Psy test 2
nightmare
A bad dream that occurs during REM sleep
sensory memory
A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.
Dreams are _____
"royal road to the unconscious"
AIM theory
- Activation: level of neural activity - Input: external or internal - Mode: logical or loose
Stimulants
CNS, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine
long-term memory
Capacity to store vast amounts of information
Malleability of memory
Changing beliefs or memories can influence what people think or do later
Egocentrism
Children's perspective only/ no one else's is real Occurs during preoperational stage
**In the context of short-term memory, the process of breaking down a list of items to be remembered into a smaller set of meaningful units is known as
Chunking
A person in a ________ state will show signs of low wakefulness and awareness.
Coma
disorganized attachment
Conflicted behaviors, fear of parents
_____ is the ability to recognize that when some properties ( such as shape) of an object change, other properties (such as mass) remain constant
Conservation
storage
keeping information in
awareness
knowledge or perception of a situation or fact
Hallucinogens
marijuana, LSD
Reactive interference
new interferes with old
proactive interference
old information interferes with the new
Teratogens
substances that interfere with development, causing defects or even death of the developing embryo
manifest level
surface level, recalled upon waking
selective attention
the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input
cocktail party effect
your ability to attend to only one voice among many
Psychoanalysis Theory
Sigmund Freud
Consolidation
Solidifying information
Mary Ainsworth studied infant attachment with a procedure known as the
Strange situation
Harry Harlow
Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers
Encoding
Taking in information
Nina is attending a get-together where she has to struggle to listen to a conversation with her colleague due to a lot of background noise. However, her ears prick up as soon as she hears her name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room and, consequently, she loses the thread of conversation with her colleague. Which of the following terms best describes the experience Nina has?
The cocktail party effect
Schemas
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
sleep apnea
a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep
reconsolidation
a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
night terrors
abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
A teratogen is:
any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development.
Psychoanalytical theory
attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
3 types of insecure attachment
avoidant, resistant, disorganized
Jean Piaget pioneered theories in ________ development.
cognitive
The second stage of long-term memory formation is
consolidation
Cognitive Theory
dreams are not that different from everyday thinking
Hypersomnia
excessive sleep
inattentional blindness
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
insomnia
inability to sleep
In the levels-of-processing model of memory and recall, which is the deepest level of processing?
Semantic
explicit memory
Semantic (episodic)
Piaget's cognitive development stages
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Sleepwalking
walking or carrying out behaviors while asleep
avoidant attachment
Absence of distress during separation
Depressants
Alcohol, opioids
Farah suffers major brain trauma in a train crash. As a result, she can no longer form new memories. She can recall the memories of her life before the crash quite accurately, but she cannot remember any new people she meets or any experiences she has afterward. Farah's condition is known as
Anterograde amnesia
Chunking
Breaking a list into a smaller number of meaningful units
Narcolepsy
Day time sleeping
latent level
Deeper, unconscious level, where the true meaning lies Often reveals hidden conflicts
If a drug slows down central nervous system activity while increasing the activity of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, then it is most likely to be a(n):
Depressant
selective attention
Different people perceive the same situation differently
resistant attachment
Difficulty being comforted, may actively resist contact with parents
Biological Theory
Dreams are meaningless (random) neural activation has
Which of the following statements is true about dreams
Dreams can occur in non- rem stage
** _____Processing occurs when one carefully attends to and consciously works at remembering information
Effortful
preoperational stage
Emergence of symbolic thoughtd
**The first step of forming memories involves
Encoding one's sensory experiences
4 steps in forming memory
Encoding, consolidation' storage, retrieval
Inaccurate memory
False memory of an earlier even can be induced by later exposure to False
Dreams are an attempt to
Fulfill unacceptable desires
Retrieval
Getting and using information
secure attachment
Happy connection and evident warmth
The repeated firing of neural impulses necessary to convert a short-term memory into a long term memory occurs mostly in
Hippocampus
Tamara complains that her husband can actually sleep anywhere and anytime. He can sleep for more than 10 hours a day, notwithstanding the fact that he even dozes off during meals and in the middle of conversations. If Tamara's husband visits the doctor, the doctor is most likely to diagnose his problem as ______. A. hypersomnia B. insomnia C. cataplexy D. somnambulism
Hypersomnia
According to Erik Eirkson, during one's 20s, the primary conflict is between
Intimacy and isolation
Which of the following statements is true if the functions of sleep
It consolidates memory
**In the context of long- term memory, identify an accurate statement about implicit memory
It stores temporary information that may later become long-term memories
Which of the following is true about sensory memory?
It usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time
Jennifer is nearly two years old . Whenever her mother brings her toys, she looks with surprise. When her mother hides them, Jennifer believes that the toys no longer exist and stop looking for them. According to Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory, which of the following statements is true about this scenario?
Jennifer has not developed a sense of object permanence
theory of mind
Knowledge and ideas about how other people's minds work
concrete operational stage
Limitations of the preoperational stage are overcome
What's included in psychoanalytic theory
Manifest Level and latent level
___ is defined as a heightened awareness of the present moment, whether of events in one's environment or in one's own mind
Mindfulness
The ability to focus awareness on specific features in the environment while ignoring others is called
Selective attention
In the teens years, _____ start to replace parents as a source of identification
Peers
formal operational stage
Reasoning about abstract concepts and problems
working memory
Required to attend to problem at hand
___ act as a filter through which one encodes and organizes information about one's world
Schemas
According to the strange- situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth and her associates, majority of infants are
Securely attached
The term _____ refers to our knowledge and ideas of how other people's minds work
Theory of mind
sensorimotor stage
Understanding by manipulating and
Variations in consciousness can be attributed to the difference in degree of
Wakefulness and awareness
implicit memory
procedural emerges (priming)
With learning and experience certain synaptic connections become stronger, whereas those that do not receive stimulation from the environment die off. This process is known as
pruning
function of sleep
restores neural growth, consolidates memory, produces enzymes that protect against cellular damage
3 types of memory
sensory, short term, long term
neural pruning
the degradation of synapses and dying off of neurons that are not strengthened by experiences
wakefulness
the degree of alertness reflecting whether a person is awake or asleep
Maternal Nutrition
the dietary intake of the mother during pregnancy
object permanence
the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sighting Occurs in sensorimotor stage
In which state will a person be wakeful but not very aware
vegetative