PSY Test 3

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iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

When do intelligence scores become predictive for the future?

age 4

working memory

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

heuristic

a strategy for problem solving

grammar

a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

In people with temporal lobe epilepsy, deja vu can occur right before

a temporal lobe seizure

mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

receptive language

ability to comprehend speech

4 components of emotional intelligence

ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

emotional intelligence

ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

creativity

ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable

productive language

ability to produce words

Short-term memories have a limited life without _____ processing.

active

babbling stage

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

People who are high in intelligence have

bigger retinal blood vessels

as we age, fluid intelligence

declines

explicit memory system is in

frontal lobes and hippocampus

closed class of words

function words

retrieval

getting information back out

encoding

getting information into our brain

The physiological aim of drive reduction is

homeostasis

Sperling's experiment demonstrated

iconic memory

recognition

identifying items previously learned

phonemes

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

misinformation effect

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

as we age, crystallized intelligence

increases

The stability of intelligence test scores...

increases with age

Intellectual disability

intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the demands of life

Wernicke's area

language comprehension

Yerkes-Dodson Law

performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

We automatically process

space, time and frequency

Factor analysis

statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test

What are two basic functions of working memory?

(1) Active processing of incoming visual-spatial and auditory information (2) focusing our spotlight of attention.

The Educational Testing Service conducted a study of 23,000 students who took the SAT and then, four years later, took the GRE. The correlation between their SAT verbal scores and GRE verbal scores was _____, indicating a remarkably stable aptitude for test-taking.

+0.86

By the age of _____, an infant's typical babbling has changed so that a trained ear can identify the language of the household.

10 months

# of languages spoken in europe

230

Before this age, intelligence tests do not predict future aptitude

3

By _____ months of age, babies can discriminate speech sounds and read lips.

4

heritability of intelligence

50-80%

# of living langauges

6909

short term memory capacity is about _____ items

7

Some individuals have an amazing ability to remember things. For example, Russian journalist Solomon Shereshevskii could remember up to _____ digits or words.

70

Participants in a study conducted by Ralph Haber were shown more than 2,500 slides of faces and places for only 10 seconds each. Later, they were shown 280 of these slides, paired with an unseen slide. The participants were able to recognize approximately _____ percent of the slides they had seen before. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

90

reduction theory

A physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the need

Broca's area

Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

information chunking

Dividing the site content into logical units of information that can be located and scanned quickly.

language with most non-native speakers

English

People who are high in intelligence are more likely to go to sleep earlier and get up earlier than people who are low in intelligence (T/F)

F

Language with most native speakers

Mandarin

problem space

The initial state, goal state, and all the possible intermediate states for a particular problem.

the Flynn effect

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations

morphemes

The smallest units of meaning in a language.

Proposed social intelligence in 1920

Thorndike

general intelligence

a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

linguistic determinism

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

savant syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

Down Syndrome

a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

aphasia

an impairment of language

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

long-term potentiation

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Sternberg's 3 intelligences

analytical, creative, practical

5 major savant areas

art, musical abilities, calendar calculations, mathematical or spatial skills

source amnesia

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

We encode implicit memories through

autonomic processing

Milestones of language development

babble, one word, two words, sentences

two-word stage

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

implicit memory system includes

cerebellum and basal ganglia

belief perseverance

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

academic intelligence is most closely related to

creativity

Charles Spearman

creator of "g-factor", or general intelligence, concept

left hippocampus damage

disrupted verbal memory

right hippocampus damage

disrupted visual memory

We encode explicit memories through

effortful processing

3 ways to forget

encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure

shallow processing

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

deep processing

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

divergent thinking

expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)

five components of creativity

expertise, imagination, venturesome personality, creative environment, intrinsic motivation

explicit memory

facts and memories that we consciously know and declare

distributed practice is better for

factual knowledge

isomorphic problems

formal structure is the same, and only their content differs (dominos, husband and wives)

context dependent memory

when the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences (8)

linguistic, logico-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, intrapersonal

retrograde amnesia

loss of memories from our past

What can retard normal brain development?

malnutrition, sensory deprivation, social isolation

mnemonics

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

concepts

mental groupings of similar objects

prototype

mental image or best example of a category

intelligence

mental quality consisting of the potential to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

obstacles to problem solving

mental set, confirmation bias, heuristics

genetic influences become__________ as life progresses

more apparent

Army Beta

more picture based

convergent thinking

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

motivation

need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Is there a scientifically precise definition of genius?

no

confirmation bias is ____ while belief perseverance is _____

not bothering, actively rejecting

open class words

nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

fluid intelligence

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

crystallized intelligence

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

massed practice is better for

physical skills

hierarchy of needs (greatest to least)

physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization, self-transcendence

Intelligence is

polygenetic

basal ganglia facilitates formation of

procedural memories for skills

How to improve memory

rehearse repeatedly, make the material meaningful, activate retrieval cues, use mnemonic devices, minimize interference, sleep more, test your own knowledge

as rehearsal time increases

relearning time decreases

memory storage

retaining information

recall

retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness

memory pathway

sensory, short-term, long-term

Chomsky maintained that all languages

share a universal grammar

In a movie the main character has to write everything on his body and take notes, otherwise he quickly forgets. This is because he has sustained an injury that has left him without:

short-term memory

stereotype threat

the apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype

mental practice

the cognitive rehearsal of a physical skill in the absence of overt physical movements

proactive interference

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

encoding specificity principle

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

affiliation need

the need to build relationships and feel part of a group

parallel processing

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously

semantics

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language

one-word stage

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

mood-congruent memory

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

framing

the way an issue is posed

Why do we use concepts?

to simplify the world around us

strategies for problem solving

trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, insight

perils of being unable to forget

unable to think abstractly, cannot prioritize important memories

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information

Damage to Wernicke's area disrupts accurate speaking and _____.

understanding

Army Alpha tested for

verbal and numerical ability, ability to follow directions, knowledge of information

What do we tend to be afraid of?

what our ancestors taught us to be afraid of, what we cannot control, what is immediate, what is most readily available

state-dependent memory

what we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when we are in that state again


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