-together where she has to struggle to listen to a conversation with her colleague due to a lot of background noise. However, her ears prick up as soon as she hears her name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room and, consequently, she loses the thread of conversation with her colleague. Which of the following terms best describes the experience Nina has?

The cocktail party effect

Schemas

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

sleep apnea

a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep

reconsolidation

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

night terrors

abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal

short-term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

short-term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

A teratogen is:

any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development.

Psychoanalytical theory

attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior

3 types of insecure attachment

avoidant, resistant, disorganized

Jean Piaget pioneered theories in ________ development.

cognitive

The second stage of long-term memory formation is

consolidation

Cognitive Theory

dreams are not that different from everyday thinking

Hypersomnia

excessive sleep

inattentional blindness

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

insomnia

inability to sleep

In the levels-of-processing model of memory and recall, which is the deepest level of processing?

Semantic

explicit memory

Semantic (episodic)

Piaget's cognitive development stages

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Sleepwalking

walking or carrying out behaviors while asleep

avoidant attachment

Absence of distress during separation

Depressants

Alcohol, opioids

Farah suffers major brain trauma in a train crash. As a result, she can no longer form new memories. She can recall the memories of her life before the crash quite accurately, but she cannot remember any new people she meets or any experiences she has afterward. Farah's condition is known as

Anterograde amnesia

Chunking

Breaking a list into a smaller number of meaningful units

Narcolepsy

Day time sleeping

latent level

Deeper, unconscious level, where the true meaning lies Often reveals hidden conflicts

If a drug slows down central nervous system activity while increasing the activity of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, then it is most likely to be a(n):

Depressant

selective attention

Different people perceive the same situation differently

resistant attachment

Difficulty being comforted, may actively resist contact with parents

Biological Theory

Dreams are meaningless (random) neural activation has

Which of the following statements is true about dreams

Dreams can occur in non- rem stage

** _____Processing occurs when one carefully attends to and consciously works at remembering information

Effortful

preoperational stage

Emergence of symbolic thoughtd

**The first step of forming memories involves

Encoding one's sensory experiences

4 steps in forming memory

Encoding, consolidation' storage, retrieval

Inaccurate memory

False memory of an earlier even can be induced by later exposure to False

Dreams are an attempt to

Fulfill unacceptable desires

Retrieval

Getting and using information

secure attachment

Happy connection and evident warmth

The repeated firing of neural impulses necessary to convert a short-term memory into a long term memory occurs mostly in

Hippocampus

Tamara complains that her husband can actually sleep anywhere and anytime. He can sleep for more than 10 hours a day, notwithstanding the fact that he even dozes off during meals and in the middle of conversations. If Tamara's husband visits the doctor, the doctor is most likely to diagnose his problem as ______. A. hypersomnia B. insomnia C. cataplexy D. somnambulism

Hypersomnia

According to Erik Eirkson, during one's 20s, the primary conflict is between

Intimacy and isolation

Which of the following statements is true if the functions of sleep

It consolidates memory

**In the context of long- term memory, identify an accurate statement about implicit memory

It stores temporary information that may later become long-term memories

Which of the following is true about sensory memory?

It usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time

Jennifer is nearly two years old . Whenever her mother brings her toys, she looks with surprise. When her mother hides them, Jennifer believes that the toys no longer exist and stop looking for them. According to Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory, which of the following statements is true about this scenario?

Jennifer has not developed a sense of object permanence

theory of mind

Knowledge and ideas about how other people's minds work

concrete operational stage

Limitations of the preoperational stage are overcome

What's included in psychoanalytic theory

Manifest Level and latent level

___ is defined as a heightened awareness of the present moment, whether of events in one's environment or in one's own mind

Mindfulness

The ability to focus awareness on specific features in the environment while ignoring others is called

Selective attention

In the teens years, _____ start to replace parents as a source of identification

Peers

formal operational stage

Reasoning about abstract concepts and problems

working memory

Required to attend to problem at hand

___ act as a filter through which one encodes and organizes information about one's world

Schemas

According to the strange- situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth and her associates, majority of infants are

Securely attached

The term _____ refers to our knowledge and ideas of how other people's minds work

Theory of mind

sensorimotor stage

Understanding by manipulating and

Variations in consciousness can be attributed to the difference in degree of

Wakefulness and awareness

implicit memory

procedural emerges (priming)

With learning and experience certain synaptic connections become stronger, whereas those that do not receive stimulation from the environment die off. This process is known as

pruning

function of sleep

restores neural growth, consolidates memory, produces enzymes that protect against cellular damage

3 types of memory

sensory, short term, long term

neural pruning

the degradation of synapses and dying off of neurons that are not strengthened by experiences

wakefulness

the degree of alertness reflecting whether a person is awake or asleep

Maternal Nutrition

the dietary intake of the mother during pregnancy

object permanence

the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sighting Occurs in sensorimotor stage

In which state will a person be wakeful but not very aware

vegetative