PSY Test 3
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
When do intelligence scores become predictive for the future?
age 4
working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
heuristic
a strategy for problem solving
grammar
a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
In people with temporal lobe epilepsy, deja vu can occur right before
a temporal lobe seizure
mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
receptive language
ability to comprehend speech
4 components of emotional intelligence
ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
emotional intelligence
ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
creativity
ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable
productive language
ability to produce words
Short-term memories have a limited life without _____ processing.
active
babbling stage
beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
People who are high in intelligence have
bigger retinal blood vessels
as we age, fluid intelligence
declines
explicit memory system is in
frontal lobes and hippocampus
closed class of words
function words
retrieval
getting information back out
encoding
getting information into our brain
The physiological aim of drive reduction is
homeostasis
Sperling's experiment demonstrated
iconic memory
recognition
identifying items previously learned
phonemes
in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
as we age, crystallized intelligence
increases
The stability of intelligence test scores...
increases with age
Intellectual disability
intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the demands of life
Wernicke's area
language comprehension
Yerkes-Dodson Law
performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
We automatically process
space, time and frequency
Factor analysis
statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test
What are two basic functions of working memory?
(1) Active processing of incoming visual-spatial and auditory information (2) focusing our spotlight of attention.
The Educational Testing Service conducted a study of 23,000 students who took the SAT and then, four years later, took the GRE. The correlation between their SAT verbal scores and GRE verbal scores was _____, indicating a remarkably stable aptitude for test-taking.
+0.86
By the age of _____, an infant's typical babbling has changed so that a trained ear can identify the language of the household.
10 months
# of languages spoken in europe
230
Before this age, intelligence tests do not predict future aptitude
3
By _____ months of age, babies can discriminate speech sounds and read lips.
4
heritability of intelligence
50-80%
# of living langauges
6909
short term memory capacity is about _____ items
7
Some individuals have an amazing ability to remember things. For example, Russian journalist Solomon Shereshevskii could remember up to _____ digits or words.
70
Participants in a study conducted by Ralph Haber were shown more than 2,500 slides of faces and places for only 10 seconds each. Later, they were shown 280 of these slides, paired with an unseen slide. The participants were able to recognize approximately _____ percent of the slides they had seen before. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
90
reduction theory
A physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the need
Broca's area
Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
information chunking
Dividing the site content into logical units of information that can be located and scanned quickly.
language with most non-native speakers
English
People who are high in intelligence are more likely to go to sleep earlier and get up earlier than people who are low in intelligence (T/F)
F
Language with most native speakers
Mandarin
problem space
The initial state, goal state, and all the possible intermediate states for a particular problem.
the Flynn effect
The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations
morphemes
The smallest units of meaning in a language.
Proposed social intelligence in 1920
Thorndike
general intelligence
a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
linguistic determinism
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
savant syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
Down Syndrome
a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
aphasia
an impairment of language
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
long-term potentiation
an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
Sternberg's 3 intelligences
analytical, creative, practical
5 major savant areas
art, musical abilities, calendar calculations, mathematical or spatial skills
source amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
We encode implicit memories through
autonomic processing
Milestones of language development
babble, one word, two words, sentences
two-word stage
beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements
implicit memory system includes
cerebellum and basal ganglia
belief perseverance
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
academic intelligence is most closely related to
creativity
Charles Spearman
creator of "g-factor", or general intelligence, concept
left hippocampus damage
disrupted verbal memory
right hippocampus damage
disrupted visual memory
We encode explicit memories through
effortful processing
3 ways to forget
encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure
shallow processing
encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
deep processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
divergent thinking
expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)
five components of creativity
expertise, imagination, venturesome personality, creative environment, intrinsic motivation
explicit memory
facts and memories that we consciously know and declare
distributed practice is better for
factual knowledge
isomorphic problems
formal structure is the same, and only their content differs (dominos, husband and wives)
context dependent memory
when the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences (8)
linguistic, logico-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, intrapersonal
retrograde amnesia
loss of memories from our past
What can retard normal brain development?
malnutrition, sensory deprivation, social isolation
mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
concepts
mental groupings of similar objects
prototype
mental image or best example of a category
intelligence
mental quality consisting of the potential to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
obstacles to problem solving
mental set, confirmation bias, heuristics
genetic influences become__________ as life progresses
more apparent
Army Beta
more picture based
convergent thinking
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
motivation
need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Is there a scientifically precise definition of genius?
no
confirmation bias is ____ while belief perseverance is _____
not bothering, actively rejecting
open class words
nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
crystallized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
massed practice is better for
physical skills
hierarchy of needs (greatest to least)
physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization, self-transcendence
Intelligence is
polygenetic
basal ganglia facilitates formation of
procedural memories for skills
How to improve memory
rehearse repeatedly, make the material meaningful, activate retrieval cues, use mnemonic devices, minimize interference, sleep more, test your own knowledge
as rehearsal time increases
relearning time decreases
memory storage
retaining information
recall
retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness
memory pathway
sensory, short-term, long-term
Chomsky maintained that all languages
share a universal grammar
In a movie the main character has to write everything on his body and take notes, otherwise he quickly forgets. This is because he has sustained an injury that has left him without:
short-term memory
stereotype threat
the apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype
mental practice
the cognitive rehearsal of a physical skill in the absence of overt physical movements
proactive interference
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
encoding specificity principle
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
affiliation need
the need to build relationships and feel part of a group
parallel processing
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously
semantics
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language
one-word stage
the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
framing
the way an issue is posed
Why do we use concepts?
to simplify the world around us
strategies for problem solving
trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, insight
perils of being unable to forget
unable to think abstractly, cannot prioritize important memories
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information
Damage to Wernicke's area disrupts accurate speaking and _____.
understanding
Army Alpha tested for
verbal and numerical ability, ability to follow directions, knowledge of information
What do we tend to be afraid of?
what our ancestors taught us to be afraid of, what we cannot control, what is immediate, what is most readily available
state-dependent memory
what we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when we are in that state again
